Suchergebnisse

Investigating the influential factors of the areas where people use taxis is a crucial step in understanding the taxi demand dynamics. In this study, we intend to analyze higher-paying taxi trips by putting forward an approach to explore a dataset of green taxi trips in New York City in January 2015 together with some demographic, housing, social and economic data. The final goal is to find out whether the chosen factors are statistically significant to be considered as potential driving forces of demand location for trips with a higher-paid fare. Since airports are major attracting sources for taxi travels, all the steps are taken separately for three scenarios that the trip drop-offs are in 1) LaGuardia Airport, 2) John F Kennedy Airport or 3) other areas. First, the spatial pick-up distribution of these higher-paying trips is mapped to enable visual comparison of the urban movement patterns. Then, taking into account the pick-up density as the response variable, the densities of: foreign-born's population, number of houses with no vehicles, the private wage and salary workers' population, the government workers' population and the self-employed workers' population in own not incorporate business were considered as the explanatory variables. These variables were examined to find important factors affecting the demand in each neighborhood and different results in each of the three scenarios were discussed. This study gives a better insight into discovering driving factors of higher-paid taxi trips when considering airports as destinations which attract travels with potentially different characteristics.

Books reviewed in this article:Phillipp R. Schofield, Peasant and Community in Medieval EnglandIan Kershaw & David M. Smith (eds.), The Bolton Priory CompotusMichael Jones (ed.), Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval EnglandPeter Northeast (ed.), Wills of the Archdeaconry of SudburyPamela Sharpe, Population and Society in an East Devon ParishDonald Winch & Patrick K. O'Brien (eds.), The Political Economy of British Historical ExperienceS.D. Smith, 'An Exact and Industrious Tradesman'Nicola Verdon, Rural Women Workers in Nineteenth‐Century EnglandJ.R. Wordie (ed.), Agriculture and Politics in EnglandLewis Johnman & Hugh Murphy, British Shipbuilding and the StateJairus Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late AntiquityAngeliki E. Laiou, The Economic History of ByzantiumAdriaan Verhulst, The Carolingian EconomyAdam Steinhouse, Workers' Participation in Post‐Liberation FrancePatrick Major & Jonathan Osmond (eds.), The Workers' and Peasants' StateRainer Karlsch & Raymond Stokes, The Chemistry must be RightMonica Chojnacka, Working Women of Early Modern VeniceHarold James & Jacob Tanner (eds.), Enterprise in the Period of Fascism in EuropeWendy Z. Goldman, Women at the GatesDavid Armitage & Michael J. Braddick (eds.), The British Atlantic worldSteven W. Usselman, Regulating Railroad InnovationNikki Mandell, The Corporation as FamilyBruce L. Gardner, American Agriculture in the Twentieth CenturyStefano Battilossi & Youssef Cassis (eds.), European Banks and the American ChallengeGeoffrey Jones & Lina Galvez‐Munoz (eds.), Foreign Multinationals in the United StatesMauro F. Guillén, The Limits of ConvergenceDennis O. Flynn, Arturo Giráldez & James Sobredo (eds.), Studies in Pacific HistoryNick Tiratsoo, Junichi Hasegawa, Tony Mason & Takao Matsumara, Urban Reconstruction in Britain and JapanDavid Zweig, Internationalizing ChinaCharles H. Feinstein & Mark Thomas, Making History CountPhillip Mirowski, Machine Dreams

This paper explores economic and technological changes and the evolution of labor markets in sending and receiving countries, with an emphasis on developments in a major emigration country, Mexico, and the impacts of migrants from Mexico and Latin America on the labor markets of Canada and the US. There are four major conclusions. Firstly, while immigrant workers are important in many industries, occupations, and areas, no major US industry or occupation is dependent on foreign-born or Mexican-born workers. Secondly, Mexican-born workers tend to be near the low end, often filling jobs that would be eliminated or modified by technology if wages rose. Thirdly, the short- and long-run effects of trade and investment on migration may be very different, producing a migration hump in the short-term that may increase migration flows before they decline. Finally, current demographic changes in Mexico's labor market can lead to a near-term decline in the volume of unauthorized migration to the United States even if emigration probabilities continue to rise moderately.Mexico, the US, and Canada are on the path toward closer economic integration that could soon reduce permanent or settler migration, even as temporary or sojourner migration increases for business and other purposes. The reduction in emigration pressure in Mexico may be noticeable sooner than is commonly realized for demographic and economic reasons. The policy challenge is to do no harm, to avoid policies that produce unintended negative consequences or that prolong Mexican-US unauthorized migration during the transition.

Opinion polls indicate that a considerable portion of the U.S. public holds negative views of international trade. The extent of anti-trade sentiment exhibited by the American public is largely out of step with public opinion elsewhere in the world. In fact, the U.S. may be one of the most trade-wary societies. Worries that trade, particularly increased imports, will lead to job loss and/or reduced wages for domestic workers are thought to underlie the negative views. Examining the extent to which trade adversely affects domestic workers, White documents statistical relationships between exports and imports and domestic employment/wages; however, the magnitudes of the estimated effects appear too small to justify public opinion on the topic. To better understand U.S. public opinion of international trade, and to explain why Americans are, in general, less supportive of trade, the author considers loss-aversion, incomplete/imperfect information, and the ability to process information as possible alternative explanations..

"Taking an empirical economics perspective, this volume assesses the causal impacts of disadvantage on youth outcomes and how policy interventions can alleviate those impacts. Each chapter develops a framework to describe the relationship between youth disadvantages and later life outcomes, addressing such factors as educational opportunity, health, neighborhood crime rates, and employment. This book documents the serious short-and long-term consequences of childhood disadvantage and provides nuanced evidence of the impact of public policy designed to help needy children." "This volume offers comparative analysis from twelve countries and examines the issue of age in the labor force. Contributors analyze the relationship between incentives to retire and the proportion of older persons in the workforce, the effects that reforming social security would have on the employment rates of older workers, and how extending labor force participation will affect program costs. Dispelling the myth that employingolder workers takes jobs away from the young, this timely volume challenges a raft of existing assumptions about the relationship between old and young people in the workforce." "In less than three decades, China has grown from playing a negligible role in world trade to being one of the world's largest exporters, a substantial importer of raw materials, intermediate outputs, and other goods, and both a recipient and source of foreign investment. This volume undertakes an empirical investigation of the effects of China's new status, providing detailed analyses of the microstructure of trade, the macroeconomic implications, sector-level issues, and foreign direct investment. Careful examination of micro data in light of established economic theories clarifies a number of misconceptions, overturns some conventional wisdom, and documents data patterns that enhance our understanding of issues related to China's trade

In 2007, Li Ke's novel A Story of Lala's Promotion (Du Lala Shengzhi Ji) became a bestseller among Chinese white-collar workers in foreign-owned (Western) companies and struck a chord with the Chinese middle class. The novel revolves around office politics, Western company culture and the white-collar lifestyle, the 'shelved ladies' phenomenon and middle-class aesthetics. To decipher the embedded cultural codes of this book, this study undertakes a textual analysis of the plots of A Story of Lala's Promotion and its filmic adaptation, Go Lala Go! (Du Lala Shengzhi Ji dir. Xu Jinglei, 2010). This paper conducts a trans-media adaption study (from fiction to film) to examine three interrelated themes in the novel and the film. First, focusing on the influence of Western corporate culture on Chinese white-collar workers under economic globalisation, the widely circulating rules of Western workplaces are interpreted, clarifying the acculturating process of Western culture over its Chinese counterpart. The paper further explains that on the platform provided by foreign companies, and with the influence and training of Western corporate culture, intelligent and diligent young Chinese aspirational women struggle and realise their dreams in the workplace. Second, employing a feminist perspective, an attempt is made to address the situation of contemporary Chinese white-collar women represented by the contemporary social phenomenon of the 'shelved ladies', which also serves as an emblem of female independence and individualism. Third, through an analysis of the filmic adaptation, which focuses on the white-collar female's lifestyle and consumption habits, the paper also highlights the contemporary Chinese population's pursuit of a middle-class identity and aesthetic that mirrors the overwhelming consumerism of post-socialist China.

In 2007, Li Ke's novel A Story of Lala's Promotion (Du Lala Shengzhi Ji) became a bestseller among Chinese white-collar workers in foreign-owned (Western) companies and struck a chord with the Chinese middle class. The novel revolves around office politics, Western company culture and the white-collar lifestyle, the 'shelved ladies' phenomenon and middle-class aesthetics. To decipher the embedded cultural codes of this book, this study undertakes a textual analysis of the plots of A Story of Lala's Promotion and its filmic adaptation, Go Lala Go! (Du Lala Shengzhi Ji dir. Xu Jinglei, 2010). This paper conducts a trans-media adaption study (from fiction to film) to examine three interrelated themes in the novel and the film. First, focusing on the influence of Western corporate culture on Chinese white-collar workers under economic globalisation, the widely circulating rules of Western workplaces are interpreted, clarifying the acculturating process of Western culture over its Chinese counterpart. The paper further explains that on the platform provided by foreign companies, and with the influence and training of Western corporate culture, intelligent and diligent young Chinese aspirational women struggle and realise their dreams in the workplace. Second, employing a feminist perspective, an attempt is made to address the situation of contemporary Chinese white-collar women represented by the contemporary social phenomenon of the 'shelved ladies', which also serves as an emblem of female independence and individualism. Third, through an analysis of the filmic adaptation, which focuses on the white-collar female's lifestyle and consumption habits, the paper also highlights the contemporary Chinese population's pursuit of a middle-class identity and aesthetic that mirrors the overwhelming consumerism of post-socialist China.

There is now widespread concern in Washington over the large and growing U.S.-China trade deficit. This concern is premised on the view that the large trade deficit has reduced U.S. welfare by increasing unemployment and reducing wages. But these alleged negative effects cannot be seen. The average unemployment rate in 1999-2006 was 5 percent compared to 6 percent in 1991-1998; and the total compensation (in 2005 prices) of a full-time worker rose from $46,614 in 1991 to $50,523 in 1998 to $55,703 in 2005. The rise in average labor compensation (measured to include benefits) was not caused by a large income increase for high-skilled workers and a moderate income decline for low-skilled workers. The level of compensation for blue-collar workers rose in the 1991-2006 period. The continued rise in US labor income in 1991-2006 might appear surprising because the post-1990 integration of the Soviet bloc, India and China into the international division of labor has doubled the number of workers participating in the world economy. Accelerated globalization was, however, not the only significant economic development during this period; accelerated technological innovation was perhaps even more significant in their economic effects. The latter development produced large productivity gains that enabled the US labor income to rise despite the greater competition from imports, continued relocation of production facilities to foreign countries, and increased immigration into the United States. The outcome from the accelerated pace of globalization and the increased pace of technological innovation is a more frequent turnover in jobs in the US, which translates into increased worker anxiety, and hence increased demand for protection. The optimum solution to the present trade tensions is a policy package that emphasizes multilateral actions. It is bad economics and bad politics to dwell only on just one region (China alone must change), and/or dwell on just one instrument (RMB appreciation alone). China should, in the short ...

In this dissertation, I study the implications of policies with heterogeneous sectoral impacts in three research fields of macroeconomics: (i) environmental policy, (ii) foreign aid and (iii) the political economy of the twin deficits. In the first chapter, the distributional impact of a pollution tax is studied by considering a society in which wealth is distributed heterogeneously among households. We present a model in which firms can use dirty and clean technologies. If the dirty technology is capital intensive, pollution tax leads to a reallocation of production factors towards the clean technology, changing the factor prices in favor of workers. Hence, richer people, owning a larger share of capital, support less the pollution tax. In the second chapter, I study the macroeconomic impacts of foreign aid. I consider two sectors: tradable (T-sector) and non-tradable sector (N-sector). I consider two forms of aid: (i) aid which is transferred to households and (ii) aid which is used to finance public investment. I investigate the impact of the liberalization of capital market on the optimal form and on the performance of foreign aid. In the third chapter, I study the impact of wage centralization on the political economy of the twin deficits. Econometric analysis of the paper finds evidence that wage centralization, in a cross-section of industrialized economies, is significantly associated with lower deficits in current account and budget balance. This chapter provides a political economy framework to explain this empirical finding. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2016

In this dissertation, I study the implications of policies with heterogeneous sectoral impacts in three research fields of macroeconomics: (i) environmental policy, (ii) foreign aid and (iii) the political economy of the twin deficits. In the first chapter, the distributional impact of a pollution tax is studied by considering a society in which wealth is distributed heterogeneously among households. We present a model in which firms can use dirty and clean technologies. If the dirty technology is capital intensive, pollution tax leads to a reallocation of production factors towards the clean technology, changing the factor prices in favor of workers. Hence, richer people, owning a larger share of capital, support less the pollution tax. In the second chapter, I study the macroeconomic impacts of foreign aid. I consider two sectors: tradable (T-sector) and non-tradable sector (N-sector). I consider two forms of aid: (i) aid which is transferred to households and (ii) aid which is used to finance public investment. I investigate the impact of the liberalization of capital market on the optimal form and on the performance of foreign aid. In the third chapter, I study the impact of wage centralization on the political economy of the twin deficits. Econometric analysis of the paper finds evidence that wage centralization, in a cross-section of industrialized economies, is significantly associated with lower deficits in current account and budget balance. This chapter provides a political economy framework to explain this empirical finding. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2016

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Series preface -- Introductory remarks -- PART I: RIGHT OF THE CHILD TO A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT AT INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LEVELS -- 1 The right of child workers to protection from environmental hazards -- 2 Right of the child to a clean environment in European Union law -- PART II: RIGHT OF THE CHILD TO A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT AT NATIONAL LEVELS: SELECTED CASE STUDIES -- 3 Environmental rights of the child in India -- 4 The right of the child to a clean environment in Poland -- 5 The right of the child to a clean environment in Nigeria -- 6 Does the Gambian child have a right to a clean environment? -- 7 Constitutional reform in Argentina and environmental education in Patagonia -- PART III: RIGHT OF THE CHILD TO A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOS) -- 8 The susceptible child ‒ does the child have a right to a healthy and a safe environment? -- 9 Children and the right to grow up in an environment supporting their health and well-being: A sound environment, provided for and encapsulated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child -- Concluding remarks -- ANNEX I: SUMMARY OF RESPONSES AND QUESTIONNAIRES -- ANNEX II: RESPONSES -- European representation Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Kingdom of Finland -- Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliito -- North American representation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Mexico City, Mexico -- North American representation California Environmental Protection Agency Sacramento, CA, USA -- South American representation Ministerio de Rélaciones Exteriores Lima, Peru -- Asian representation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Manila, The Philippines -- African representation Department of Foreign Affairs Pretoria, South Africa.

We use firm-level data and national input-output tables from 17 countries over the 2002-2005 period to test new and existing hypotheses about the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the efficiency of domestic firms in the host country (i.e., spillovers). Providing evidence from a larger sample of countries and greater variety of firms than existing studies, with separate estimates by firm size, age, and sector, we show: a) backward spillovers (stemming from supplying a foreign firm in the host country or exporting to a foreign firm) are consistently positive; b) horizontal spillovers are mostly insignificant but positive for older firms and firms in the service sector; d) forward spillovers (from purchasing from foreign firms or importing) are also positive only for old and service sector firms. We find no support for the hypothesis that spillovers are greater for FDI with more advanced technology. While efficiency of domestic firms' is affected by the business environment, the strength of FDI spillovers is not, either when measured by the degree of corruption, bureaucratic red tape or by differences across regions that vary in terms of development. Testing whether spillovers vary with the firm's "absorptive capacity" we find: i) distance from the efficiency frontier tends to dampen horizontal spillovers in manufacturing and backward spillovers among old firms; ii) whereas firms with a larger share of university educated workforce are more productive, they do not enjoy greater FDI spillovers than firms with less educated workers. FDI spillovers hence vary by sectors and types of firms. -- FDI ; spillovers ; transition economies ; efficiency

Chapter 1 Introduction – Brazil's Humanitarian Engagement and International Status -- Chapter 2 'Who's Afraid of an Emerging Power? On Brazil's Frustrated Quest for Higher Standing and the Social Immobility of Emerging Powers' -- Chapter 3 Brazil's Status Struggles: Why Nice Guys Finish Last -- Chapter 4 A Tragedy of Middle Power Politics: Traps in Brazil's Quest for Institutional Revisionism -- Chapter 5 Rise and fall of triumphalism in the international insertion of Brazil: the foreign policy of the Workers Party´s governments (2003-2016) -- Chapter 6 Leaving the club without slamming the door: Brazil's return to middle-power status -- Chapter 7 Climbing the ladder: Brazil and the international security field -- Chapter 8 Peace operations, intervention and Brazilian foreign policy: key issues and debates -- Chapter 9 Brazil's evolving "balancing act" on the use of force in multilateral operations: from robust peacekeeping to "responsibility while protecting" -- Chapter 10 A brief moment in history or the beginning of a new trend? Brazil's emerging humanitarian engagement in a broader context -- Chapter 11 Unpacking Brazilian South-South Co-operation: Policy Networks and Structuring Co-operation in Mozambique -- Chapter 12 Conclusion

Macroeconomic stability in 2020 was negatively affected by Covid-19 in 2020, although inflation remained low under 4 per cent. The budget deficit increased sharply (from 3.36 per cent of GDP in 20196 to 4.49 per cent of GDP in 20207) due to an increase in government spending for pandemic-related financial support for citizens and businesses. Accordingly, debt indicators for 2020, namely public debt (as percentage of GDP), foreign debt (as percentage of GDP), government debt payments to total budget revenue, and foreign debt repayment (as percentage of total exports) all increased compared to the previous year (see Graph 2 below). Covid-19 has affected all aspects of socio-economic development such as economic growth, trade activities, labour, employment, and income of workers. To mitigate this disruption, the Vietnamese government has implemented a series of timely and strong measures aimed firstly to limit the spread of the virus and then secondly to promote economic development. The measures have shown initial success at controlling the spread of the virus, with Vietnam having come close to completely halting local transmission.

Canada is one of the world's leading mining powerhouses, but in order to stay that way it needs access to new mineral reserves - and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has trillions worth. Due to the scale of the DRC's mineral deposits, Canadian mining companies have sought to explore and develop assets in the Central African nation in the past. These Canadian firms, however, have been the subject to corrupt governments and other issues. In the past, Canadian governments have sought to protect Canadian mining assets in the DRC only when they came under attack. That is to say, Canada's approach to foreign policy in the DRC has been reactionary. This paper argues that Canada ought to take a proactive approach to foreign policy in the DRC by supporting institution building and economic development which will, ultimately, benefit both Canadians and the Congolese. Canadian mining firms will be able to develop new assets, increasing profits for Canadian workers and shareholders. On the other hand, the Congolese will benefit from stronger institutions, economic development, and the ability for their country to effectively allocate the capital generated from a robust mining sector.