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Thucydides is considered to be the founder of political realism. Even in those times he determined the basic premises of realism - security and survival. He made an impact on subsequent development of realism embodied in the works of Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morgenthau, Car, Niebuhr, Aaron, Waltz etc. They will call the system of international relations as anarchical one since there is no supreme arbitrator which will force states to adequate behaviour. His views of realism were given in the volume 'The Peloponnesian War' where he had determined the anarchy of the relationships among states. Such system did not rely on justice and morale, but force and power were the predominant facts. He also introduces the category of just wars by claiming that Sparta led a just war against the increased power of Athens, and observed morale principles. Nevertheless, Thucydides faces contradictory, since Sparta itself as the largest land force of that time had to use force in order to beat Athens. He went ahead since he considered force and power as a necessary condition to achieve other objectives, which was later on adopted by Raymond Aaron. Following the example of the war between Athens and Sparta, he successfully analysed bipolar system of balance of power in which the conflict between the leading members of the two opposite blocks was possible in the end, while beforehand there should have been conflicts among weaker members of both blocks. Thucydides explained the manifestation of force and power using example of the Melian dialogue between the envoys of Athens and Melos. It was about the pure politics of force of Athens regardless of the fact that Melos had its independence.
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In: Modern China and International Economic Law Ser.
Intro -- Series Editor's Preface: A Wisdom Was Passed, While His Academic Big Fruits Are Still Alive -- 序 : 哲人其 硕果 存 (A Wisdom Was Passed, While His Academic Big Fruits Are Still Alive) -- Foreword I: Commentary on Prof. Lingliang Zeng's Academic Thought of International Law -- Academic Life of Prof. Lingliang Zeng -- Professor Lingliang Zeng's Theoretical Contributions to International Law Studies in China -- Actively Advocated the Construction of International Law from a Chinese Perspective -- Strong Support to Promote the Innovation in International Law Ideas and Principles Based on the Belief of a Community of Common Destiny -- Demonstrated Dialectics of Sovereignty in a Scientific Manner -- Precisely Elaborated the Humanizing Tendency of Contemporary International Law -- Clarified the Interactions Between China's Peaceful Development and Contemporary International Law -- Advocated Building China's Discourse System of International Law -- Called for Attention to Value the Role of International Law in China's Rule of Law and National Governance -- Professor Lingliang Zeng's Pioneering Research on EU Law -- Professor Lingliang Zeng's Original Research on WTO Law -- Foreword II: Prof. Lingliang Zeng and EU Law Teaching & -- Studies in China -- Always Respected Professors, and Built on the Past Achievements of His Predecessors -- Started Studying EU Law Abroad by Chance, and Remained True to His Original Aspiration in the Changing Times -- Followed the Steps of His Predecessors, and Deeply Connected with Luojia Hills -- Built on the Past Achievements of His Predecessors, Laid Solid Foundation for the EU Law Discipline, and Promoted the Discipline Development -- Profound Insights and Originality -- Filled in Gaps in Domestic Studies, and Proposed New Ideas and Insights.