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The paper is written as a part of project 'The Trojan Catalogue (Hom. Il. 2.816-877) and the Peoples of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A Study of the Homeric Text in the Light of Hittite Sources and Classical Geographical Tradition' (2015/19/P/HS3/04161), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with the National Science Centre, Poland. This paper deals with both, archaeological evidence for cultural links between the Mycenaean world and western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, and the Ahhiyawa problem that is based on nearly thirty Hittite texts (among the thousands that had been found in the archives of the Hittite capital Hattusa, modern Boğazkale about 150 km as the crow flies east of Ankara), in which the term "Ahhiya(wa)" appears.² Both issues are indeed connected and must not be treated separately, although there are still many scholars to do so. What is more, concerning the former "there is an unfortunate tendency in much. ; Narodowe Centrum Nauki/National Science Centre

Clachtoll broch is one of the most spectacular Iron Age settlements on the northern mainland of Scotland. When it became clear that the structure was threatened by coastal erosion, community heritage group Historic Assynt launched a major program of conservation and excavation works designed to secure the vulnerable structure and recover the archaeological evidence of its occupation and use. The resulting excavation provided evidence of a long and complex history of construction and rebuilding, with the final, middle Iron Age occupation phase ending in a catastrophic fire and collapse of the tower by the early years of the first century AD. The internal deposits span perhaps 50 years of the brochsquo;s final occupation and were remarkably well preserved, with no evidence for secondary re-use or disturbance after the fire. As a result, the excavation provides a remarkable snapshot of life in Iron Age Scotland, with an artifact assemblage attesting to daily agricultural life as well as long-range contacts that sets the broch within a wider Atlantic community. Specialist analysis of the artifactual and palaeoenvironmental evidence coupled with detailed analysis of the structure in its local geographical context combine to provide a major new contribution to the archaeology of north-west Scotland, with wider implications for our understanding of late prehistoric society in northern Britain.This report comprises the results of the archaeological investigations at Clachtoll, compiled by a team of archaeologists and specialists from AOC Archaeology Group, and brings together evidence from a range of specialist analyses as well as environmental and landscape investigations.

One of the most important transitions in human evolutionary history is the emergence and development of large-scale complex societies. The role of copper and bronze in the context of the emergence of Bronze and Iron Age states in the Near East is poorly understood due to a relative lack of comprehensive analysis of diachronic archaeometallurgical data. Excavations from Boğazköy and Kerkenes Dağ in central Anatolia have recovered one of the largest, diverse, and stratified corpora of copper objects and metal production debris, spanning the period from the Early Bronze Age, ca. 2300 BC, until the Late Iron Age, mid-5th century BC. Analysis of over 1100 objects employing energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), in field portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), and select lead isotope analyses using multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) demonstrate that the rise of political complexity is closely tied to increases in trade and the management of commodity chains. Textual evidence illustrates how the Hittite state in particular managed the mobilization of metal commodities and finished goods as taxes, gifts, and payments for labor. Metal trade is further linked to state finance systems to explain how production and trade are tied to strategies of economic integration and interregional networking in Anatolia and beyond in the Near East and Mediterranean regions.

The paper is written as a part of project 'The Trojan Catalogue (Hom. Il. 2.816-877) and the Peoples of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A Study of the Homeric Text in the Light of Hittite Sources and Classical Geographical Tradition' (2015/19/P/HS3/04161), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with the National Science Centre, Poland. This paper deals with both, archaeological evidence for cultural links between the Mycenaean world and western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, and the Ahhiyawa problem that is based on nearly thirty Hittite texts (among the thousands that had been found in the archives of the Hittite capital Hattusa, modern Boğazkale about 150 km as the crow flies east of Ankara), in which the term "Ahhiya(wa)" appears.² Both issues are indeed connected and must not be treated separately, although there are still many scholars to do so. What is more, concerning the former "there is an unfortunate tendency in much., (angielski) ; The European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Polonez 1, 2015/19/P/HS3/04161

This thesis addresses continuity and change in the manufacture and use of decorative metalwork in the Iron Age (200-1900 AD) of southern Africa, within a framework of archival studies and artefact studies theory. The thesis adopted a direct historical approach which exploited the huge database of existing information to create typologies of objects and processing techniques that are prominent in ethno-historical sources of the 19th and 20th centuries. This process enabled for the first time, a comprehensive mapping of object typologies and techniques of manufacture by ethnic groups thereby allowing cross cultural comparisons. Subsequently, the study explored the typology of objects utilized further back in the time of the Early Iron Age using archaeological evidence. It demonstrated that most of the objects used in the Iron Age were similar to those that were used in the 19th century. However, new innovations were made along the way with metals and alloys being constantly added to the range of materials worked. A dedicated visual study of fabrication techniques employed in the manufacture of ethnographic materials housed at Iziko Museum of Cape Town was carried out. The techniques gleaned from the macroscopic study were compared with those metallographically documented in the literature for the manufacture of Iron Age objects, further exposing continuity and change in metal fabrication. The social, economic and political role of decorative metalwork was hardly static, and varied from context to context and group to group.

International audience ; In the last fifteen years, the "archeology of memory" has become increasingly important in the studies of ancient Mediterranean societies. Social practices related to the reuse of the past are highlighted and hold an important place in the reconsideration of notions such as continuity, break and transmission. Despite this, in the study of Minoan and Mycenaean cultures, antiquities get very little of all the attention drawn on material production. Regarding the early Iron Age, whereas various memorial phenomena, such as settlement permanence, religious "continuity", heroes or ancestors worships or the reuse of ruins for cultic or funerary purpose, enjoyed quite the attention, very little has been paid to the long conservation of ancient artefacts. This lack of interest comes from the fact that few of those artefacts are recognized as such, and that hardly ever a parallel is drawn between them and other relevant circumstances. The aim of this contribution is to introduce a method of defining and analyzing these antiquities, using archaeological definitions, by using the tool social sciences provide us with, as well as ethnographic parallels. We will see how the analysis of a corpus of antiquities allow us to understand, from a different point of view, the political, cultural and social phenomena in the Aegean world during LBA and EIA. This requires to take into account the various contexts of social interaction, such as the ritual aspect, the funerary one, but also the domestic and the community-based one. The island of Euboea will be addressed as a regional study, through the sites of Lefkandi and Eretria where several antiquities, bronze-aged as well as iron-aged, have been found. The contextualization of these different antiquities, in conjunction with other forms of remembrance, shows how the memory of the Ancients Greeks could be embodied in objects of the everyday life, as well as in luxurious productions, sometimes exotics. In the same way, the role they might have played in the ...

The evidence of in situ ovens & hearths & structural daub in secondary deposits in Iron Age sites in central southern England, is examined in relation to overall design & potential use of the structures. Their distribution & siting within settlements, with particular reference to the hillfort of Danebury, in relation to buildings, activity areas & artefacts is discussed to analyse the function of ovens & their use by the community. 2 Figures, 14 References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractThe turbulent years aroundc. 1200 BC in the eastern Mediterranean are known as a period of the collapse of states and empires. Yet by zooming in on three important royal cities, Tiryns, Hattusa and Carchemish, we can question this collapse narrative whilst at the same time exploring the now popular concept of resilience, in this case urban and cultural resilience. First these ancient cities are presented as interactive and meaningful spaces in which architecture and art were used to shape people's experience of them and the world in which they lived, before their urban fabric and functions are examined in turn. It will become clear that they had radically different fates throughc. 1200 BC. Some of the difficulties in applying ideas from resilience thinking and how it might or might not be useful as an approach in studying these and other examples are then discussed.

International audience ; Recent excavations near Adam (Oman) yielded new data about the margins of the desert in Central Oman during the Iron Age. Before our 2015 season, the Iron Age in Adam was essentially unknown. Several graves and reused burials had been identified during surveys and excavations in two graveyards, but it seemed that the area of Adam was not highly occupied during this period, contrary to the situation observed in the major site of Salut, only 40km to the north-west. However, the discovery of an Iron Age site near Adam allows us to reconsider this first impression. The site consists of a group of structures located on the eastern tip of Jabal Mudhmar, near Wadi Halfayn. The main stone building contains unique bronze weapons (life-sized, smaller than life-sized and miniatures) including arrows, bows, quivers and daggers that could be used for ritual purposes. Judging by its geographic location and its unusual content, the site could have had several functions: as a meeting and ritual place linked to social, political or religious activities or a relay on the ancient road between Adam and Sinaw.

International audience ; Recent excavations near Adam (Oman) yielded new data about the margins of the desert in Central Oman during the Iron Age. Before our 2015 season, the Iron Age in Adam was essentially unknown. Several graves and reused burials had been identified during surveys and excavations in two graveyards, but it seemed that the area of Adam was not highly occupied during this period, contrary to the situation observed in the major site of Salut, only 40km to the north-west. However, the discovery of an Iron Age site near Adam allows us to reconsider this first impression. The site consists of a group of structures located on the eastern tip of Jabal Mudhmar, near Wadi Halfayn. The main stone building contains unique bronze weapons (life-sized, smaller than life-sized and miniatures) including arrows, bows, quivers and daggers that could be used for ritual purposes. Judging by its geographic location and its unusual content, the site could have had several functions: as a meeting and ritual place linked to social, political or religious activities or a relay on the ancient road between Adam and Sinaw.