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"Over the past century, people have fought for gender equality, but feminism is still an often-questioned movement. What does "feminism" mean? Is it necessary in a modern world? This exploration of feminism presents readers with well-researched, unbiased text to help them answer these questions and more. From the history of women's rights to current discussions about how attitudes toward all genders affect society, this volume helps readers form educated opinions about important social issues. Compelling sidebars, discussion questions, and annotated quotes encourage readers to think critically, and full-color photographs and informative graphs highlight and illustrate important topics"--

Abstract: Men and women have their own background and culture, the community has separated the notions of the two genders. Most of the world community assume that men as superior and women as inferior, So, feminist theory is a tool for women to fight for their rights for freedom in the world of politics, social, economic and literature. Feminism is born because women are tired of being subordinated to everything, through feminism women are able to show themselves. Women are no longer dangerous creatures and creatures that have been in the minds of men. But women are also able to work and be productive with men.Keywords: Feminist, Gender, Equality

This article shows the description of the theme of American Feminism. Feminism is defined as the belief in women's full social, economic, and political equality. Feminism arose largely in response to Western traditions that limited women's rights, but feminist thought has many forms and variations around the world. Shortly, this article is about the topic of American Feminism and its phases in America.

Interview with Marie Kabrhelová, Secretariat member, Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

Luce Irigaray classically challenges what she takes to be the masculine foundations of knowledge in Western liberal culture. The present article contends not only that this epistemological challenge implicates a radical feminist politics, but that it is also more helpful in formulating a multicultural feminist theory than is often acknowledged by her readers. This is because her account responds to the false neutrality of liberal feminist approaches to multiculturalism. It does so by supporting, at the socio-political level, transformative genealogical practices that are aimed at fostering women's agency in culturally sensitive ways. However, Irigaray's recent work on multiculturalism does not sustain the necessary continuity between her core epistemological critique and her political claims. In particular, the continuity between her criticism of the West's sexual indifference and the cultural multiplicity of female identity becomes problematic in her recent work. The author finally contends that Irigaray's writings pose difficulties for a multicultural feminism, because they fail to specify the different forms of policy necessary to promote diverse women's equality in the postcolonial contexts on which she recently focuses.

'Freedom and Equality' explores foundational concepts for liberalism and feminism. Clare Chambers argues that the doctrines are compatible, but feminism is necessary because liberalism has been incapable of securing gender equality and women's liberation alone.

Machine generated contents note:1.Spreading the Word of Women's Emancipation --2.The Origins of Socialist and Labour Feminism --3.Women, Democracy, and Suffrage --4.Reform Feminism and Women's Right to Work --5.Agrarian, Labour, and Socialist Feminism after the First World War --6.Feminism and the Party Question --7.Feminism, War, and Peace --8.Feminism in a Cold War Climate --9.Liberating Feminisms --10.Feminist Organizing in the 1970s and 1980s.