Suchergebnisse

Pemanasan global erat kaitannya dengan kualitas lingkungan. Salah satu aspek yang harus diperhatikan dalamperbaikan kualitas lingkungan adalah penataan ruang. Menurut Dirjen Cipta Karya dan Pekerjaan Umumpenyediaan ruang terbuka hijau diperkotaan dapat berbentuk taman kota yang dibuat menggunakan konsepgreen city. Taman Ganesha adalah taman yang ada di Kota Bandung dimana dalam pembangunannya terdapatkolaborasi antar institusi, baik itu dari pemerintah, masyarakat serta pihak ketiga. Jenis penelitian yangdigunakan adalah jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan sumber data sekunder. Fokus penelitian yangdigunakan adalah model collaborative governance menurut Ansell dan Gash (2007:550). Teknik pengumpulandata yang digunakan adalah teknik dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan merupakan teknikanalisis data menurut Krippendorf. Pada Kondisi awal terdapat tiga indikator yaitu sumberdaya, keuntungandan hambatan serta riwayat kerjasama. Bentuk kepemimpinan fasilitatif ditunjukan oleh Kepala Dinas DPKP3,Rektor ITB beserta jajaran staff di bidang sarana dan prasarana selaku penguasa dan pengelola taman. Bentukkelembagaan tertuang dalam aturan yang berlaku. Pada proses kolaborasi yang dilakukan terdapat empattahapan diantaranya a) face to face dialogue; b) trust building; c) commitmen to process; d) sharedunderstanding. Pada tahap pertama proses kolaborasi terdapat dialog tatap muka diprakarsai Pemerintah KotaBandung melalui DPKP3. Tahap Membangun kepercayaan tercermin dari Pemerintah Kota Bandung melaluiDPKP3 selaku fasilitator. Selanjutnya para pihak saling berkomitmen dalam mengelol Taman Ganesha sesuaidengan aturan dan kesepakatan yang berlaku. Hasil yang didapat dari terciptnya kolaborasi ini adalah TamanGanesha berperan dalam peningkatan fungsi ekologis dan fungsi rekreasi bagi sebuah taman kota.Kata Kunci: Collaborative Governance, Penyediaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau AbstractGlobal warming is closely related to environmental quality. One aspect that must be considered in improvingenvironmental quality is spatial planning. According to the Director General of Human Settlements and PublicWorks the provision of green open spaces in cities can be in the form of urban parks that are made using the conceptof green city. Taman Ganesha is a park in the city of Bandung where in its development there is collaborationbetween institutions, both from the government, the community and third parties. This type of research is aqualitative descriptive study with secondary data sources. The focus of research used is a collaborative governancemodel according to Ansell and Gash (2007: 550). The data collection technique used is the documentationtechnique. The data analysis technique used is the data analysis technique according to Krippendorf. In the initialconditions there are three indicators namely resources, benefits and constraints as well as a history of cooperation.The facilitative form of leadership was shown by the Head of the DPKP3 Office, the Rector of ITB along with thestaff in the field of facilities and infrastructure as the authorities and park managers. The institutional form iscontained in the applicable rules. In the collaboration process, there are four stages including a) face to facedialogue; b) trust building; c) commitment to process; d) shared understanding. In the first stage of the collaborationprocess there was a face-to-face dialogue initiated by the Bandung City Government through the DPKP3. The phaseof building trust is reflected in the Bandung City Government through DPKP3 as the facilitator. Furthermore, theparties are committed to managing each other in the Ganesha Park in accordance with applicable rules andagreements. The results obtained from the creation of this collaboration is that Ganesha Park plays a role inenhancing the ecological and recreational functions of a city park.Keywords: Collaborative Governance, Provision of Green Open Space

PurposeThe Belgium Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) market was created primarily to facilitate a transparent, professionally managed and fiscally efficient market, providing access to the European property markets. Being the 2nd oldest REIT market in Europe, it has undergone many evolutionary changes over the years that add to its considerable stature as a sophisticated investment opportunity. This includes an increased recent focus on the social infrastructure property sectors such as healthcare, care facilities and nursing homes, consistent with the evolving investment mandates requiring stronger integration of environmental, social and governance (ESG) aspects in the investment strategy formulation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the strategic transformation of Belgium REITs and empirically assess their performance attributes over 1995–2018. Sub-period performance dynamics of Belgium REITs in the pre-global financial crises (GFC) (1995–2007) and post-GFC (2009–2018) contexts are provided.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 23-year monthly total returns over 1995–2018 were used to analyse the risk-adjusted performance and portfolio diversification potential of Belgium REITs. The traditional mean-variance portfolio optimisation model using theex-postreturns, risk and correlation coefficient of Belgium REITs and other financial assets was developed to determine the added-value benefits of Belgium REITs in a diversified investment framework. The analysis was further extended to cover the sub-periods of pre-GFC (1995–2007) and post-GFC (2009–2018).FindingsThe results of the analysis provide a strong investment case for Belgium REITs, as they are able to deliver a discernible premium in the total return performance, superior risk-adjusted returns and strong diversification benefits with the stock market in a long-term investment horizon. Broadly consistent results are similarly observed in the sub-period analysis over varying market conditions. Importantly, the role of Belgium REITs in a diversified investment framework was also empirically validated, as they enhanced the mixed-asset portfolio performance comprised of the traditional asset classes of stocks and bonds across a broad portfolio risk-return spectrum. Dividend yield was also found to be a key component of the financial performance of Belgium REITs.Practical implicationsThe Belgium REIT market has evolved to become the 5th largest market in Europe by the capitalisation volume. This is mainly due to the robust regulatory support and innovations since its debut which have resulted in a polished framework that is both supportive and attractive to financial players and investors. The broad direct consequence of this paper is to highlight the performance attributes of Belgium REITs, adding clarity to the ongoing discussion regarding the viability of European REITs as a liquid and tax transparent route for institutional investors to obtain their property exposure. The strong dividend yield and ESG/social infrastructure focus of Belgium REITs sees Belgium REITs well-placed going forward to meet the evolving investment mandates from major investors.Originality/valueThis paper is the first empirical investigation that elucidates the risk-adjusted performance and role of Belgium REITs as an important property investment opportunity. It equips investors and practitioners with an independent and comprehensive empirical validation of the strategic role of Belgium REITs in a portfolio. Well-informed and practical property investment decision making regarding the use of Belgium REITs for access to the property asset class is the main outcome of this paper.

To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, developing countries need additional funding. Funding can come from four sources: domestic public resources (or revenues), international public resources, domestic private resources or international private resources. Of these four sources, domestic revenues from taxes and non-tax sources (e.g. profits from state-owned oil companies) are by far the most important. Tax revenues amounted to USD 4.3 trillion in 2016 for low- and middle-income countries alone, which is more than double the amount of international public and private capital these countries received in the same year. Domestic revenues have been growing in a majority of low- and lower-middle-income countries over the last 15 years. However, these increases remain insufficient to cover the financing needs of the SDGs, estimated at USD 2.5 trillion per year for developing countries, according to figures from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. In addition, these countries have to deal with the recent decline in financial flows from international public and private sources - a decline of 12 per cent between 2013 and 2016. As a result, many governments are under pressure to mobilise more revenues at home. What options do they have to achieve this goal? In this briefing paper, we focus on the international dimensions of the issue. We argue that governments need to act multilaterally in three key areas. First, tax avoidance by multinational corporations (MNCs) remains a global problem, despite important progress in recent years. Though not openly illegal, tax avoidance causes considerable damage to developing countries. Poorer countries depend to a higher degree on corporate taxes than richer countries and are thus more vulnerable to these practices. International initiatives to act upon tax avoidance - for instance, by introducing a minimum tax and by taxing the digitalised economy - should take the taxation rights of poorer countries into account. Second, fighting illegal tax evasion is another relevant topic. At an international scale, the exchange of tax-related information - for instance, on the beneficial ownership of assets - is a key factor, and developing countries need to participate in this exchange on a broad scale. This will require additional domestic and international efforts to boost capacity and credibility. Third, governments worldwide should increase transparency on their tax expenditures and dismantle those structures that prove to be either harmful or ineffective in fiscal, social or environmental terms, or create negative spillovers for other countries. As a first step, governments should agree on common reporting standards and start producing regular, public and encompassing reports on the tax expenditure schemes in place. Evidently, this is not an agenda for individual countries or a call for unilateral action. Current approaches to international tax cooperation - mostly propelled by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G20 - need to be broadened and include all countries on an equal footing; they should also be deepened to cover those aspects of taxation that are not yet being sufficiently addressed. It is also clear, however, that the degree to which developing countries will take part in international standard-setting and regulation depends to a considerable degree on their capability to push forward critical governance reforms at the domestic level.

To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, developing countries need additional funding. Funding can come from four sources: domestic public resources (or revenues), international public resources, domestic private resources or international private resources. Of these four sources, domestic revenues from taxes and non-tax sources (e.g. profits from state-owned oil companies) are by far the most important. Tax revenues amounted to USD 4.3 trillion in 2016 for low- and middle-income countries alone, which is more than double the amount of international public and private capital these countries received in the same year. Domestic revenues have been growing in a majority of low- and lower-middle-income countries over the last 15 years. However, these increases remain insufficient to cover the financing needs of the SDGs, estimated at USD 2.5 trillion per year for developing countries, according to figures from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. In addition, these countries have to deal with the recent decline in financial flows from international public and private sources – a decline of 12 per cent between 2013 and 2016. As a result, many governments are under pressure to mobilise more revenues at home. What options do they have to achieve this goal? In this briefing paper, we focus on the international dimensions of the issue. We argue that governments need to act multilaterally in three key areas. First, tax avoidance by multinational corporations (MNCs) remains a global problem, despite important progress in recent years. Though not openly illegal, tax avoidance causes considerable damage to developing countries. Poorer countries depend to a higher degree on corporate taxes than richer countries and are thus more vulnerable to these practices. International initiatives to act upon tax avoidance – for instance, by introducing a minimum tax and by taxing the digitalised economy – should take the taxation rights of poorer countries into account. Second, fighting illegal tax evasion is another relevant topic. At an international scale, the exchange of tax-related information – for instance, on the beneficial ownership of assets – is a key factor, and developing countries need to participate in this exchange on a broad scale. This will require additional domestic and international efforts to boost capacity and credibility.Third, governments worldwide should increase trans¬parency on their tax expenditures and dismantle those structures that prove to be either harmful or ineffective in fiscal, social or environmental terms, or create negative spillovers for other countries. As a first step, governments should agree on common reporting standards and start producing regular, public and encompassing reports on the tax expenditure schemes in place.Evidently, this is not an agenda for individual countries or a call for unilateral action. Current approaches to international tax cooperation – mostly propelled by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G20 – need to be broadened and include all countries on an equal footing; they should also be deepened to cover those aspects of taxation that are not yet being sufficiently addressed. It is also clear, however, that the degree to which developing countries will take part in international standard-setting and regulation depends to a considerable degree on their capability to push forward critical governance reforms at the domestic level.

Water pollution is a major issue in developing countries. 2.2 of the 2.3 billion people who suffer annually from waterborne diseases live in this part of the world. Moreover, it causes the deterioration of aquatic ecosystems the living of billions of poor people depend on. A major source of water pollution is the discharge of untreated municipal wastewater. On average, cities in developing countries discharge 80-90% of their sewage untreated. Though treatment of municipal wastewater remains a huge challenge in developing countries, the situation is not equally adverse all over the place. Treatment rates vary substantially across localities. From this observation, the question arises what drives and what impairs wastewater treatment. No quantitative analysis of this topic has been performed yet at the municipal level in a developing country. Therefore, this thesis investigates the impact of social factors on municipal wastewater treatment in Mexican municipalities in order to gain insights on what improves wastewater treatment in a developing country. 846 of 2,456 Mexican municipalities treat a share of their municipal wastewater that ranges from single-digit percentages to full coverage while the majority of municipalities treats no wastewater. The study relies on econometric techniques to scrutinize 10 hypotheses on the relationship between social factors and wastewater treatment. More precisely, it applies binary outcome models to estimate the conditional probability wastewater treatment takes place in a municipality for a sample of 2,290 Mexican municipalities. In addition, it applies the Tobit and Fractional logit model to estimate the percentage of treated municipal wastewater depending on social factors for 425 municipalities. The thesis identifies geographic spillovers, environmental federalism, institutional aspects like the corporatization of municipal water service, urbanization, per capita income and its distribution as significant influencing factors. A significant effect of education, ethnic heterogeneity, female participation in municipal politics and water scarcity is not found. In addition, the involvement of superior government tiers of a developing country in the funding of municipal wastewater treatment infrastructure seems to mitigate the influence of social factors on wastewater treatment. Based on these findings, the thesis develops policy recommendations to improve municipal wastewater treatment in developing countries. ; Wasserverschmutzung ist eines der Hauptprobleme in Entwicklungsländern. 2,2 der 2,3 Milliarden Menschen, die jährlich durch kontaminiertes Wasser erkranken, leben in diesem Teil der Welt. Zudem werden aquatische Ökosysteme zerstört, von denen das Überleben von Milliarden armer Menschen abhängt. Eine wichtige Ursache von Wasserverschmutzung ist unbehandeltes Abwasser. Im Durchschnitt entsorgen 80-90% der Kommunen in Entwicklungsländern ihre kommunalen Abwässer unbehandelt. Obwohl die Abwasserbehandlung insgesamt ein drängendes Problem darstellt, ist die Lage nicht überall gleich schlecht. Behandlungsraten variieren erheblich zwischen Gemeinden in Entwicklungsländern. Aufgrund dieser Beobachtung stellt sich die Frage, welche Faktoren die kommunale Abwasserbehandlung begünstigt, welche sie behindert. Keine quantitative Analyse hat dieses Thema soweit auf kommunaler Ebene in einem Entwicklungsland erforscht. Deshalb untersucht diese Dissertation den Einfluss sozialer Faktoren auf die kommunale Abwasserbehandlung in mexikanischen Kommunen, um dadurch Einsichten über die Treiber kommunaler Abwasserbehandlung in Entwicklungsländern zu gewinnen. 846 der 2.456 mexikanischen Kommunalkreise behandeln Anteile ihrer Abwässer, die zwischen einstelligen Prozentsätzen und der vollen Abdeckung variieren. Die Mehrheit behandelt kein Abwasser. Die Dissertation verwendet ökonometrische Methoden für die empirische Validierung von 10 Hypothesen über Kausalzusammenhänge zwischen sozialen Faktoren und kommunaler Abwasserbehandlung. Konkret finden binäre Ergebnismodelle Anwendung, um die konditionale Abwasserbehandlungswahrscheinlichkeit für 2.290 mexikanische Gemeinden zu schätzen. Das Tobit- und Fractional-Logit-Modell schätzen darüber hinaus den Anteil behandelter Abwässer in Abhängigkeit von sozialen Faktoren für 425 mexikanische Gemeinden. Die Dissertation identifiziert geographische Spillover-Effekte, Umweltföderalismus, institutionelle Aspekte wie die Schaffung kommunaler Wasserbetriebe, Urbanisierung, Pro-Kopf-Einkommen und dessen Verteilung als signifikante Einflussgrößen. Ein signifikanter Einfluss von Bildung, ethnischer Heterogenität, Frauenanteil in der Kommunalpolitik und Wasserknappheit wird nicht festgestellt. Zudem scheint die Beteiligung von übergeordneten Regierungsebenen bei der Finanzierung von Abwasserinfrastruktur den Einfluss von sozialen Faktoren zu reduzieren. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse entwickelt die Dissertation Politikempfehlungen für eine verbesserte kommunale Abwasserbehandlung in Entwicklungsländern.

Several national and international environmental laws require countries to meet clearly defined targets with respect to the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. In Europe, the EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD; 2000/60/EC) represents such a detailed piece of legislation. The WFD that requires the European member countries to achieve an at least 'good' ecological status of all surface waters at latest by the year 2027. In order to assess the ecological status of a given water body under the WFD, data on its aquatic biodiversity are obtained and compared to reference status. The mismatch between these two metrics then is used to derive the respective ecological status class. While the workflow to carry out the assessment is well established, it relies only on few biological groups (typically fish, macroinvertebrates and a few algal taxa such as diatoms), is time consuming and remains at a lower taxonomic resolution, so that the identifications can be done routinely by non-experts with an acceptable learning curve. Here, novel genetic and genomic tools provide new solutions to speed up the process and allow to include a much greater proportion of biodiversity in the assessment process. further, results are easily comparable through the genetic 'barcodes' used to identify organisms. The aim of the large international COST Action DNAqua-Net (http://dnaqua.net/) is to develop strategies on how to include novel genetic tools in bioassessment of aquatic ecosystems in Europe and beyond and how to standardize these among the participating countries. It is the ambition of the network to have these new genetic tools accepted in future legal frameworks such as the EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD; 2000/60/EC) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC). However, a prerequisite is that various aspects that start from the validation and completion of DNA Barcode reference databases, to the lab and field protocols, to the analysis processes as well as the subsequently derived biotic indices and metrics are dealt with and commonly agreed upon. Furthermore, many pragmatic questions such as adequate short and long-term storage of samples or specimens for further processing or to serve as an accessible reference need also be addressed. In Europe the conformity and backward compatibility of the new methods with the existing legislation and workflows are further of high importance. Without rigorous harmonization and inter-calibration concepts, the implementation of the powerful new genetic tools will be substantially delayed in real-world legal framework applications. After a short introduction on the structure and vision of DNAqua-Net, we discuss how the DNAqua-Net community considers possibilities to include novel DNA-based approaches into current bioassessment and how formal standardization e.g. through the framework of CEN (The European Committee for Standardization) may aid in that process (Hering et al. 2018, Leese et al. 2016, Leese et al. 2018. Further we explore how TDWG data standards can further facilitate swift adoption of the genetic methods in routine use. We further present potential impacts of the legislative requirements of the Nagoya Protocol on the exchange of genetic resources and their implications for biomonitoring. Last but not least, we will touch upon the rather unexpected influence that the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) may have on the bioassessment work in practice.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia ; Redes de Internet das Coisas em que existe recolha de energia do ambiente são o alicerce de uma série de conceitos de alta conectividade contemporâneos nos quais é necessário extrair cada vez mais informação do ambiente, ao mesmo tempo que se mantém a perpetuidade operacional dos mesmos.Maximizar a recolha de dados do meio envolvente usando uma rede deste tipo com conectividade multi-etapa enquanto se mantém uma operação energética neutra é uma tarefa complexa pois é necessário equilibrar a utilidade global da rede e a escassez de recursos energéticos.Para concretizar uma operação óptima de uma rede de Internet das Coisas com recolha de energia do ambiente recorre-se à construção de um modelo de optimização baseado em Programação Linear Inteira Mista, em que são considerados dois aspectos adicionais: aquisição obrigatória de ocorrências notáveis ao longo do tempo e do espaço, denominadas de eventos; e a transmissão de dados deve utilizar um mecanismo de agregação de dados, de forma a tornar a comunicação mais eficiente.Para que o modelo proposto seja validado e analisado adequadamente, é desenvolvida uma plataforma que permite efectuar simulações com o modelo, as quais têm como parâmetros de entrada dados que refletem condições operacionais estudadas. Com base nos resultados das simulações realizadas, constata-se que o modelo apresentado é bem sucedido nos vários cenários experimentais considerados.Os resultados obtidos confirmam a validade do modelo proposto. Os dados recolhidos permitem identificar padrões no comportamento da rede que possibilitam a construção de uma heurística distribuída sub-óptima que atinja um desempenho semelhante em tempo real. ; Energy Harvesting Internet of Things Networks serve nowadays as the backbone of a myriad of high-connectivity concepts in where it is necessary to extract more and more information from the environment while maintaining a perpetual operational state. Maximizing the collection of environmental data employing a multi-hop Energy Harvesting IoT Network while maintaining an Energy Neutral Operation is a challenging task because it is necessary to balance overall network utility with the scarcity of energy resources, typical of Energy Harvesting techniques. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming optimization model is constructed to achieve an optimal operation in an Energy Harvesting IoT Network. Two additional aspects are considered: enforced acquisition of spatio-temporal notable occurrences labeled as events; and the use of a data aggregation mechanism when performing data communication.A framework is developed which can perform simulations with the proposed model so it can be validated and appropriately analyzed. The model simulations are supplied with input data that mirrors a studied operational setting. Based on the simulations results, the effectiveness of the presented network model is derived under different operational schemes. The obtained results confirm the validity of the proposed model. The gathered data facilitates the identification of patterns in the network behavior, which enable the formulation of a distributed real-time sub-optimal heuristic that achieves a similar performance. ; Outro - The work presented in this dissertation was partially carried out in the scope of the MobiWise project: From mobile sensing to mobility advising (P2020 SAICTPAC/0011/2015), co-financed by COMPETE 2020, Portugal 2020 - Operational Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI), European Union's ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).

There is increasing legislative and policy emphasis on the importance of effective management of the marine environment as a shared resource, with aspirations to maximise environmental, economic, and social benefits, also termed the ecosystem approach to management. As extensive and long-term users of the marine environment, fisheries and the integration of fisheries management into a wider marine management system, play a major role in achieving these objectives as well as helping to ensure the long-term sustainability and existence of the sector. There are many examples of managing fisheries interactions within the UK and globally. Many of these are related to a single interaction. Many Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been shown to have a positive effect on fisheries when the MPAs have been integrated within fisheries management measures outside of the MPA area. While seeking to achieve the UK management objectives of increased economic prosperity by growing economic use, particularly of emerging industries such as marine renewables, coupled with increased protection through a network of MPAs, fisheries are being subject to increased spatial conflicts which need to be understood and effectively managed. Due to the nature of these interactions, the majority of conflicts occur relatively close to shore and have a greater effect on the inshore fisheries. The report addresses three main areas covering conflicts (Section 2), available data (Section 3), and example case studies (Section 4). There are a number of marine management measures that have been trialled and/or implemented around the world to tackle a range of spatial and temporal use conflicts. Spatial and temporal management measures were considered under three main topics of fisheries management measures (Section 2.1), marine conservation management (e.g. MPAs, Section 2.2), and licencing mitigation and management measures (e.g. safety zones during marine developments, Section 2.3). Understanding what data is available, its accessibility, limitations, and at what spatial and temporal scale would be appropriate for management decision making is an important but complex task for any manager (Section 3). However, without such knowledge, management decisions may be questioned by stakeholders and governance structures may be weak or difficult to enforce. This section outlines some of these issues, highlights alternate data sources which are freely available, discusses how the data can be used with its limitations, and how it can be enhanced through stakeholder/fisher engagement. Six case study areas (Section 4) were identified with aspects of their management and management tools being highlighted. Case studies covered multiple geographic scales from local through to international management strategies. The use of spatial planning, voluntary codes of practice, stakeholder engagement, and more detailed fishing information were key factors in several of the areas. Finally, the information was pooled together to outline some key recommendations for managers (fisheries and marine) and recommendations for the use of data (Section 5.1). Recommendations for managers included a better understanding of how scale can influence decisions, stakeholder engagement, establishing trust through open dialogue, and the consideration of temporal impacts of developments. Data recommendations included fisheries data, socio-economic data, availability of data in online databases, and the use of predictive habitat maps and what information should accompany them.

Alpine watersheds and their changes in streamflow have become an important topic in hydrology. Understanding the variability of river discharge in Alpine catchments represents a very important contribution towards water resources management. The main objective of this Master Thesis as complementary work of Perez Ciria (2016) is to expand the knowledge of natural and anthropogenic effects on the streamflow. Anthropogenic effects like hydropeaking can have a big influence on the behaviour of the river discharge while long-term effects of climate variations in combination with future climate change have a big impact as well. For this reason we want to analyse in a literature review big legislation changes in Austria which influenced the hydropower production to try to link them with change points in the streamflow data of the Inn afterwards. Furthermore, we want to analyse the correlation of streamflow data between stations in two different catchments, the Inn and the Adige, to see if there are differences and similarities. This will support a better knowledge of the behaviour in different catchments in the Alps and will make it easier to draw conclusions. Moreover, a correlation analysis is done for seasonal streamflow data with the climate indices North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI), Atlantic Oscillation Index (AOI)and Mediterranean Oscillation Index (MOI) to expand the knowledge of climate effects. The used technique for the analysis is the wavelet analysis technique. The literature analysis shows that hydropower will face a rising confict between political, environmental and social aspects in the future and furthermore difficulties because of climate change. Additionally the analysis of legislation revealed big impacts on hydropower plants. Though the change point ; analysis points out that it is a difficult task to link change points with legislation changes. The complexity of the implementation of laws together with the different exploitation strategies of hydropower plants makes it difficult to find direct triggers of each change point. The correlation analysis between the stations reveals an interesting weakening in coherence between Tyrolean highland and lowland stations at the Inn beginning in 1980, maybe caused by a stronger climate change at higher altitude. At the Adige catchment an interesting weakening of the correlation on hydropeaking scales beginning in 2007 is present which indicates a different use of hydropower due to the opening of the energy market. Moreover, again a weakening in the correlation is present between high and low altitude stations. The comparison of both catchment exposes again a vanishing coherence on hydropeaking scales. The correlation analysis with the climate indices demonstrates a high coherence on timescales of 16 years and longer for many cases, while there is also sometimes a high correlation on scales between 4 and 12 years. The comparison between both catchments reveals that there is only a common behaviour in autumn for the AOI and the MOI which shows that you have to distinguish between different effects of climate patterns in different areas of the Alps. In conclusion, the wavelet analysis technique can provide interesting results which can be a good scientific contribution for the understanding of the Alpine hydrological behaviour. But further studies are needed to expand this understanding especially on regional scales. ; by Christopher Zier ; Universität Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2017

Urgency of the research. An important condition for the development of the region is taking into account natural resource potential and its particular usage, because it is linked to efficient economy of the region. Target setting. Under modern conditions of economic management and Ukraine's striving toward Europe, the significant environmental improvement as well as smart use of natural resources system integration have not been realized. All this determined the choice of the specific topic of the research paper, formed the subject, the purpose and the target of the research. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Economic aspects of the use of the natural resources potential have been researched in studies of the established national scientists, especially of V. A. Holian [1], A. S. Kycha [5], A. P. Nezhyvenko [8], Y. B. Oliinyk [10], M. A. Khvesyk [13], L. M. Cherchyk [14] and others. Such foreign scientists as D. Wardle and M. Jonsson [17], A. Zielińska [19]. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. There is much tension around the issue of smart use of natural resources potential of Ukraine, particularly true it is observed under current crisis conditions caused by the troubled political and subsequently economic situation in the country. The statement of basic materials. The article analyzes the natural-resource potential of the Rivne region. The basic allocation of natural resources has been demonstrated. The SWOT-analysis of the use of natural resources potential of Rivne region have been completed. Conclusions. Rivne region is rich on different mineral deposits causing some differences in the economy development. The occurrence of the unique in Ukraine amber deposit has caused many economic and political problems relating to its unlawful extraction. The losses for the economy and budget of Ukraine due to this are estimated at 20 billion US dollars yearly. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Важливою умовою розвитку регіону є врахування природо-ресурсного потенціал та його особливості використання, оскільки саме від цих умов залежить ефективна економіка регіону. Постановка проблеми. У сучасних економічних умовах господарювання, європейських прагненнях України, не відбулося суттєве покращання стану довкілля, а також запровадження системи раціонального використання природних ресурсів. Все це зумовило вибір даної теми наукової роботи, сформувало її предмет, мету та об'єкт дослідження. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Економічні аспекти використання природно-ресурсного потенціалу досліджувалися у працях відомих вітчизняних науковців, зокрема В. А. Голяна [1], А. С. Кича [5], А. П. Неживенка [8], Я. Б. Олійника [10], М. А. Хвесика [13], Л. М. Черчик [14] та ін. Значний вклад за даною тематикою у науковий доробок внесли такі зарубіжні вчені як Д. Вардлі та М. Джонсон [17], А. Зелінська [19]. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Проблема раціонального використання природно-ресурсного потенціалу України стоїть надзвичайно гостро, особливо актуально це простежується в сучасних кризових умовах, зумовлених нестабільністю політичної ситуації у країні, а, як наслідок, й економічної. Виклад основного матеріалу. У статті проведено аналіз природо-ресурсного потенціалу на прикладі Рівненської області. Показано основне розміщення природних ресурсів області. Здійснено SWOT-аналіз використання природно-ресурсного потенціалу Рівненської області. Висновок. Рівненська область багата на різноманітні корисні копалини, які зумовлюють певні відмінності у розвитку господарства. Наявність єдиного в Україні родовища бурштину, створило багато економічних та політичних проблем щодо його незаконного видобутку. Втрати для економіки, бюджету України від якого оцінюються у понад 20 млрд дол. США щороку.

Elaboration and adoption of the "Concept for the conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Ukraine" were caused by the need to define the strategic goals and objectives, methodological, methodical, organizational principles and techniques for conservation of forest genetic resources in Ukraine on a nationwide scale. The development of the Concept aims at providing stable functioning of forest ecosystems today and in the future, preserving the potential of forests for producing of their unique set of economic, environmental and social benefits. The use of the document will serve as the basis for developing of new and improving the existing legislative, departmental and administrative regulations that provide different aspects of biodiversity conservation in forests – programs, regulations, guidelines, directives, recommendations, etc. In the Concept, which is developed in Ukraine for the first time, characterized are the topicality and the necessity for conservation of forest genetic resources, the classification of factors that endanger the genetic diversity of forest tree species is described, legal basis of the process for conserving forest genetic resources is analyzed, the methods and strategy of genetic variability of forest tree species conservation are reported, attention was paid to the benefits from sustainable use of forest genetic resources, also here were indicated the necessity of scientific support of this process and outlined ways of implementing this concept. ; Розроблення й прийняття Концепції зумовлена потребою розробки методів збереження та невиснажливого використання лісових генетичних ресурсів в Україні, визначення стратегічної мети й завдань, методологічних, методичних, організаційних принципів і прийомів діяльності зі збереження генетичної мінливості лісів. Вона покликана забезпечити стабільність функціонування лісових екосистем сьогодні та в майбутньому, зберегти потенціал лісів стосовно продукування ними комплексу унікальних економічних, екологічних й соціальних благ. Використання документу слугуватиме основою для розробки нових й удосконалення існуючих законодавчо-правових, нормативно-регулюючих і організаційно-розпорядчих актів, що забезпечують різні сторони збереження біорізноманіття в лісах – програм, положень, настанов, вказівок, інструкцій, рекомендацій тощо. У Концепції охарактеризована актуальність й необхідність збереження лісових генетичних ресурсів, приведена класифікація загроз зниження генетичного різноманіття лісових деревних порід, проаналізовані правові засади процесу збереження лісових генетичних ресурсів, розроблені методи й стратегії збереження генетичної мінливості лісових деревних видів, приділена увага сталому користуванню вигодами від збереження лісових генетичних ресурсів, вказано на науковий супровід цього процесу і віднайдено шляхи реалізації даної Концепції, яка в Україні розроблена вперше. ; Разработка и утверждение Концепции обусловлено необходимостью разработки методов сохранения и неистощимого использования лесных генетических ресурсов в Украине, определения стратегической цели и задач, методологических, методических, организационных принципов и приемов деятельности по сохранению генетической изменчивости лесов. Она предназначена обеспечить стабильность функционирования лесных экосистем сегодня и в будущем, сохранить потенциал лесов в сфере продуцирования ими комплекса уникальных экономических, экологических и социальных благ. Использование документа будет служить основой для разработки новых и усовершенствования существующих законодательно-правовых, нормативно-регулирующих и организационно-распорядительных актов, обеспечивающих различные стороны сохранения биоразнообразия в лесах – программ, положений, наставлений, указаний, инструкций, рекомендаций и т.п. В Концепции охарактеризована актуальность и необходимость сохранения лесных генетических ресурсов, приведена квалификация угроз снижения генетического разнообразия лесных древесных пород, проанализированы правовые основы процесса ее сохранности, разработаны методы и стратегии сбережения генетической изменчивости лесных древесных пород, уделено внимание постоянному использованию преимуществ от сохранения лесных генетических ресурсов, обращено внимание на научное сопровождение этого процесса и найдены пути реализации данной Концепции, которая в Украине разработана впервые.

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial ; O presente estudo consistiu em um projeto prospetivo que envolveu os principais "stakeholders" do setor das energias renováveis marinhas com o objetivo de explorar cenários preliminares focados na evolução desta indústria. Neste sentido, o estudo pretendeu melhorar o conhecimento geral sobre potenciais sinergias entre as energias renováveis marinhas e a indústria da construção naval, e destacar de forma holística e integrada os aspetos socioeconómicos, políticos, ambientais e tecnológicos. A análise centrou-se no contexto Europeu num horizonte temporal de 15 anos. Para esse fim, foi aplicada a análise morfológica, uma vez que é uma abordagem simples e sistemática para construção e exploração de possíveis futuros. Neste contexto, o software Morphol foi utilizado para obter o esqueleto dos cenários o que permitiu identificar 24 combinações plausíveis, ou cenários para possíveis futuros. Posteriormente, a partir deste conjunto de cenários, foram selecionados apenas 3 com base no método "extreme-world" que consiste em criar mundos extremos, colocando todas as incertezas positivas em um cenário e todas as negativas em outro cenário. Finalmente, obteve-se um cenário, denominado "blue-ocean", onde há uma simbiose perfeita entre as energias renováveis marinhas e a indústria de construção naval. O segundo cenário, denominado "different-worlds", é essencialmente o oposto do primeiro e baseia-se na crença de que o conservadorismo e tradicionalismo associados ao setor da construção naval impedem esta indústria de alargar as suas atividades a novos e mais inovadores campos. Por último, o terceiro cenário, denominado "business-as-usual", reúne algumas características dos dois cenários anteriores e, portanto, reflete uma realidade intermédia. ; The present study is a prospective joint project with key stakeholders aiming at exploring draft scenarios focused on the renewable energy industry. In this framework, the goal of the study was to improve the general knowledge and understanding on potential synergies between marine renewables and the shipbuilding industry, in a holistic and integrative manner that highlights socio-economic, political, environmental and technological aspects. The analysis is focused on the European context, and is based on a time horizon of 15 years. To this end, the morphological analysis was applied since it is a fairly simple and systematic approach to build and explore possible futures. In this context, the Morphol software was used to obtain the skeleton of the scenarios. Eventually, 24 plausible combinations, or future possible scenarios, were found. Afterwards, from this set of scenarios, three were selected based on the extreme-world method, which consists of creating extreme worlds by putting all the positive uncertainties in one scenario and all the negative in another scenario. Finally, we end up with one scenario, named "blue-ocean", where there is a perfect symbiosis between marine renewables and the shipbuilding industry. Moreover, the second scenario, named "different-worlds", is essentially the opposite of the first one and relies on the belief that the conservatism and reluctance associated to the traditionalism of shipbuilding prevents the industry from extending its activities into new and more innovative fields. Eventually, the last scenario, named "business-as-usual", gathers some characteristics of the two previous scenarios and so it reflects an in-between reality. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Non-economic loss and damage (NELD) has emerged as a new concept in the negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It refers to the negative impacts of climate change that are difficult to measure or quantify. The value of NELD cannot easily be expressed in monetary terms, which has left them mostly neglected in climate-risk and cost estimates. As a result, although NELD are vital to those affected, they often go unnoticed by the outside world. A focus on NELD invites engagement with the normative dimensions of the loss-and-damage debate: Whose losses and damages count and how are they counted? What losses are the global community willing to accept as a result of unmitigated climate change? At the same time, the practical aspects of NELD need to be considered: What tools and instruments are available to avoid NELD? What are appropriate ways to react to NELD that prove to be unavoidable or that have already occurred? Instances of NELD are highly diverse. Relevant insights can be gained from a range of academic disciplines, including economics, human geography and environmental psychology. Still, few studies explicitly address NELD. Currently, 10 meta-categories of NELD can be identified: Human Life, Meaningful Places, Cultural Artefacts, Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, Communal Sites, Production Sites, Intrinsic Values, Identity and Agency. The diversity of NELD can be better understood through a focus on their main characteristics: context-dependence and incommensurability of value. Both attributes pose challenges to policy-making. Context-dependence is particularly problematic in an international setting in which actors will likely need to rely on universal standards for the recognition of losses. Incommensurability means that values cannot be ex-pressed through the use of a common unit. This renders monetary assessments as a means of valuation problematic. Monetisation may provide useful information for cost-benefit analyses of mitigation or adaptation scenarios, but it is less insightful in terms of how to avoid NELD or respond to them once they have occurred. Such conceptual clarity is key for the integration of available knowledge and the identification of effective approaches to NELD. In order to avoid NELD at the national level, they need to be included in risk- and vulnerability assessments. Assessments need to include negative side-effects of mitigation and adaptation and be conducted in a decentralised and participatory manner. Efforts should be made to share findings with the wider public, nationally and inter-nationally. Addressing NELD at the international level should rely on agreed assessment rules for the recognition of NELD rather than a static set of items. The universality of standards needed for an international framework would thus shift from indicators to a process-based scheme of assessment rules under the UNFCCC. These should inform measures that avoid as well as those that react to NELD. The emergence of NELD in the context of the UNFCCC provides an excellent opportunity to raise awareness of an oft-ignored dimension of climate impacts. An orchestrated integration of research findings from a broad range of disciplines is needed to provide a solid evidence-base for designing just and effective approaches to address NELD.

To curb global warming man has to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) created to the atmosphere by human activities, and it cannot neglect the efforts of corporate communities. Indeed, companiesa direct emissions are dwarfed by supply chain GHGs from an industry sector. No matter to prepare for future environmental regulations or to improve competitive advantages, companies are realizing that they have to reduce and mitigate GHGs from the supply chain perspective. Emission trading (also called cap and trade) is one of market-based instruments to reduce GHGs released from industrial areas. The Paris agreement in 2015 has announced that emission trading plays an essential role in forming part of international climate action to achieve national emission reduction targets. Moreover, due to offering flexibility in choosing compliance levers to the targeted firms or industries emission trading is considered by forward-thinking communities as one effective measure to manage supply chain GHGs. With optimization models, literatures have quantified the impacts of emission trading on the supply chain performance by incorporating the emission cost. Their results show that emission trading is cost-effective to reduce supply chain GHGs. However, rare work addresses how emission trading could be employed in the context of supply chain and what problems would the implementation processes encounter from business and political perspectives. To fill in this research gap, this paper presents one conceptual study as well as one case study. Firstly, it proposes the concept a supply chain emission tradinga to describe the application of emission trading in the context of supply chain and provides three programs to realize the application: supply chain permit trading program, supply chain credit trading program, and supply chain offset trading program. Secondly, this paper conducts one case study so as to quantify and compare the cost-effectiveness of each program. At last, this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities related to implementing each program, and it demonstrates supply chain knowledge management concerning GHGs reduction under emission trading. The results of this paper indicate that supply chain permit trading program is the most cost-effective one among the three to reduce the same amount of supply chain GHGs. Supply chain credit and offset programs are including additionally the cost of administration for emission reduction projects. All three programs allow the transfers of emission reduction units within the supply chain. Supply chain permit trading program emphasizes the supply chain collaboration in meeting the supply chain GHGs reduction target while the other two programs assign the focal company in the supply chain to be responsible for the supply chain GHGs. Implementing supply chain permit trading program is challenged by including the Scope 3 emissions of the focal company into emission trading scheme (ETS) and requires one cost/benefit allocation method among supply chain partners. The other two programs are comparatively easier to be implemented since they can directly employ the experiences of ETS and credit projects. This paper is believed to be one leading edge in proposing one conceptual initiative connecting supply chain GHGs management to the emission trading policy, and in addressing supply chain GHGs management with emission trading from both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It provides insights for both business managers and policy-makers that are concerned with reducing supply chain GHGs.

Background to research Recent Scottish Government policy is to develop Scotland as the world's first Hydro Nation which places more emphasis on water as central to our national identity. This agenda is increasing the international profile of Scotland's skills and experience in supporting the good stewardship of water resources. There is a need to increase awareness among the public of the benefits that water provides and how our actions can help protect and improve them. Successful legislative and policy reform have been responsible for sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) becoming commonplace in Scotland. There is a deficit of understanding surrounding the multiple benefits which SUDS can offer communities such as pollution control, flood prevention, enhancement of biodiversity and wildlife habitats. Conveying an understanding of benefits to those who live within close proximity to SUDS can help lend acceptance to these innovative green technologies that are replacing traditional forms of drainage. Objectives of research Key CREW objectives are to develop a hydro literacy programme that: (a) increases public understanding of the benefits water provides and issues involved in its management (b) increase science engagement through community outreach/public education (c) support Scottish water policy. This project was a public outreach activity that targeted primary and secondary school children located to the north of Dundee where there are excellent examples of SUDS. The key objective was to raise awareness of the Hydro Nation agenda with a scope that was twofold: explain the urban water cycle; and promote awareness and understanding of the local SUDS and related benefits. To realise these objectives we had to ensure alignment of the science, environmental, engineering and social aspects related to SUDS with the curriculum for excellence and which contributed to general science experiences and outcomes. Key findings and recommendations Dissemination of the Hydro Nation Agenda and the benefits of SUDS were delivered to a total of 106 children (ages 3-10) and 14 adults. Based on feedback, the outreach programme to schools was deemed an unquestionable success by the Local Authority, teachers and school children alike. This was due to a strategic approach taken for the development and delivery of a 'water and SUDS' learning package that included a variety of mechanisms and activities to fit the time available and suit the knowledge level of the target audiences. This facilitated engagement, enthusiasm, knowledge retention and empowerment – learning whilst also having fun. Evaluation of feedback, and with hindsight, recommendations for improving future outreach initiatives to school children and local community groups include: • Timing is crucial to ensure alignment with the curriculum, particularly secondary schools. • Hands on sessions including experiments and digital technology related to local real world issues combined with local walks were powerful strategies that provided a direct and personal connection that engaged, promoted and embedded learning concepts and new terminology. • Future roll out of the initiative would be beneficial to integrate the SUDS learning package materials with current lesson plans; specifically delivery of a practical legacy teaching asset that could be up scaled/rolled out across Scotland. • The Community Group session was put together quickly with limited time. This was beneficial for the Group regarding imminent dialogue with Dundee City Council planners however a more organised session and discussion would have enhanced understanding of current best practice SUDS.