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In Germany, migration research is still a relatively young line of research. Several obstacles complicated a critical recovery of research concepts on the history of population and migration that had been shaped as early as in the 1920s. This was the result of the multilayered disavowal of academic demography - because of its role in Nazi Germany, because of the long-lasting primate of history of politics in post-WW ll Germany, and finally because of the late emergence of the history of society. This situation has profoundly changed during the last decades of the twentieth century. Reasons were the increasing historical distance to the 'fall of man' of demography in Nazi Germany, the reorientation of historiography in the context of critical social and cultural sciences; the inclusion of labor-market research into migration research, and the shaping of interdisciplinary and integral research concepts.

"The relationship between Jews and Christians and between Judaism and Christianity during the 13th and 14th century is a matter of concrete and contingent historical circumstances; and its ideological elements are inherent in pre-modern Catholicism and pre-modern Rabbinical Judaism. Indeed, both St. Paul and the Rabbis are typical revolutionary figures of late antiquity who present themselves as the authentic interpreters of old sacred writings. Throughout the ages, the interpretation of the Sacra pagina remained at the very center of Chris-tian and Jewish theology involving hidden or manifest polemics against the rival interpretation.
Still, this fundamental and fixed element did not prevent dramatic changes in the concrete historical manifestations of Judaism and Christianity. Nowhere else, the parallel developments in both religions were as spectacular, often even traumatic, as in Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, where Jewish communities had existed since late antiquity; and where Jews and Christians had developed stable forms of coexistence. These were severely shaken by the dramatic events that marked the ascendancy of European hegemony beginning with the first crusade at the end of the 11thcentury.
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In Germany, migration research is still a relatively young line of research. Several obstacles complicated a critical recovery of research concepts on the history of population and migration that had been shaped as early as in the 1920s. This was the result of the multilayered disavowal of academic demography – because of its role in Nazi Germany, because of the long-lasting primate of history of politics in post-WW ll Germany, and finally because of the late emergence of the history of society. This situation has profoundly changed during the last decades of the twentieth century. Reasons were the increasing historical distance to the 'fall of man' of demography in Nazi Germany, the reorientation of historiography in the context of critical social and cultural sciences; the inclusion of labor-market research into migration research, and the shaping of in-terdisciplinary and integral research concepts.

Abstract ; In Germany, migration research is still a relatively young line of research. Several obstacles complicated a critical recovery of research concepts on the history of population and migration that had been shaped as early as in the 1920s. This was the result of the multilayered disavowal of academic demography – because of its role in Nazi Germany, because of the long-lasting primate of history of politics in post-WW ll Germany, and finally because of the late emergence of the history of society. This situation has profoundly changed during the last decades of the twentieth century. Reasons were the increasing historical distance to the 'fall of man' of demography in Nazi Germany, the reorientation of historiography in the context of critical social and cultural sciences; the inclusion of labor-market research into migration research, and the shaping of in-terdisciplinary and integral research concepts. ; SeriesInformation ; Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement No. 30 (2018): Historical Migration Research. An Autobiographical Perspective Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1988, Issues per volume: 1, Volumes per year: 1 ; SeriesInformation ; Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement No. 30 (2018): Historische Migrationsforschung. Eine autobiografische Perspektive. Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1988, Issues per volume: 1, Volumes per year: 1 ; SeriesInformation ; Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement ; SeriesInformation ; Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement

This contribution sketches the essential aspects of terrestrial navigation in the late middle ages and early modern times. The emergence of terrestrial navigation is seen in the context of changes taking place in both trade policies and vessel types directly prior to this epoch. Whereas ships had previously remained in the vicinity of the coast for purposes of protection, now every effort was made to keep a safe distance from the coast. This principle was reflected in new navigational methods completely lacking any theoretical basis, particularly in a specific type of icourse-pointö navigation (Wegpunktnavigation). The new methods depended entirely upon the aid of the sounding Iead, the compass and sailing directions passed along in both oral and written form. For territory-related reasons, the log and sea chart did not play a role in navigation until a much later date.

The article examines the collection of the letters written by the silesian Hospitallers in the 2nd Half of the 15th century. The copies of these letters are included in the manuscript written in the commandery of Strzegom, nowadays in the National Archives in Prague. The contents of these letters reflect the way of the communication among the orders authorities and the brethern in the silesian part of the great priory of Bohemia. The article examines also the methods of the dispatching letters in Silesia in the late middle ages. ; The inside correspondence of the Knights Hospitaller in Silesian-Polish branch of the order in the second half of the 15th century based on the collection of the letters in National Archives in Prague In the National Archives in Prague, Fond "The Great Priory of Bohemia", is stored a fascicle writen in the end of the 15th century from the Silesian commandery of the Knights Hospitaler in Striegau (Pol. Strzegom). In the last quarter of the 15th century, two commanders of Striegau were also lieutnenats to the prior of Bohemia for Silesia and Poland. The various materials from the time of their holding office were copied in this fascicle. Among them, we find almost 100 letters written by the Knights Hospitaller from the Silesian-Polish branch of the order or by the priors of Bohemia. There are the letters from priors to lieutenants and to each other, from the lieutenant to commanders, and from the brethren to one another. The correspondence between the lieutenant and the commanders of Löwenberg (Pol. Lwówek) is especially intensive in this fascicle.The contents of these letters concern various problems of the internal life of the order. The most important problems are the obligation to pay the responsiones and the difficulties of each commander to fulfill this duty. In these letters we can find also the other problems: the offences of the brethren such as drunkennes, the difficulties to fullfill all the services because of the illnesses of brethren, conflicts between the brethren and with the municipal authorities, management of the order's property, appointing the brethern to the posts in the order's hierarchy, and others. A very important problem is the way of the sending of these letters and the frequency of these correspondence. ; The inside correspondence of the Knights Hospitaller in Silesian-Polish branch of the order in the second half of the 15th century based on the collection of the letters in National Archives in Prague In the National Archives in Prague, Fond "The Great Priory of Bohemia", is stored a fascicle writen in the end of the 15th century from the Silesian commandery of the Knights Hospitaler in Striegau (Pol. Strzegom). In the last quarter of the 15th century, two commanders of Striegau were also lieutnenats to the prior of Bohemia for Silesia and Poland. The various materials from the time of their holding office were copied in this fascicle. Among them, we find almost 100 letters written by the Knights Hospitaller from the Silesian-Polish branch of the order or by the priors of Bohemia. There are the letters from priors to lieutenants and to each other, from the lieutenant to commanders, and from the brethren to one another. The correspondence between the lieutenant and the commanders of Löwenberg (Pol. Lwówek) is especially intensive in this fascicle.The contents of these letters concern various problems of the internal life of the order. The most important problems are the obligation to pay the responsiones and the difficulties of each commander to fulfill this duty. In these letters we can find also the other problems: the offences of the brethren such as drunkennes, the difficulties to fullfill all the services because of the illnesses of brethren, conflicts between the brethren and with the municipal authorities, management of the order's property, appointing the brethern to the posts in the order's hierarchy, and others. A very important problem is the way of the sending of these letters and the frequency of these correspondence.

The article examines the collection of the letters written by the silesian Hospitallers in the 2nd Half of the 15th century. The copies of these letters are included in the manuscript written in the commandery of Strzegom, nowadays in the National Archives in Prague. The contents of these letters reflect the way of the communication among the orders authorities and the brethern in the silesian part of the great priory of Bohemia. The article examines also the methods of the dispatching letters in Silesia in the late middle ages. ; The inside correspondence of the Knights Hospitaller in Silesian-Polish branch of the order in the second half of the 15th century based on the collection of the letters in National Archives in Prague In the National Archives in Prague, Fond "The Great Priory of Bohemia", is stored a fascicle writen in the end of the 15th century from the Silesian commandery of the Knights Hospitaler in Striegau (Pol. Strzegom). In the last quarter of the 15th century, two commanders of Striegau were also lieutnenats to the prior of Bohemia for Silesia and Poland. The various materials from the time of their holding office were copied in this fascicle. Among them, we find almost 100 letters written by the Knights Hospitaller from the Silesian-Polish branch of the order or by the priors of Bohemia. There are the letters from priors to lieutenants and to each other, from the lieutenant to commanders, and from the brethren to one another. The correspondence between the lieutenant and the commanders of Löwenberg (Pol. Lwówek) is especially intensive in this fascicle.The contents of these letters concern various problems of the internal life of the order. The most important problems are the obligation to pay the responsiones and the difficulties of each commander to fulfill this duty. In these letters we can find also the other problems: the offences of the brethren such as drunkennes, the difficulties to fullfill all the services because of the illnesses of brethren, conflicts between the brethren and with the municipal authorities, management of the order's property, appointing the brethern to the posts in the order's hierarchy, and others. A very important problem is the way of the sending of these letters and the frequency of these correspondence. ; The inside correspondence of the Knights Hospitaller in Silesian-Polish branch of the order in the second half of the 15th century based on the collection of the letters in National Archives in Prague In the National Archives in Prague, Fond "The Great Priory of Bohemia", is stored a fascicle writen in the end of the 15th century from the Silesian commandery of the Knights Hospitaler in Striegau (Pol. Strzegom). In the last quarter of the 15th century, two commanders of Striegau were also lieutnenats to the prior of Bohemia for Silesia and Poland. The various materials from the time of their holding office were copied in this fascicle. Among them, we find almost 100 letters written by the Knights Hospitaller from the Silesian-Polish branch of the order or by the priors of Bohemia. There are the letters from priors to lieutenants and to each other, from the lieutenant to commanders, and from the brethren to one another. The correspondence between the lieutenant and the commanders of Löwenberg (Pol. Lwówek) is especially intensive in this fascicle.The contents of these letters concern various problems of the internal life of the order. The most important problems are the obligation to pay the responsiones and the difficulties of each commander to fulfill this duty. In these letters we can find also the other problems: the offences of the brethren such as drunkennes, the difficulties to fullfill all the services because of the illnesses of brethren, conflicts between the brethren and with the municipal authorities, management of the order's property, appointing the brethern to the posts in the order's hierarchy, and others. A very important problem is the way of the sending of these letters and the frequency of these correspondence.