Suchergebnisse

1. Black and green Atlantic crossings in the famine era -- 2. Irish Catholic empire building in America -- 3. The writin' Irish, or, Catholic Irish America's famine-era authors -- 4. A code for the true American Catholic man or woman -- 5. Gender laundering Irish women and Chinese men in San Francisco -- 6. In California, workers divided -- 7. An Irish worker's postnational horizon.

Gestarse, nacer, operar y ser escuchadas involucra un largo y a veces tortuoso proceso para las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, en especial si asumen la bandera de alguna reivindicación social o política.En esta obra se analizan, desde la psicología social, la sociología y la ciencia política, el desempeño de grupos que lideran reclamos en el ámbito social y urbano, a los que se aborda desde dos ángulos: los patrones de conflictividad, internos y externos, que afectaron su formación y desarrollo, y las formas como llegaron a empoderarse en el proceso de intervención en el espacio público,

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, America finds itself on the brink of a new racial consciousness. The old, unquestioned confidence with which individuals can be classified (as embodied, for instance, in previous U.S. census categories) has been eroded. In its place are shifting paradigms and new norms for racial identity. Eva Marie Garroutte examines the changing processes of racial identification and their implications by looking specifically at the case of American Indians

Background Laws on compulsory commitment to care (CCC) in mental health, social and criminal legislation for adult persons with alcohol and/or drug dependence or misuse problems are constructed to address different scenarios related to substance use disorders. This study examines how such CCC laws in European states vary in terms of legal rights, formal orders of decision and criteria for involuntary admission, and assesses whether three legal frameworks (criminal, mental and social law) equally well ensure human and civil rights. Methods Thirty-nine laws, from 38 countries, were analysed. Respondents replied in web-based questionnaires concerning a) legal rights afforded the persons with substance use problems during commitment proceedings, b) sources of formal application, c) instances for decision on admission, and d) whether or not 36 different criteria could function as grounds for decisions on CCC according to the law in question. Analysis of a-c were conducted in bivariate cross-tabulations. The 36 criteria for admission were sorted in criteria groups based on principal component analysis (PCA). To investigate whether legal rights, decision-making authorities or legal criteria may discriminate between types of law on CCC, discriminant analyses (DA) were conducted. Results There are few differences between the three types of law on CCC concerning legal rights afforded the individual. However, proper safeguards of the rights against unlawful detention seem still to be lacking in some CCC laws, regardless type of law. Courts are the decision-making body in 80 % of the laws, but this varies clearly between law types. Criteria for CCC also differ between types of law, i.e. concerning who should be treated: dependent offenders, persons with substance use problems with acting out or aggressive behaviors, or other vulnerable persons with alcohol or drug problems. Conclusion The study raises questions concerning whether various European CCC laws in relation to substance use disorder or misuse problems comply with international ratified conventions concerning human and civil rights. This, however, applies to all three types of law, i.e. social, mental health and criminal legislation. The main differences between law types concern legal criteria, reflecting different national priorities on implicit ambitions of CCC – for correction, for prevention, or for support to those in greatest need of care.

Background Laws on compulsory commitment to care (CCC) in mental health, social and criminal legislation for adult persons with alcohol and/or drug dependence or misuse problems are constructed to address different scenarios related to substance use disorders. This study examines how such CCC laws in European states vary in terms of legal rights, formal orders of decision and criteria for involuntary admission, and assesses whether three legal frameworks (criminal, mental and social law) equally well ensure human and civil rights. Methods Thirty-nine laws, from 38 countries, were analysed. Respondents replied in web-based questionnaires concerning a) legal rights afforded the persons with substance use problems during commitment proceedings, b) sources of formal application, c) instances for decision on admission, and d) whether or not 36 different criteria could function as grounds for decisions on CCC according to the law in question. Analysis of a-c were conducted in bivariate cross-tabulations. The 36 criteria for admission were sorted in criteria groups based on principal component analysis (PCA). To investigate whether legal rights, decision-making authorities or legal criteria may discriminate between types of law on CCC, discriminant analyses (DA) were conducted. Results There are few differences between the three types of law on CCC concerning legal rights afforded the individual. However, proper safeguards of the rights against unlawful detention seem still to be lacking in some CCC laws, regardless type of law. Courts are the decision-making body in 80 % of the laws, but this varies clearly between law types. Criteria for CCC also differ between types of law, i.e. concerning who should be treated: dependent offenders, persons with substance use problems with acting out or aggressive behaviors, or other vulnerable persons with alcohol or drug problems. Conclusion The study raises questions concerning whether various European CCC laws in relation to substance use disorder or misuse problems comply with international ratified conventions concerning human and civil rights. This, however, applies to all three types of law, i.e. social, mental health and criminal legislation. The main differences between law types concern legal criteria, reflecting different national priorities on implicit ambitions of CCC – for correction, for prevention, or for support to those in greatest need of care.

The active presence of Iranian women in the public arena and their efforts to obtain equal rights date back to the early twentieth century, when the Constitutional Revolution took place in Iran. The Constitutional Revolution of 1906 was a liberal movement aimed at creating a Parliament, limiting the Shah's powers and enforcing constitutional laws. This article will explore the historical background of the women's movement in Iran, in order to identify all the means utilized to demand equality in order to trace the process of demanding equality and the obstacles that Iranian women have encountered in their efforts to achieve it. It looks at the transformation of women's rights movement in the context of socio-legal reforms in the country. The study will examine three distinct periods in the women's rights movement, with particular focus on the post-1979 Revolution era. The Qajar Dynasty, 1796-1921, where women were systematically and socio-culturally deprived of their basic economic, social and political rights. The Pahlavi era, 1925-79, where there was a period of some positive changes for women. Finally, post-1979 Revolution and the rise of the Islamic Republic, where women lost the rights they had previously obtained. This study will attempt to demonstrate that though legal equality has yet to be obtained by Iranian women, they continue to actively pursue it. In this pursuit, they have successfully challenged the gender bias of the Iranian legal system, and it has lost its legitimacy. More pertinently, the social context has been primed to accommodate equal rights for women ; La presencia activa de mujeres iraníes en la arena pública y sus esfuerzos por obtener la igualdad de derechos se remontan a principios del siglo XX, cuando tuvo lugar la Revolución Constitucional en Irán. La Revolución de 1906 fue un movimiento liberal destinado a crear un Parlamento, limitar los poderes del Sha y hacer cumplir las leyes constitucionales. Este artículo explorará los antecedes históricos del movimiento de mujeres en Irán, con el fin de identificar todos los medios utilizados para exigir la igualdad a fin de rastrear el proceso de exigencia de la igualdad y los obstáculos que encontrados en sus esfuerzos para lograrlo. Analiza la transformación del movimiento por los derechos de las mujeres en el contexto de las reformas socio-legales en el país. El estudio examinará tres períodos distintos en el movimiento por los derechos de las mujeres, con especial atención a la era de la Revolución posterior a 1979. La dinastía Qajar, 1796-1921, donde las mujeres fueron privadas sistemática y socioculturalmente de sus derechos económicos, sociales y políticos básicos. La era Pahlavi, 1925-79, donde hubo un período de algunos cambios para las mujeres. Finalmente, la Revolución posterior a 1979 y el surgimiento de la República Islámica, donde las mujeres perdieron los derechos que habían obtenido con anterioridad. Este estudio intentará demostrar que, aunque las mujeres iraníes aún no han logrado la igualdad legal, continúan persiguiéndola activamente. En esta búsqueda, han desafiado con éxito el sesgo de género del sistema legal iraní, el cual ha perdido en ello su legitimidad. De forma más relevante, el contexto social ha ido evolucionando a fin de dar cabida a la igualdad de derechos para las mujeres. ; La presència activa de dones iranianes en l'arena pública i els seus esforços per obtenir la igualtat de drets es remunten a principis del segle XX, quan va tenir lloc la Revolució Constitucional a l'Iran. La Revolució de 1906 va ser un moviment liberal destinat a crear un Parlament, limitar els poders del Xa i fer complir les lleis constitucionals. Aquest article explorarà els antecedents històrics del moviment de dones a l'Iran, per tal d'identificar tots els mitjans utilitzats per exigir la igualtat per tal de rastrejar el procés d'exigència de la igualtat i els obstacles que trobats en els seus esforços per aconseguir-ho. Analitza la transformació del moviment pels drets de les dones en el context de les reformoes socio-legals al país. L'estudi examinarà tres períodes diferents en el moviment pels drets de les dones, amb especial atenció a l'era de la Revolució posterior a 1979; la dinastia Qajar, 1796-1921, on les dones van ser privades sistemàtica i socioculturalment dels seus drets econòmics, socials i polítics bàsics, l'era Pahlavi, 1925-1979, on hi va haver un període d'alguns canvis positius per a les dones. Finalment, la Revolució posterior a 1979 i el sorgiment de la República Islàmica, on les dones van perdre els drets que havien obtingut amb anterioritat. Aquest estudi intentarà demostrar que, tot i que les dones iranianes encara no han aconseguit la igualtat legal, continuen perseguint activament. En aquesta recerca, les dones han desafiat amb èxit el biaix de gènere del sistema legal iranià, el qual ha perdut en això la seva legitimitat. De forma més rellevant, el context social ha anat evolucionant per tal de donar cauda a la igualtat de drets per a les dones.

В статье с учетом последних изменений в законодательстве исследуются вопросы современного состояния правовой охраны объектов археологического наследия в Российской Федерации. Автором затрагивается проблема смысловой неопределенности ряда юридических норм Федерального закона «Об объектах культурного наследия (памятниках истории и культуры) народов Российской Федерации». Речь идет главным образом о нормах-дефинициях, раскрывающих содержание базовых понятий: «объект археологического наследия», «археологические предметы», «культурный слой» и др. Также в работе уделяется внимание проблеме установления верхней хронологической границы археологии, формулируются предложения по совершенствованию правовых дефиниций. На основе анализа правовых понятий в области археологии в национальном законодательстве, актов органов исполнительной власти субъектов Российской Федерации и доктринальных источников автор пришел к выводу о необязательности изучения археологическими методами вещей рубежа XVIII-XIX вв. и более поздних периодов. Сбор, изучение, хранение и экспонирование предметов материальной культуры народов России, не вмещающихся в рамки археологической науки, должны быть уделом краеведов, коллекционеров, музейных работников. В статье обосновывается необходимость уточнения ряда правовых дефиниций, а также пересмотра возрастного признака объекта археологического наследия. ; Taking into account the latest legislative changes, this article investigates the current state of legal protection of archaeological heritage objects in the Russian Federation. The author touches upon the problem of the semantic uncertainty of some of the legal norms of the Federal Law «On Objects of Cultural Heritage (Monuments of History and Culture) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation». This is mainly about the norms-definitions that reveal the content of the basic concepts: «object of archaeological heritage», «archaeological items», «cultural layer», etc. This work also pays attention to the problem of establishing the upper chronological boundary of archeology and proposes the improvement of legal definitions. Based on the analysis of legal concepts in the field of archeology in national legislation, acts of the executive authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation and doctrinal sources, the author comes to the conclusion that it is not necessary to study archaeological items at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries and later periods. Collecting, studying, storing and displaying items of material culture of the peoples of Russia, which do not fit into the framework of archaeological science, should belong to the local lore, collectors, and museum workers. This article justifies the need to clarify a number of legal definitions, as well as the revision of the age feature of the archaeological heritage.