Suchergebnisse

The article of the Head of the State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine Oleh Nalyvaiko is devoted to the reform results of state and public print media in Ukraine. This process, as is known, began three years ago in accordance with the Law of Ukraine. The appearance of such a law is due to the state's international obligations towards Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.The statistical data are analyzed in terms of regions, as well as by one of periodicals typological feature — state and public. It is emphasized that if out of 662 public newspapers, 507 are reformed (80 per cent of those that were published), than out of 98 state newspapers and magazines, 27 are nolonger under state's regulatory protection (this is only 33 per cent).Among the weaknesses that did not allow to effectively and fully implement extremely important reform, the author names the following: a number of «white spots» in the holistic legislative mechanism for the implementation of declared intentions at the governmental level; deliberate inhibition of this process by a number of print media founders; not the willingness of the editors themselves to take the initiative and responsibility to work in new conditions, their hope for financial support from the central or local budget.The article states that the completion of mass media denationalization process in the legal time-limits means that from January 1 of this year financing from the authorities and local self-government bodies was stopped to those editors who for any reason have missed the deadlines. However, the Law provides opportunity for local media to obtain financial assistance under certain conditions: preservation of publication name, language and thematic focus.It is emphasized on the importance of journalists' qualifications improving and the special mission assigned in this case to the reformed Ukrainian Institute of Advanced Training for TV & Radio Broadcast and the Press experts ; Стаття присвячена підсумкам проведеного в Україні реформування державних і комунальних друкованих засобів масової інформації. Цей процес, як відомо, почав- ся три роки тому у відповідності із Законом України. Поява такого закону спонука- на міжнародними зобов'язаннями держави перед Парламентською Асамблеєю Ради Європи.Проаналізовано статистичні дані в розрізі областей, а також за однією із типо- логічних ознак періодичних видань — державні і комунальні. Наголошено: якщо із 662 комунальних газет реформовано 507 (80 відсотків тих, що виходили в світ), то із 98 державних газет та журналів із-під опіки держави вийшло лише 27 (це складає лише 33 відсотки).Серед слабких місць, які не давали можливості ефективно й сповна провести архіважливу реформу, автор називає такі: низка «білих плям» у цілісному законодавчому механізмі реалізації декларованих на урядовому рівні намірів; свідоме гальмування цього процесуз боку низки засновників друкованих засобів масової інформації; не готовність самих редакцій брати в свої руки ініціативу й відповідальність працювати в нових умовах, надія їх на фінансову підтримку з центрального чи місцевого бюджету.У статті наголошується, що завершення процесу роздержавлення ЗМІ у передбачені Законом терміни означає, що з 1 січня цього року припинилося фінансування з боку органів влади та органів місцевого самоврядування тим редакціям, які з тієї чиіншої причини не вклалися в терміни. Втім, Закон надає можливість отримання редакціями місцевих ЗМІ фінансової допомоги за певних умов: збереження назви, мови і тематичної спрямованості видання.Наголошується на важливості підвищення кваліфікації журналістів редакцій, що реформуються, та особливій місії, яка покладається в цій справі на реформований Український інститут підвищення кваліфікації працівників телебачення, радіомовлення і преси.

I. Introduction: risk governance principlesThe technical, natural science-based approach, with a focus on the likelihood of possible consequences and damage potential, has been adapted to deal with risks, such as genetically modified organisms, or newly synthesised materials, which cannot be managed merely by existing technocratic procedures. For a number of years already, professional risk assessment and management communities have advocated for a change, claiming that major controversies, crises and scandals around food, environmental health and technological innovations have necessitated a reshaping of traditional risk regulation towards a more integrative risk governance.1 In this approach risk experts, policy-makers, stakeholders and civil society organisations (CSOs) are working together towards identifying risks, generating and evaluating options, and coming to a strategy. This is reflected, for example, in the analytic-deliberative approach embodied in the modified IRGC Risk Governance Framework2 that includes concern assessment in parallel with the more conventional risk assessment. Decision-makers need to understand the nature and strengths of societal concerns and consider them alongside more technical recommendations for action. The ideas by the IRGC have a social science basis, but more or less at the same time in the natural science oriented risk assessment community comparable ideas and concepts have been developed. From the 1990s onwards, the US-based National Research Council (NRC) published several reports on how risk assessments should remain credible and authoritative in times of scientific uncertainty and strong competing interests.3 In 2005, the "European" International Risk Governance Council published their white paper, which addressed similar challenges. In this article we focus on the IRGC risk governance framework.4Despite the popularity of risk governance frameworks amongst scholars and policy-makers, there has been little research done that shows how major institutes for risk research and assessment try to implement the underlying risk governance principles. This is surprising, since such institutes are necessary actors in this process. New technologies show opportunities, but also raise a number of risk-related social, economic and political issues. The governance of these risks is a challenge: the stakeholders and public involved hold vested positions; values are at stake; and the science is complex, uncertain or even incomplete. Yet, the expectations of policy-makers that institutes for risk research and assessment can adequately deal with these risks are often high. On the one hand, it is acknowledged that these risks can be complex, uncertain or ambiguous and need approaches in line with risk governance principles; on the other hand these institutes are also expected to deliver clear and unambiguous answers.5 Operating within this precarious field of tension, the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) has become an important actor in the implementation of risk governance principles in the Netherlands. The institute has an open attitude towards risk governance principles and new approaches, and has been at the forefront in supporting the Dutch government in developing its national risk governance strategy.6 Moreover, RIVM has its own strategic research budget, from which projects can be funded in which risk researchers and staff members can experiment in ways to translate risk governance principles into practice.In this article, we want to shed more light on the process of applying risk governance principles in an institutional setting like the RIVM. The importance of the institutional context has already been addressed by Renn and Walker,7 but only in conceptual terms. Boholm, Corvellec, and Karlsson8 have given a more descriptive perspective on day-to-day risk governance in institutional settings. In a similar way, we investigate actual dealings with risk issues as they unfold in the RIVM context.

Colleges and universities that educate aspiring homeland security professionals are duty-bound to supply a national workforce that is capable and adequately prepared to meet the National Preparedness Goal. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to suggest that developing a qualified homeland security (HLS) workforce could be considered a matter of national security. Indeed, an appropriately educated workforce is not only (at least implicit) part of the current FEMA National Preparedness Goal, it was identified as a national security imperative as early as 2001 by the US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs. A baseline set of education standards for homeland security education would, at the very least, ensure that academic programs would consistently graduate a workforce that has a common set of competencies aligned to the needs of both public and private sector actors engaged in domestic and national security. In turn, employers and students alike would better understand not only what homeland security is, but what HLS graduates can do. Many mature disciplines ultimately use education standards to not only define themselves, but to sanctify and protect their professional boundaries. Nutritionists, for example, are professionals protected by registration, and licensure (as well as certification in some cases). Yet to become a registered dietician, one needs to graduate from an accredited academic degree program, the basis of which is compliance to a set of education (i.e., accreditation) standards assessed by an external organization. In the same way, and to advance the HLS profession, it makes sense to think that HLS practitioners should have educational backgrounds (like doctors or lawyers) that share some common set of educational competencies. To date, we observe that higher education's response as to how to best educate students to enter the homeland security enterprise has been to consider homeland security as a meta-discipline, or a discipline of disciplines. As such, homeland security curricula tend to include faculty, courses and student learning outcomes from a variety of other disciplines such as law, business, management, political science, international relations, emergency management, etc. Second, we note that academic homeland security education is still largely characterized as an emergent discipline. That is, the core theory of what is and is not "homeland security" remains under-developed. Indeed, it is accurate to characterize homeland security more as a "practice discipline" such as medicine, nursing or law (each of which, by the way, shares the characteristic of being meta-disciplines), albeit a practice with a growing literature and experience basis as well as a theoretical basis. This project leveraged the collective expertise of subject matter experts over roughly a 3-year period to emulate the structure and approach used by these better-established disciplines and create a consensus set of HLS education standards. Created were nine knowledge domains and a set of competencies (aka knowledge, skills and abilities as student learning outcomes) per domain. Taken together, such a set of knowledge domains and competencies (the minimum set of skills, knowledge, and abilities students of homeland security acquire academically) would describe the professional boundaries of the homeland security discipline. A major remaining challenge is how best to conceptualize and implement a system that integrates a set of competencies into all academic HLS programs nationwide. The paper tackles this issue by proposing a system of "voluntary academic accountability" from all academic institutions that offers a bona fide peer review of undergraduate level homeland security programs.

This Master Thesis aims to take a closer look at peacebuilding processes regarding women during post-conflict period in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both of these countries are Muslim, belong to the same Middle East region and have endured long years of conflict which affected the society. After the intervention of USA together with coalition countries the conflicts have been stopped and the new government structure has been established. International community was encouraging the inclusion of all social groups in post-conflict processes, however women remained a marginalized part of the society who are denied access to various resources or power structures. Therefore, sustainable peace cannot be achieved. The main question raised in this thesis – in which country during the defined period – Afghanistan or Iraq, sustainable peace was achieved more successful from the women point of view? In order to create a research model Johan Gatling's peace theory has been combined with critical feminism notions. Using the created research model the post-conflict period is analyzed through gender lens because women remain marginalized and excluded from peacebuilding processes in Afghanistan and Iraq. Main variables that are used to evaluate and determine a more successful peacebuilding case regarding women focus on structural and cultural violence. Direct violence is not analyzed because direct violence is considered to be stopped and negative peace is achieved. Structural violence is analyzed and evaluated through positioning women in private or public spheres, poverty rate, access to education, the empowerment of women organizations, the participation of women in political processes. Meanwhile, the aspects of cultural violence are evaluated through cultural and religious gender norms regarding women. These variables help to evaluate Iraq and Afghanistan post-conflict period and determine a more successful peacebuilding case. The main finding was that peacebuilding regarding women in post-conflict period of 2001-2016 has been more successful in Iraq than in Afghanistan. This conclusion has been reached because in Iraq women had better possibilities to combine responsibilities to family and work and that let to enter labor market easier, the poverty rate is also lower that way there are more jobs for women and women are allowed to participate in public affairs, accessibility and quality of education is better in Iraq compared to Afghanistan. Regarding cultural violence, the analyzed fertility rate and sharia law showed that women in Iraq are not so strongly limited to the gender roles of "mother "or "wife "compared to Afghanistan. It is important to mention that analyses discovered that political women participation is better in Afghanistan compared to Iraq and the situation of women organizations were similar. However, even with better political participation of women Afghanistan was lacking in other aspects and it was not enough in order to create a sustainable peace regarding women. It can be stated that in order to establish a sustainable or as Galtung calls it positive peace, women must be empowered in all aspects of life. The creation of sustainable peace and problems that it is facing are complex, therefore it calls for complex measures. There is still a lot of room for research regarding this field of study. The area of research is wide and different aspects of peacebuilding regarding women could be analyzed. The process of peacebuilding in Iraq and Afghanistan is also ever-changing therefore the later periods could be researched. Also women are not the only marginalized group in the analyzed societies so the same field of study could be analyzed from different perspectives.

International audience ; Since 2009, the European Commission through "The Task Force for Smart Grid" deliberate the agenda of Smart Grid & Smart Meter, digital technology solution is set to make energy systems across the European countries more connected, intelligent, and sustainable and more importantly are capable to tie the new and renewable energy within the network. The advances in data analytics, connectivity and interoperability are enabling a range of new digital applications such as smart appliances (Interview TL Smart Grid DG Energy, EU, 2018). In 2012, EDF launched smart meter experimentation project in Lyon metropolis area. The project established a consortium named Smart Electric Lyon (SEL). The main purpose of SEL is to analyze the rapid stream of data that are being generated from the smart meter equipment sensor installed in 25,000 homes in Lyon. These devices could produce fine-grained data of household electricity consumptions in a real time basis. It reveals the new "data revolution" [Kitchin 2014, Townsend 2013, Cukier and Mayer-Schoenberger 2013] shifted beyond traditional quantifying methods (Desrosières 2000), and englobe both the traceability and the interoperability of people's behaviors [Boullier 2015, Lupton 2016]. Entitled as the biggest project in terms of investment, it hybrids the fund both EDF and national government via the l'ADEME (The Environment and Energy Management Agency). It aims to provide a wider choice for city managers to develop city energy tools [Ademe Smart Grid Report, 2011]. While in the meantime, the Greater Lyon is pushing the bar high to institutionalized digital intelligent governance. New direction, the "Energy Mission (EM)" and its instrument Schema Directeurs des Energies (SDE) were established. Lyon is reshaping their internal institutional structure towards the new way to conduct public action with the purpose to keep pace with the inevitable digital ecosystems that comes penetrating every aspect of the city' activities (Severo and Romele 2015). This paper is drawn mainly by the support of theories: the Tools of government in the "new governance" approach (Salamon 2002) Governing by the instrumentation & public action through the prism of its instruments [Lascoumse & Le Gales, 2004, 2011, 2013], and furthermore the concept and context of Smart City (Batty 2012; Meijer and Bolívar 2016) and contemporary big data in contrast with the sociology of quantification [Boullier, 2015]. The result illustrates, instead of integrating the previous experience of SEL to the SDE, the EM Project Director rather triggered "Lyon Living Lab (LLL) Smart Grid". We figured out the intention of Lyon Metropolis has gone beyond the utmost utility of big data as merely quantitative sources. The interplay of big data discourses is veiled under the banner of Smart City programs. The set principle of strategy is carrying the goals to construct the new economic model of "digital energy ecosystem" to provide an added value to Lyon Metropolis as Living Platform test bed. A fairly governance adjustment within Lyon Metropolis is being occurred, the political agenda setting through the appointment of legislative members responsible for the thematic, the craft of the new direction of Smart City and Big Data, as well as hiring professionals in digital innovation and digital marketing coming from various facades of the private digital industry. Profound and intense observations, which are empirically conducted closely within the governance structure of Greater Lyon authority related to the subject, e.g. The Energy Mission & Lyon Smart City Project combined along with the result of in-depth interview with Task Force for Smart Grid-Directorate Energy, EU, the SEL and LLL consortium and its instigators and l'Ademe as the national governmental agency in favor of Smart Grid development are constituted as the primary source to construct this paper.

Urgency of the research. The importance of the study and improvement of public procurement system in Ukraine in the context of applying international principles of public procurement policy is determined by the unstable economic development of the country, ineffective activities of economic structures and inefficient use of financial resources. Target setting. The current public procurement system is in its infancy and is accompanied by unresolved problems concerning legislative direction, the regulation of planning, control of the responsibility of subjects of public procurement and so on. Therefore, there is a need to build new models of state procurement, that would facilitate the sustainable socioeconomic development of the state. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The scientific works of such scholars as N. Bondarenko, I. Demyanova, S. Naumenko, N. Topolenko, I. Fedorova, O. Shatkovskyi and others deal with peculiarities of the organization and funding of public procurement. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Scientists did not work out enough the issue of defining ways of increasing the efficiency of public procurement system in Ukraine in order to save public funds, ensuring free competition environment and economic growth in general. The research objective. The article aims to highlight the current practice of the public procurement system organization, define current problems and directions of their solving concerning their financing and organization under conditions of establishment of market management type in Ukraine. The statement of basic materials. The article substantiates the need for budget financing of the system of procurement of goods, works and services for state needs. The principles of effective functioning of public procurement system on the basis of the best achievements of world experience are defined. The main causes of inefficient process of organization and funding of public procurement have been found and the strategic directions of their solution have been outlined. Conclusions. An effective public procurement system should be based on the principles of competition, transparency and non-discrimination. This will help to save public funds, to ensure the most transparent and open process of their spending, that of course, will increase the degree of public confidence in state. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Важливість дослідження і удосконалення системи державних закупівель в Україні в контексті застосовування світових принципів державної закупівельної політики визначається нестабільним економічним розвитком країни, нерезультативною діяльністю господарських структур та неефективним використанням фінансових ресурсів. Постановка проблеми. Діюча система державних закупівель перебуває на стадії становлення та супроводжується невирішеними проблемами щодо законодавчого спрямування, регламентації планування, контролю відповідальності суб'єктів держзакупівель тощо. Тому існує потреба у побудові нових моделей організації державних закупівель, які б сприяли забезпеченню сталого соціально-економічного розвитку держави. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Наукові праці таких вчених, як Н. Бондаренко, І. Дем'янова, С. Науменко, Н. Тополенко, І. Федорова, О. Шатковський та інші мали справу з особливостями організації та фінансування державних закупівель. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Науковцями ще недостатньо опрацьовані питання щодо окреслення напрямів підвищення ефективності функціонування системи державних закупівель в Україні з метою економії державних коштів, забезпечення вільного конкурентного середовища та економічного зростання в цілому. Постановка завдання. Стаття покликана висвітлити діючу практику організації системи державних закупівель, окреслити існуючі проблеми та напрями вирішення щодо їх фінансування та організації в умовах становлення ринкового типу господарювання в Україні. Виклад основного матеріалу. У статті обґрунтовано необхідність бюджетного фінансування системи закупівель товарів, робіт, послуг для забезпечення державних потреб. Визначено принципи ефективного функціонування системи державних закупівель з урахуванням кращих здобутків світового досвіду. З'ясовано основні причини неефективного процесу організації та фінансування державних закупівель, а також окреслено стратегічні напрями їх вирішення. Висновки. Ефективна система державних закупівель повинна базуватися на принципах конкуренції, прозорості, недискримінації. Це дасть змогу заощадити державні кошти, забезпечити процес їх витрачання максимально гласним і відкритим, що, безумовно, буде сприяти підвищенню ступеня довіри громадськості до держави.

In an increasingly globalized world, the international expansion of trade, the growth in the number of operations between companies from different countries, the integration of financial markets and the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) have led to an increase in market competitiveness. This context has prompted the use of innovation strategies in order to reduce production costs, become more efficient, increase sales growth or facilitate entry into new markets. Specifically, this work focuses on two strategies that firms can carry out to improve their innovation performance: mergers and acquisitions, and open innovation strategies. First in Chapter 3, the study analyses the effects of mergers and acquisitions on R&D intensity and profit in large European firms using a unique micro-longitudinal database of top European R&D investors and information from the 562 mergers and acquisitions approved by the EC Merger Control Authority over the period 2004-2012. This empirical evidence shows that mergers positively influence the R&D intensity and profitability of top companies in the European Union. The second strategy analysed is open innovation, which has attracted the attention of both researchers and government institutions since the seminal work by Chesbrough (2003). It refers to a strategy of innovation in which firms draw on research and development that may lie inside the firm or outside their own boundaries (inbound/outbound), generating collaborative networks of knowledge that involve different partners: government, industry, academics and citizens. Thus, the influence of open innovation practices on innovation performance and on environmental innovation is analysed. First, in Chapter 4, two facets of open innovation are studied: external knowledge sources (intentional) and knowledge spillovers (unintentional). While collaboration with universities, providers and external R&D advisers positively affects innovation, collaboration with customers and competitors is not significant. In addition, a positive influence of a variety of external knowledge sources on both types of innovation is found. Regarding the results on the other facet of open innovation, the positive effect of involuntary knowledge spillovers on product innovation and technological similarity is confirmed. In light of the growing environmental awareness, the influence of open innovation on environmental innovation performance is studied in Chapter 5. The main purpose is to analyse the influence of open innovation strategies on the adoption of three different types of eco-innovation (material efficiency, energy efficiency, and environment responsiveness) in agro-food firms, taking into account the type of innovation (product vs. process) and degree of novelty (radical vs. incremental). In this case, the analysis is performed for the Spanish Food and Beverage manufacturing industry over the period 2008-2014. The main results show that the breadth of external knowledge sources positively influences process, product and incremental eco-innovations related to a more efficient use of materials and energy. Therefore, this thesis concludes that both strategies (mergers and acquisitions and open innovation) could help firms to improve their innovation performance, taking into account the sector and the competitiveness context in which they operate. On the one hand, mergers and acquisitions increase R&D intensity and profitability for large European firms, but the positive effect of mergers and acquisitions on profitability does not occur instantaneously. On the other hand, the use of some open innovation strategies (collaboration with universities, providers and R&D advisors) positively influences product and process innovation in Spanish manufacturing firms, but the influence of technological similarity and geographical proximity must be taken into account. Finally, the use of open innovation practices also positively influences the probability of adopting process, product and incremental eco-innovations in a typically low-tech, traditional Food and Beverage sector in Spain.

The article is devoted to analysis of modern status of algorithm of the development of Special part of Criminal legislation of Continental Europe countries. According to author's opinion, Special part of Criminal Code, as a structural element of Criminal legislation, is a complex of institutes and norms, which give definition and characteristics of crimes and set sanctions. The system of Special part of criminal legislation consists of two subsystems: 1) codified (main), illustrated in Criminal Code; 2) not codified (subsidiary), illustrated in different formal sources (international treaties, special criminal laws, legal acts of other areas of law). Criteria for the construction of the Special Part of the criminal legislation of the abovementioned states are determined on the basis of the commonality of the objects of criminal offences and their significance in the hierarchy of social values which are officially adopted in this or that society and the state. Taking the content into consideration, the Special Part of the Criminal law of various countries of continental Europe, on the one hand, has universality and unity in the main - in the list of common crimes, forming its "core". On the other hand, it is distinguished by a sufficiently pronounced invariance, i.e. specificity in the amount of criminalization, the degree of differentiation of criminal responsibility and the level of penalization for committed offences. At present stage the algorithm of the development of the Special Part of the criminal legislation of the countries of continental Europe has the following model: codification as a whole prevails over decodification, criminalization – over decriminalization, penalization – over depenalization. At the present time, the concept (ideology) of the Special Part of the criminal legislation of these countries is gradually changing, which is manifested, first of all, in a change in the vector of value orientations of criminal legal protection: (from the state to the individual). Unification of the content of the Special Part of the criminal legislation of these states may be characterised as a stable trend. In addition, the process of rapprochement of various criminal legal systems (primarily Romano-Germanic (continental) and Anglo-American) continues. ; Straipsnis skirtas kontinentinės Europos šalių baudžiamosios teisės specialiosios dalies modernaus algoritmo analizei. Autoriaus nuomone, baudžiamojo kodekso specialioji dalis, kaip struktūrinis baudžiamosios teisės elementas, yra kompleksas institutų ir normų, apibrėžiančių nusikalstamas veikas, pateikiančių charakteristikas ir nustatančių sankcijas. Baudžiamosios teisės specialioji dalis susideda iš dviejų posistemių: 1) kodifikuota (pagrindinė), pateikta baudžiamajame kodekse; 2) nekodifikuota (papildanti), iliustruojama įvairiais oficialiais šaltiniais (tarptautinės sutartys, specialios baudžiamosios teisės normos, kitų sričių teisės aktai). Anksčiau minėtų valstybių baudžiamosios teisės specialiosios dalies konstravimo kriterijai nustatomi remiantis nusikalstamų veikų objektų bendrumu ir jų reikšme socialinių vertybių, oficialiai patvirtintų toje visuomenėje ar valstybėje, hierarchijoje. Įvertinus turinio svarstymą, skirtingų kontinentinės Europos šalių baudžiamosios teisės specialiosios dalies turinį, viena vertus, iš esmės jis yra universalus ir vienodas – vertinant nusikaltimų, sudarančių jos esmę, sąrašą; kita vertus, jis pasižymi gana ryškiais skirtumais, t.y. konkrečios nusikalstamos veikos reikšmingumu, baudžiamosios atsakomybės diferencijavimo laipsniu ir nuobaudų už padarytus nusikaltimus dydžiu. Šiuo metu kontinentinės Europos šalių baudžiamosios teisės specialiosios dalies kūrimo algoritmas turi tokį modelį: vyrauja kodifikacija, veikų kriminalizavimo ir baudimo tendencijos. Pastaruoju metu šalių baudžiamosios teisės aktų specialiosios dalies sąvoka (ideologija) palaipsniui keičiasi, o tai pirmiausia pasireiškia baudžiamosios teisinės apsaugos vertybinių nuostatų vektoriaus pasikeitimu iš valstybės į asmenį. Baudžiamosios teisės specialiosios dalies turinio vienodėjimas analizuotose valstybėse įvardytinas kaip dar viena tendencija. Be to, tęsiasi įvairių su baudžiamąja teise susijusių sistemų (pirmiausia romanų ir germanų (kontinentinės) bei anglų ir amerikiečių) suartėjimo procesas.

ABSTRAKFederasi Diabetes Internasional (IDF) memperkirakan 382 juta orang menderita dibetes mellitus diseluruh duniadimana Indonesia menempati posisi ke 7 negara dengan prevalensi diabetes tertinggi di dunia, yaitu sebesar 8,5%. Dalam mengendalikan penyakit tidak menular, pemerintah Indonesis telah mengatur tugas pokok memandirikan masyarakat untuk hidup sehat dengan cara pengendalian faktor resiko yang salah satunya adalah diet. Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) merupakan proses pendidikan kesehatan bagi individu atau keluarga dalam mengelola penyakit diabetes yang telah dikembangkan sejak tahun 1930-an oleh Joslin Diabetes Center. Proses ini melibatkan metode pedoman, konseling, dan intervensi perilaku penderita diabetes agar dapat mengelola penyakitnya, sehingga pasien dan keluarga menjadi mandiri. Untuk dapat meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi proses, penggunaan media elektronik seperti Short Message Service (SMS) dirasa perlu untuk diuji keefektifannya. Penelitian ini merupakan pilot study yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui fisibilitas, efektifitas, dan efisiensi penggunaan SMS dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan penderita diabetes dengan mengaplikasikan program Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) dalam skala kecil yaitu 6 orang sampel agar dapat digunakan untuk penelitian dengan skala yang lebih besar. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan kunjungan rumah dan dilanjutan dengan pengiriman SMS kepada sampel. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa program ini sangat sesuai untuk diaplikasikan pada masyarakat karena lebih efisien dalam waktu dan tenaga, tanpa mengurangi kualitas materi dari pendidikan kesehatan yang diinginkan. Selain itu, dari hasil uji statistik menggunakan Wilcoxon Ranks Test, diketahui bahwa terdapat peningkatan signifikan pada pengetahuan penderita diabetes sebelum dan sesudah diberikan intervensi (p0.05). Diharapkan kepada tenaga kesehatan khususnya perawat puskesmas untuk dapat mengaplikasikan program ini dalam penanggulangan penyakit diabetes agar meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi kerja.Kata Kunci: diabetes, self- manajemen, SMS ABSTRACTThe International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that 382 million people have diabetes mellitus worldwide where Indonesia ranks 7th in the world with the highest prevalence of diabetes in the world, which is 8.5%. In controlling non-communicable diseases, the government of Indonesia has set the main task of establishing people to live healthy by controlling risk factors, one of which is diet. Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) is a process of health education for individuals or families in managing diabetes that has been developed since the 1930s by Joslin Diabetes Center. This process involves methods of guidance, counseling, and behavioral interventions of diabetics in order to manage the disease, so that patients and families become independent. To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the process, the use of electronic media such as Short Message Service (SMS) is considered necessary to test its effectiveness. This study is a pilot study that aims to determine the effectiveness, effectiveness and efficiency of SMS use in increasing the knowledge of diabetics by applying the program of Diabetes Self Management Education (DSME) on a small scale of 6 people in order to be used for research with a larger scale. The study was conducted by home visits and continued by sending SMS to the sample. The data collection process is conducted before and after the intervention is done. Based on the result, it is known that this program is very suitable to be applied to the community because it is more efficient in time and effort, without reducing the material quality of the desired health education. Moreover, from the results of statistical tests using Wilcoxon Ranks Test, it is known that there is a significant increase in knowledge of diabetics before and after the intervention (p 0.05). It is expected that health workers, especially health center nurses, can apply this program in the prevention of diabetes to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of work.Keywords: Diabetes, Self Management, SMS

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from IOP Publishing via the DOI in this record. ; 14th International Conference on Concrete Engineering and Technology (CONCET 2018), 7-10 August, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Investigations into the economics, practicalities and technicalities of using recycled demolition aggregate in concrete precast products started in 2001. At that time, there were six demolition contractors around Liverpool and they were using mobile crushers which were suited for road subbase material but not for the smaller sized aggregate required for precast concrete products. It was estimated that if all six worked round the clock, i.e. assuming there was enough feed material, they would still have found it difficult to maintain the required supplies for a single precast factory. Investment in equipment was therefore required to guarantee supply and improve the quality of the recycled demolition aggregate. The market forces and the incentives/drivers for construction companies to adopt sustainable practises have encouraged investment of several million pounds to be made in new recycling plants and this has resulted in "urban quarries". Work on reducing the carbon footprint of concrete construction needs to consider not only the replacement of the aggregate with recycled ones but also to consider a reduction or complete replacement of Portland cement in concrete mixes. Alkali activated binders and geopolymers have seen applications in ceramics, hazardous waste containment, fire-resistant construction materials and refractories but the most interesting application is their use to replace Portland cement-based concretes. Several factors affecting the reactivity of fly ash as a precursor for geopolymer concrete have been investigated. These include physical and chemical properties of various fly ash sources, inclusion of ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs), chemical activator dosages and curing temperature. Alkali-activated fly ash was found to require elevated curing temperatures and high alkali concentrations. A mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate was used and this was shown to result in high strengths, as high as 70 MPa at 28 days. The partial replacement of fly ash with ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs) was found to be beneficial in not only avoiding the need for elevated curing temperatures but also in improving compressive strengths. It became apparent that the main obstacle to commercialisation of these new alternative binders was the cost of the activating solutions, i.e. the sodium hydroxide and the sodium silicate. The latter is the most expensive one and results in geopolymer concretes that cannot compete on price with Portland cement concretes. Attempts therefore concentrated on developing a procedure for the production of sodium hydroxide from waste streams, which in this case was ground glass cullet. Production of eco-friendly concretes thus becomes commercially possible. ; The authors are grateful to the Veolia Environmental Trust, the Flintshire Community Trust Ltd (AD Waste Ltd) and the Northwest European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) Programme for funding the several phases of some of the projects described. One of the projects was carried out at the University of Liverpool in the framework of the Carbon Trust Applied Research Grant 0911-0252 "Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cementless Precast Concrete Products". The work was then continued at Queen's University of Belfast with the financial support of the SUSCON project, which has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No. 285463 (Call FP7-2011-NMP ENV-ENERGY-ICT-EeB). The authors would like to thank Innovate UK-EPSRC for providing funding for the project RESCIND "REcovery and uSe of Cement kIlN Dust as the alkali activator for Geopolymeric (Cementless) Concrete Building Blocks", Grant Ref. EP/N508962/1, which achieve the production of an alternative activator.

Democratisation as a historical process began in the 19th century and is continuing in the 21st. As one aspect of this, donor countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are promoting democratic standards around the globe. Democracy promotion now constitutes a central part of development cooperation between donor and partner countries. A number of scholars, however, argue that the current practice of democracy promotion is inherently flawed. By promoting democracy as a culturally invariant political order, donor countries are glossing over significant cultural differences in other countries and this hampers the successful and effective promotion of democratic institutions. Yet, how cultural differences affect the promotion of democracy is still not sufficiently understood. This Discussion Paper is part of the larger research project "What is Democracy's Value? The Influence of Values on the Effectiveness of Democracy Promotion", which aims at understanding how societal values and attitudes influence the effectiveness of international democracy promotion in African countries. The project looks at how social values and political attitudes mediate the promotion of democracy in two specific realms: attempts by heads of state to circumvent presidential term limits; and reforms to legislation in the realm of family law and LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual, Intersex) rights. This Discussion Paper focuses on two cases situated in Malawi: the attempt of former president Bakili Muluzi to alter presidential term limits in Malawi in 2002; and the reform of Malawi's family and marriage law in 2015. In both cases, donors engaged in democracy promotion in different ways and to different degrees. In the former case, donor countries and organisations warned the Muluzi government to heed the democratic process and thereby seconded popular attitudes. In the latter, donor countries and organisations played an important role in coordinating and mobilising domestic actors towards the reform of Malawi's family and marriage law. Both cases are analysed using in-depth process tracing investigating how donors took part in the constellations of actors engaged in the reform of either the term limit or the family law. The results of the analysis are fourfold: First, although the supply of organisational resources to domestic actors played an important role in both cases, this was not in itself sufficient to guarantee the success of democracy promotion. Rather the coordination of partner organisations played a crucial role in rendering democracy promotion effective. Second, popular mass attitudes played a crucial role in determining the outcome of the two reform processes analysed here. Third, democracy promotion involving the employment of conditionality instruments was effective when the values of the donors matched those of domestic audiences. Finally, when donors were held in esteem in Malawi this aided the effectiveness of democracy promotion by means of public statements and other appropriateness-focused instruments. However, donor esteem did not trump popular attitudes which emphasises that the effectiveness of democracy promotion is sensitive to the specific issue it addresses. These findings prompt a number of recommendations for donors wishing to promote democracy. First, donors need to assess the space available for intervention on an issue-by-issue basis. Values and attitudes in partner countries cannot simply be generalised across issues but are uniquely linked to certain social and political issues. Where attitudes and values in partner countries do not match the goals of donors, it is necessary for donors to support an open discourse. If, in turn, local attitudes and values do favour donors' goals, domestic civil society actors in partner countries are still in need of support from donors for the purpose of mobilisation and coordination. Furthermore, interventions making use of conditionality seem to necessitate a concurrence of attitudes and values between donor and partner countries.

"Anticolonial Intellectual" Anton Łuckiewicz and "Hybrid Nationalist" Otto Eichelman. A Comparative Study of Federalist UtopiasIt is not an easy task to compare Łuckiewicz federalist ideas with a project by Otto Eichelman. As a Belarusian activist, he perceived federalism as a political system within a great state project – a Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Eichelman on the other hand sought to substantiate with historical facts a project of domestic federalisation of Ukraine. In their concepts it was to be a national state which, due to difficult international conditions could be realised as a federation, even a multiethnic one. Łuckiewicz could be described as a "anti-colonial intellectual" who placed any Belarusian statehood within a broad federal union. For him, the Belarusian independence depended on the freedom of neighbouring countries. In Łuckiewicz view the transformation of the whole Eastern Europe was possible after the elimination of Russian imperialism in favour of federalisation of the region.This opinion was shared by Eichelman. But they disagreed in one point: the Belarusian activist excluded Russian from Eastern-European statehood, while the Ukrainian lawyer included Russia in his concept of the union of independent states. It could be said that after 1918 they rhetorically adopted the formula of federalisation on the principle of "imperialising nations", without thinking of its implementation. Both of them favoured federalisation, on the condition, however, that Lithuania or the Crimea would be included in their state. A common feature of Łuckiewicz's and Eichelman's federalist utopias were their ideological sources: the German thought of "nationalist federation", socialist ideas and nationalism.They responded to geopolitical interests of Eastern Europe and the struggle against Bolshevism. Łuckiewicz's and Eichelman's concepts expressed hopes for the creation of the foundations of the statehood of these countries. "Антиколониальный интеллектуал" Антон Луцкевич и "гибридный националист" Отто Эйхельман: компаративное исследование федеративных утопий АннотацияСложно сравнить федеративные идеи Антона Луцкевича с проектами Отто Эйхельмана. Белорусский деятель воспринимал федерализм как политическую систему в рамках большого государственного проекта – Великого Княжества Литовского. Для украинского интеллектуала характерный был другой подход: Эйхельман пытался обосновать проект внутренней федерализации Украины, исходя из политической конъюнктуры и на основе исторических фактов. Их политические концепции это, прежде всего, проект национального государства, который мог быть реализован как федерация, на основе сложных международной ситуации того времени. Лукцевича можно определить, как «антиколониального интеллектуала", который любую белорусскую государственность рассматривал в рамках широкого государственного союза, основанного на федеративных связях. Для него вопрос самостоятельности Белоруссии зависел от свободы соседних наций. Луцкевич считал, что переустройство всей Восточной Европы возможно при условии ликвидации имперскости России по принципу федерализации этого региона.Идентичной позиции придерживался Эйхельман. Однако между ними существовало некоторое противоречие: белорусский деятель исключал Россию из восточноевропейских государственных процессов, в то время как украинский юрист включал её в возможную организацию союза независимых государств. Следовательно, Эйхельман конструировал свое видение политических границ Восточной Европы вместе с Россией. Можно утверждать, что после 1918 года эти деятели ситуационно использовали формулу федерализации по принципу «impirealizing nations", даже, не думая о её реализации. Оба были склонны к федерализации, при условии, что Литва или Крым войдут в состав их национальных государств. Как известно, похожей концепции придерживался Роман Дмовский, который при условии присоединения к Польше Восточной Пруссии или Литвы, тоже соглашался на федерализацию страны. Не говоря уже о идеях Томаша Масарика о Чехословакии как восточноевропейской Швейцарии. "Реальная политика" Пилсудского включала различные федеративные идеи и проекты, которые использовались как инструмент формирования восточных границ Польши в дипломатической борьбе.Общей чертой федеративных утопий Луцкевича и Эйхельмана были идейные источники: немецкая политическая мысль о «националистической федерации", социалистические идеи и национализм. Они также соответствовали геополитическим интересам в Восточной Европе и борьбе с большевизмом. Концепции Луцкевича и Эйхельмана выражали надежду на создание основ государственности их стран.

This Master Thesis aims to take a closer look at peacebuilding processes regarding women during post-conflict period in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both of these countries are Muslim, belong to the same Middle East region and have endured long years of conflict which affected the society. After the intervention of USA together with coalition countries the conflicts have been stopped and the new government structure has been established. International community was encouraging the inclusion of all social groups in post-conflict processes, however women remained a marginalized part of the society who are denied access to various resources or power structures. Therefore, sustainable peace cannot be achieved. The main question raised in this thesis – in which country during the defined period – Afghanistan or Iraq, sustainable peace was achieved more successful from the women point of view? In order to create a research model Johan Gatling's peace theory has been combined with critical feminism notions. Using the created research model the post-conflict period is analyzed through gender lens because women remain marginalized and excluded from peacebuilding processes in Afghanistan and Iraq. Main variables that are used to evaluate and determine a more successful peacebuilding case regarding women focus on structural and cultural violence. Direct violence is not analyzed because direct violence is considered to be stopped and negative peace is achieved. Structural violence is analyzed and evaluated through positioning women in private or public spheres, poverty rate, access to education, the empowerment of women organizations, the participation of women in political processes. Meanwhile, the aspects of cultural violence are evaluated through cultural and religious gender norms regarding women. These variables help to evaluate Iraq and Afghanistan post-conflict period and determine a more successful peacebuilding case. The main finding was that peacebuilding regarding women in post-conflict period of 2001-2016 has been more successful in Iraq than in Afghanistan. This conclusion has been reached because in Iraq women had better possibilities to combine responsibilities to family and work and that let to enter labor market easier, the poverty rate is also lower that way there are more jobs for women and women are allowed to participate in public affairs, accessibility and quality of education is better in Iraq compared to Afghanistan. Regarding cultural violence, the analyzed fertility rate and sharia law showed that women in Iraq are not so strongly limited to the gender roles of "mother "or "wife "compared to Afghanistan. It is important to mention that analyses discovered that political women participation is better in Afghanistan compared to Iraq and the situation of women organizations were similar. However, even with better political participation of women Afghanistan was lacking in other aspects and it was not enough in order to create a sustainable peace regarding women. It can be stated that in order to establish a sustainable or as Galtung calls it positive peace, women must be empowered in all aspects of life. The creation of sustainable peace and problems that it is facing are complex, therefore it calls for complex measures. There is still a lot of room for research regarding this field of study. The area of research is wide and different aspects of peacebuilding regarding women could be analyzed. The process of peacebuilding in Iraq and Afghanistan is also ever-changing therefore the later periods could be researched. Also women are not the only marginalized group in the analyzed societies so the same field of study could be analyzed from different perspectives.

International audience ; Since 2009, the European Commission through "The Task Force for Smart Grid" deliberate the agenda of Smart Grid & Smart Meter, digital technology solution is set to make energy systems across the European countries more connected, intelligent, and sustainable and more importantly are capable to tie the new and renewable energy within the network. The advances in data analytics, connectivity and interoperability are enabling a range of new digital applications such as smart appliances (Interview TL Smart Grid DG Energy, EU, 2018). In 2012, EDF launched smart meter experimentation project in Lyon metropolis area. The project established a consortium named Smart Electric Lyon (SEL). The main purpose of SEL is to analyze the rapid stream of data that are being generated from the smart meter equipment sensor installed in 25,000 homes in Lyon. These devices could produce fine-grained data of household electricity consumptions in a real time basis. It reveals the new "data revolution" [Kitchin 2014, Townsend 2013, Cukier and Mayer-Schoenberger 2013] shifted beyond traditional quantifying methods (Desrosières 2000), and englobe both the traceability and the interoperability of people's behaviors [Boullier 2015, Lupton 2016]. Entitled as the biggest project in terms of investment, it hybrids the fund both EDF and national government via the l'ADEME (The Environment and Energy Management Agency). It aims to provide a wider choice for city managers to develop city energy tools [Ademe Smart Grid Report, 2011]. While in the meantime, the Greater Lyon is pushing the bar high to institutionalized digital intelligent governance. New direction, the "Energy Mission (EM)" and its instrument Schema Directeurs des Energies (SDE) were established. Lyon is reshaping their internal institutional structure towards the new way to conduct public action with the purpose to keep pace with the inevitable digital ecosystems that comes penetrating every aspect of the city' activities (Severo and Romele 2015). This paper is drawn mainly by the support of theories: the Tools of government in the "new governance" approach (Salamon 2002) Governing by the instrumentation & public action through the prism of its instruments [Lascoumse & Le Gales, 2004, 2011, 2013], and furthermore the concept and context of Smart City (Batty 2012; Meijer and Bolívar 2016) and contemporary big data in contrast with the sociology of quantification [Boullier, 2015]. The result illustrates, instead of integrating the previous experience of SEL to the SDE, the EM Project Director rather triggered "Lyon Living Lab (LLL) Smart Grid". We figured out the intention of Lyon Metropolis has gone beyond the utmost utility of big data as merely quantitative sources. The interplay of big data discourses is veiled under the banner of Smart City programs. The set principle of strategy is carrying the goals to construct the new economic model of "digital energy ecosystem" to provide an added value to Lyon Metropolis as Living Platform test bed. A fairly governance adjustment within Lyon Metropolis is being occurred, the political agenda setting through the appointment of legislative members responsible for the thematic, the craft of the new direction of Smart City and Big Data, as well as hiring professionals in digital innovation and digital marketing coming from various facades of the private digital industry. Profound and intense observations, which are empirically conducted closely within the governance structure of Greater Lyon authority related to the subject, e.g. The Energy Mission & Lyon Smart City Project combined along with the result of in-depth interview with Task Force for Smart Grid-Directorate Energy, EU, the SEL and LLL consortium and its instigators and l'Ademe as the national governmental agency in favor of Smart Grid development are constituted as the primary source to construct this paper.

Social Insurance in the EU when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in Two or More Member States and when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in the EU and Non-EU States. Regulations on the coordination of social security systems have been amended on a number of occasions. The main reason why it has been chosen to change the provisions of this instrument was to ensure the free movement of workers within the Community and to prohibit any discrimination against them in relation to nationality. One of the main rights of MS citizens, enshrined in primary EU law is the freedom of movement, which provides the opportunity to seek employment, have employment or self-employment in two or more MS. The coordination of social security systems does not aim to alter the national social security systems, they are coordinated rather than harmonized. At their own discretion, today, the states can establish the classification of social security benefits, the conditions for granting benefits and the terms on which social insurance costs are to be paid. In order to avoid conflicts due to the application of different national social security systems, individuals working in two or more MS will receive social security benefits in accordance with the principles laid down in the coordination regulations: application of one social security scheme; equal opportunities; equal payout, income, facts and events evaluation; aggregation periods; the preservation of acquired rights; good administration. Employees who work in more than one MS are treated as individuals who, without interrupting their activities in one MS, simultaneously carry out another, separate activity in one or more MS. Such individuals are considered to be those who alternately, in two or more MS, carry out different types of activities. The main rule for determining the applicable legislation for employess working in at least two MS is as follows: employees who normally work in two or more MS as hired employees should be considered as members of the social security system of the MS of residence if they have a significant (substantial) share of all their ongoing work in it. Self-employed individuals who work in two or more MS are subject to the same rules as hired employees, but in cases where in none of the MS, in which the person carries out essential parts of an individual activity, we can not determine his place of residence, the person is subject to the social security system legislation of the MS in which we can establish the person's interest center. An unusual criterion for determining the applicable legislation is detected for personnel who are considered to be flight crew or cabin crew. The applicable law for employees in this category is determined by the criterion of the main place of their residence. Among the agreements adopted by the EU institutions and other legislation, we can find a number of provisions that discuss the external functioning of EU coordination rules. In these agreements the following is embeded: the uniform treatment of EU citizens working in third countries, the retention of rights to social insurance benefits acquired by EU citizens, and the opportunity to export them. As none of the agreements adopted by the EU institutions were adopted by third countries, the provisions contained in these agreements sustain an internal effect and do not guarantee the rights of EU citizens to receive benefits in third countries. Today, the signing of bilateral international treaties remains to be seen. The narrow scope of personal field of application in these agreements ensures the social rights of the signatories only, and the material ensures only the rights to protect the benefits specified in the agreement. This causes a lot of problems for migrant workers if they are not citizens of one of the signatory states.