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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table Of Contents -- Chapter One: A New Classmate -- Chapter Two: The Language Game -- Chapter Three: Languages From Far Away -- Chapter Four: A Really Important Sign -- Sign Your Name -- Glossary -- To Learn More/Index -- Back Cover

Intro -- Ngũgĩ's Copyright page -- Editorial Note -- Translation: Towards a Global Conversation among Languages and Cultures -- Finding Our Way: Dialogue among Our Languages Is the Way to the Unity of African Peoples -- Translation, Restoration and a Global Culture -- Encounters with Translation: A Globalectic View -- Languages as Bridges -- Preface to the Kurdish Translation of Decolonising the Mind -- An Archipelago of Treasures -- Adventures in Translation -- The Politics of Translation: Notes towards an African Language Policy -- Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o A Bibliography -- Works Cited.

This paper deals with the concepts of language planning and language standardization which are in direct relation with the concept language policy. In line with the said, the stands of several linguists about the a/s phenomena are presented as the subject of their studies and beneficial in giving an account of this issue. Language planning encompasses changes in the language, changes of the relations among languages as well as human acting upon the languages and their interrelations. Language standardization means design of or search for orthographic and grammar rules which are common for all the users of a language thus aiming at expansion of its use in as many areas of human life as possible. The standard language is a planned and designed unitary referential variant the purpose of which is to provide cultural, political, and social cohesion on the territory on which it is official. By elaborating these concepts, man's attempt to act upon the language and the effects are presented.

The selected articles compiled in the present volume are based on contributions prepared for the 17th International L.A.U.D. (Linguistic Agency University of Duisburg) Symposium held at the University of Duisburg on 23-27 March 1992. The 13 papers in this book focus on problems and issues of intercultural communication. The first part is devoted to theoretical aspects related to the interaction of language and culture and deals with the issue from anthropological, cognitive, and linguistic points of view. Part II raises issues of language policy and language planning such as the manipulation of language in intercultural contact; it includes case studies pertaining to multilingual settings, for example in Africa, Australia, Melanesia, and Europe. The volume opens with a foreword by Dell H. Hymes.

This brief paper highlights the perspectives of those proposing and opposing the idea of Minority Language Right (MLR). Then, the paper relates this discussion to the context of bi/multilingualism in Indonesia by referring to cases of bi/multilingualism in different contexts. In particular, it is also discussed whether MLR is relevant to Indonesian, a national language of Indonesia, seen through historical, political, social, and economic perspectives of bi/multilingualism in Indonesia. In the end, the author's stance of MLR is asserted.

This new volume on language contact and contact languages presents cutting-edge research by distinguished scholars in the field as well as by highly talented newcomers. It has two principal aims: to analyze language contact from different perspectives - notably those of language typology, diachronic linguistics, language acquisition and translation studies; and to describe, explain, and elaborate on universal constraints on language contact. The individual chapters offer systematic comparisons of a wealth of contact situations and the book as a whole makes a valuable contribution to deepening

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of tables and figures -- List of abbreviations -- List of photos and map -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Introductory notes -- 1.2. Origin and development of language -- 1.3. Language loss: a brief history -- 1.4. Dialects, migrant languages, and enclave languages -- 1.5. Notes on terminology -- 1.6. Summary of Chapter 1 -- 2. Degree of language endangerment -- 2.1. Introductory notes -- 2.2. Previous classifications -- 2.3. Terms employed -- 2.4. Summary of Chapter 2 -- 3. Current state of language endangerment -- 3.1. Introductory notes -- 3.2. Current state worldwide -- 3.3. Ainu of Japan -- 3.4. Austronesian languages -- 3.5. Languages of Australia -- 3.6. Languages of South America -- 3.7. Languages of Central America -- 3.8. Languages of North America -- 3.9. Languages of the former USSR -- 3.10. Languages of Northern Europe -- 3.11. Celtic languages -- 3.12. Languages of Africa -- 3.13. Languages of India and neighbouring regions -- 3.14. Languages of China and neighbouring regions -- 3.15. Summary of Chapter 3 -- 4. Approaches to language endangerment -- 4.1. Introductory notes -- 4.2. Language documentation approach -- 4.3. Language endangerment phenomenon approach -- 4.4. Models of language endangerment -- 4.5. Summary of Chapter 4 -- 5. Definitions and types of language death -- 5.1. Introductory notes -- 5.2. Definitions of language death -- 5.3. Types of language death -- 5.4. Summary of Chapter 5 -- 6. External setting of language endangerment -- 6.1. Introductory notes -- 6.2. Ecology of language -- 6.3. Causes of language endangerment -- 6.4. Summary of Chapter 6 -- 7. Speech behaviour: sociolinguistic aspects of language endangerment -- 7.1. Introductory notes -- 7.2. Functional domains -- 7.3. Language shift -- 7.4. Summary of Chapter 7 -- 8. Structural changes in language endangerment.

Penelitian ini adalah pergeseran bahasa pada bahasa Simalungun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menekukan faktor – faktor dan alasan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa Simalungun. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan penelitian kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah hasil interview dengan beberapa warga Simalungun. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan ditemukan bahwa Bilingualisme dan monolingualsme adalah faktor-faktor pergeseran bahasa Simalungun. Faktor ekonomi, sosial, dan politik signifikan dalam menggeser bahasa Simalungun.

People in many African communities live within a series of concentric circles when it comes to language. In a small group, a speaker uses an often unwritten and endangered mother tongue that is rarely used in school. A national indigenous language-written, widespread, sometimes used in school-surrounds it. An international language like French or English, a vestige of colonialism, carries prestige, is used in higher education, and promises mobility-and yet it will not be well known by its users. The essays in Languages in Africa explore the layers of African multilingualism as they affect lang