Suchergebnisse

This article approaches the relationship between the categories of custom and law by means of an experiment with cartographic metaphors of scale and location. In Papua New Guinea, the relationship of custom to law is configured by the canonization of custom (the concept as it is known in studies of legal pluralism) in the Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea and in the Underlying Law Act 2000. However, the status of this universalizing category is complicated by its relationship to the putatively local category of kastom, as it is known throughout Papua New Guinea. I argue that the two categories, custom and kastom, do not share an equivalent relationship to law because they occupy different levels of scale. In the discourses of legal elites, custom encompasses kastom. Whereas for many "smaller‐scale" ethnic and language groups within the country, kastom and law are simply two potential categories of efficacious action, among many others, in highly specific and localized "mixes." These mixes lose their intelligibility when elites attempt to replicate them at the level of the state.

The ruling of the European Court of Justice in C-212/97 Centros Ltd v. Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen suggests that the right of establishment enshrined in Article 43 (ex Article 52) of the EC Treaty includes the right to incorporate a company in the EC Member State with the most favourable company laws. The case provides a platform for arguing that choice of place of incorporation within the European Union is at the absolute discretion of business operators, after which point branches may be set up in any other Member State. Even if all activities are conducted in the Member State where the branch is situated, rather than in the Member State of incorporation, no abuse of Article 43 will arise, and the Member State in which the branch is located may be in no position to impede the establishment of a business which has utilised the vehicle of a foreign company.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Wankasambar-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 583ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 577 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 150 cm) and 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 40 per cent clayey soils and 13 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 1 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 91 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 7 per cent area severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent soils are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 10 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 26 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 20 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 23 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 17 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About34 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 24 per cent is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97(17) 432(75) Sapota - 114(20) Maize 97(17) 55(9) Pomegranate - 491(85) Bajra 97(17) 461(79) Musambi - 491(85) Groundnut - 169(29) Lime - 491(85) Sunflower - 474(82) Amla 97(17) 432(74) Redgram - 491(84) Cashew - 65(11) Bengal gram 38 (7) 491(84) Jackfruit - 97(17) Cotton 6(1) 523(90) Jamun - 187(32) Chilli - 546(94) Custard apple 97(17) 432(74) Tomato 97(17) 72(12) Tamarind - 187(32) Drumstick - 491(85) Mulberry - 97(17) Mango - - Marigold - 546(94) Guava - 114(20) Chrysanthemum - 546(94)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Wankasambar-3 is located at North latitude 160 39' 16.015" and 160 37' 27.275" and East longitude 770 22' 37.304" and 770 20' 41.304" covering an area of about 583.14 ha coming under Vankasambara, Sambara and Madhwara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Wankasambar-3 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 farmers were sampled in Wankasambar-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 7 (17.50%) were marginal, 15 (37.50%) were small, 8 (20.00 %) were semi medium, 5 (12.50 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (54.09%) men and 101 (45.91 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (53.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.00 per cent illiterates, 71.37 per cent pre university education and 7.27 per cent attained graduation.  About, 52.50 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 47.50 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 34.09 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.50 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.50 per cent possess TV, 75.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 90.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.50 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.00 per cent possess tractor, 15.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.50 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.92, women available in the micro watershed was 1.78, hired labour (men) available was 4.97 and hired labour (women) available was 11.33.  Further, 2.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 10.45 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1705.00 kms for about 4.30 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.32 per cent (69.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.68 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 10.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.00 percent possessed bank account and 17.50 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.50 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 157.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 128.57 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.64881.38, 20711.75, 0.00, 71012.87 and 125743.60 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.60, 1: 1.70, 1: 0.00, 1: 0.80 and 1:0.50 respectively.  Further, 30.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 10.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81625.03 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53400.03 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1050 horticulture trees and 1022 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 42.50 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10225.00 for land development and Rs. 150.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 52.50 per cent depends on own funds and 35.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 60.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 50.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 3  Further, 40.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 35.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.50 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.50 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.50%), pulses (75.00%) and oilseeds (50.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (90.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (52.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.00%), high rate of interest on credit (45.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.50%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.50%), inadequate extension services (52.50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.50%), Less rainfall (2.50%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- I - Setting the scene, botanical, general and international aspects -- Chapter 1 - The Cannabis Plant: Botanical Aspects -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Botany of Cannabis -- Macroscopical Features -- Microscopical Features -- Classification of Cannabis -- Other Recent Taxonomic Studies -- Chemotaxonomic Classification -- Molecular Classification -- Current Cannabis Varieties -- Genetics of Cannabis -- Genome of Cannabis sativa -- Geographical Distribution -- Agricultural Status -- Conservation Initiatives -- Ex Situ Conservation in Gene Banks -- In Situ Conservation as In Vitro Gene Banks -- Cultivation Techniques of Cannabis -- Outdoor Cultivation -- Indoor Cultivation -- In vitro Micropropagation -- Recommendations for Future Action -- Mini-Dictionary -- References -- Chapter 2 - The Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Cannabinoid precursor biosynthesis -- Polyketide Pathway Toward Olivetolic Acid -- Biosynthesis of Geranyl Diphosphate -- Cannabigerolic Acid Biosynthesis -- Cannabinoid pathway -- Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid Synthase -- Cannabidiolic Acid Synthase -- Cannabichromenic Acid Synthase (CBCAS) -- Cannabinoids with Propyl Side Chains -- Mini-dictionary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 - Increasing Plant Concentrations of THC and Implications on Health Related Disorders -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Cannabis plants: has the potency changed? -- Does higher cannabis potency lead to increased exposure to THC? -- Higher-Potency Cannabis and Plasma THC Levels -- Titration of THC Intake During Smoking -- THC Concentrations in Biological Samples -- Does higher exposure to THC increase the risk of adverse health effects?.

This book discusses the main legal questions raised by free and open source software (FOSS) licenses and other alternative license models, such as Creative Commons. The legal questions raised by FOSS and other alternative licenses have been the subject of an intense international debate among legal scholars and practising lawyers in the last years. Courts in different jurisdictions have confirmed that the core features of FOSS licenses are compliant with the respective applicable laws and thus enforceable in the respective jurisdictions. What is still missing so far is an in-depth comparative analysis of the legal issues raised by FOSS, Creative Commons and other alternative license on a worldwide scale. This book presents a general report on FOSS licenses and alternative license models to establish common ground and enable comparison between jurisdictions. The general report is followed by 24 national reports covering the world's most important IT-markets. General and national reports use the same structure to facilitate the comparison. The book shows that despite the differences in their origins, all FOSS projects use detailed licenses for the organisation of their communities. It also shows the differences in the proofing of these licenses by courts in some jurisdictions, and the tailor-made provisions established by some legislators to solve the legal issues raised by the license model

Introduction -- Legal and Regulatory Framework, Modules and Competent Authorities -- Borrowing from the International Market: The Foreign Debt Regime -- International Lending by Chinese Banks: The Belt and Road Initiative -- Issuing Bonds in the International Market: The Chinese Players -- Opening the Chinese Bond Markets: The Issuance of Panda Bonds and the Bond Trading Mechanisms -- The Future of Cross-border Debt Finance in China: Conclusions.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 501 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 482 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha (0.18%) by railway and 18 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 32 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm), 18 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 46 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 3 per cent sandy soils, 42 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 51 per cent clayey soils.  Almost area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 86 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 4 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 6 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 29 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 35 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4),22 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 4 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 14 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 77 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 96 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 248(49) 126(25) Guava - - Maize - 360(72) Sapota - - Bajra - 374(74) Pomegranate - 248(50) Groundnut - 13(3) Musambi 159(32) 89(18) Sunflower 159(32) 89(18) Lime 159(32) 89(18) Redgram - 248(50) Amla 159(32) 215(43) Bengal gram 248(50) 126(25) Cashew - - Cotton 159(32) 215(43) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 374(75) Jamun - 159(32) Tomato - 119(24) Custard apple 248(49) 126(25) Drumstick - 248(50) Tamarind - 159(32) Brinjal 88(18) 286(57) Mulberry - - Bhendi 88(18) 286(57) Marigold - 374(74) Onion 88(18) 231(46) Chrysanthemum - 374(74) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 4 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Narayanpet-3 is located at North latitude 160 33' 1.89" and 160 31' 0.128" and East longitude 770 16' 10.075'' and 770 14' 49.22" covering an area of about 500.78 ha coming unde Munagala, Sangavara and Kondapura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Narayanpet-3 micro watersheds of Mungal subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (35.29%) were marginal, 8 (23.53%) were small, 7 (20.59 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (62.31%) men and 49 (37.69 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.7, marginal farmers 4, small farmers were 3.1, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 7.  Majority of the respondents (32.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 48.46 per cent illiterates, 0.77 percent were functional literates, 53.08 per cent pre university education and 2.31 per cent attained graduation.  About, 67.65 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 55.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.18 per cent possess TV, 23.53 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.24 per cent possess mobile phones and 26.47 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 29.41 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.76 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.76 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.37, hired labour (men) available was 8.58 and hired labour (women) available was 10.65.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.73 per cent (39.98 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 4.25 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.49 per cent.  Out of the sample households 32.35 percent possessed bank account and 2.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 32.35 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households and 27.27 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy was Rs.31255.33 , 37268.89, 36375.24, 22806.82 and 44325.40 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.40, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.40 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 38.24 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 79470.59 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47705.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 20 horticulture trees and 45 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3338.24 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.76 per cent depends on own funds and 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 58.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 70.59 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (61.76%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 73.53 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.24 per cent of the households and 11.76 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 73.53 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 76.47 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.29%), pulses (88.24%) and oilseeds (32.35%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (79.41%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (47.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%) and Less rainfall (11.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagaraladoddi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 295 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of 295 ha (100%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 56 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 34 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy (loamy sand) soils and 95 per cent clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 59 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 40 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 70 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium is medium in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 65 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in 292 ha (99%) area and deficient (<0.2 ppm) in 2 ha (1%) area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 194(66) 87(29) Sapota - - Maize - 252(85) Guava - - Redgram - 194(66) Pomegranate - 194(66) Bajra 29(10) 252(85) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 87(29) Jamun - 165(56) Sunflower 72(24) 122(42) Musambi 72(24) 122(42) Cotton 165(56) 116(39) Lime 72(24) 122(42) Bengal gram 194(66) 87(29) Cashew - - Chilli - 281(95) Custard apple 72(24) 209(71) Tomato - 159(53) Amla - 281(95) Drumstick - 194(66) Tamarind - 165(56) Mulberry - - Marigold - 281(95) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 281(95)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. NGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nagaraladoddi-2 is located at North latitude 160 33' 23.838" and 160 31' 6.086" and East longitude 770 25' 9.296'' and 770 24' 10.745" covering an area of about 294.61 ha coming under Duppalli village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nagaraladoddi-2 micro watersheds of Ajalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nagaraladoddi-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 80 (53.69%) men and 69 (46.31 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.3, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 4.7 and medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (46.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.31 per cent illiterates, 43.63 per cent pre university education and 4.03 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 42.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.82 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 48.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.35, women available in the micro watershed was 1.19, hired labour (men) available was 9.84 and hired labour (women) available was 14.9.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.73 per cent (57.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 11.44 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 74.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 74.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.11 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 188.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 16.67 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.40477.88, 46971.35, 32690.13, 49477.76 and 66158.16 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.95, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.10 and 1:0.65 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 98685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 70914.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 14.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9171.43 for land development and Rs. 457.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 45.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 51.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (91.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.71 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (34.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (60.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dupalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 543 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 522 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 21 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 40 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 5 per cent sandy soils at the surface, 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 83 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Major area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed are moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 7 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 13 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 37 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 39 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the major area of the microwatershed is 16 dsm-1).  About 31 per cent of soils are low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 56 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 95 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed expect a small area of 2 ha where it is deficient.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 306(56) 187(34) Sapota - - Maize - 438(80) Guava - - Redgram - 307(56) Pomegranate - 307(56) Bajra 56(10) 436(80) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 186(34) Jamun - 251(46) Sunflower 97(18) 210(38) Musambi 97(18) 210(38) Cotton 251(46) 243(44) Lime 97(18) 210(38) Bengal gram 306(56) 187(34) Cashew - - Chilli - 494(90) Custard apple 97(18) 396(72) Tomato - 284(52) Amla - 493(90) Drumstick - 307(56) Tamarind - 251(46) Mulberry - - Marigold - 494(90) Mango - 23(4) Chrysanthemum - 494(90)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Dupalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 33' 54.875" and 160 31' 5.924" and East longitude 770 24' 53.326'' and 770 23' 20.867" covering an area of about 542.57 ha coming unde Duppalli and Chandapura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Dupalli-3 micro watersheds of Ajalapur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Dupalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (35.29%) were marginal, 12 (35.29%) were small, 2 (5.88 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (61.22%) men and 57 (38.78 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.3, small farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 3.5.  Majority of the respondents (31.29%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.85 per cent illiterates, 74.83 per cent pre university education and 4.76 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 52.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 55.88 per cent possess TV, 5.88 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.12 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.59 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 5.88 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.00, hired labour (men) available was 5.44 and hired labour (women) available was 10.44.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 74.11 per cent (38.56 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 25.89 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.06 percent possessed bank account and 58.82 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 77.78 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 11.11 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and Cotton was Rs.28283.08, 22267.07, 22308.83, 52918.06 and 36889.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.10, 1: 2.50, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.70 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 122700.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62847.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1794.12 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.82 per cent depends on own funds and 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 70.59 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.76 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 26.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (61.76%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 67.65 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.29 per cent of the households and 14.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.18 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 52.94 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.88 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (73.53%), pulses (58.82%) and oilseeds (47.06%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (55.88%) wild animal menace on farm field (61.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (73.53%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.35%), inadequate extension services (5.88%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 463 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 381 ha (82%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 82 ha (18%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 28 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 47 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 8 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 16 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 58 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 3 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 79 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 19 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 34 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 35 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 80 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is deficient (0.2 ppm) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(7) 156(34) Sapota - - Maize - 190(41) Pomegranate - 162(35) Bajra - 190(41) Musambi 3(1) 158(35) Groundnut - 28(6) Lime 3(1) 158(35) Sunflower 16(3) 145(32) Amla - 190(41) Redgram - 162(35) Cashew - - Bengal gram 34(7) 156(34) Jackfruit - - Cotton 34(7) 156(34) Jamun - 34(7) Chilli - 190(41) Custard apple 145(31) 45(10) Tomato - 31(7) Tamarind - 34(7) Drumstick - 162(35) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 190(41) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 190(41)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-4 is located at North latitude 160 32' 33.352" and 160 33' 7.175" and East longitude 770 23' 44.758'' and 770 21' 56.32" covering an area of about 462.70 ha coming under Badepalli, Ajalapura and Duppalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 5 (14.29%) were marginal, 15(42.86%) were small and 7 (20%) were semi medium, 4 (11.43%) were medium, 1(2.86%) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (56.40%) men and 74 (43.02%) were women. Majority of the respondents (40.70%) were in the age group of 35-60 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 47.09 per cent illiterates, 0.58 per cent were functional literates and only 2.91 per cent attained graduation.  About, 40 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 37.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 25.58 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 60 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough and only 8.57 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.83, hired labour (men) available was 15.8 and hired labour (women) available was 13.94.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.91 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 570 kms for about 6 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (53.57 ha), 66.47 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 33.53 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy. Cropping intensity was recorded as 100.03 per cent. 2  The sample households possessed 91.43 per cent bank account and 40 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 114.29 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 42.86 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.22021.52, 29835.91, 33094.02 and 466526.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.10 and 1: 0.60 respectively.  Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 87831.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 63088.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture crops coconut (6) and Mango (20) trees in the fields and forest species have grown 10 teak, 52 neem, 18 tamarind and 6 acacia trees in their field.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10571.43 for land development, Rs.3600 for adoption of improved livestock breeds and Rs.114.29 for adoption of improved crop production activities.  Source of finance raised from bank as a loan for land development and improved crop production.  Own funds were the source for land development and improved crop production for 22.86 per cent and improved livestock management for 5.71 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 74.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (71.43 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Cereals (97.14 %), pulses (97.14 %), oilseeds (45.71 %) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (94.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (60%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.43%), inadequate extension services (60%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (94.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhimanahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 642 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 592 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 50 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 87 per cent soils in the microwatershed are very deep (>150 cm) and 5 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 86 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 5 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 5 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 84 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and about 4 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 - 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils in the microwatershed are non saline (0.75).  About 32 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 39 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 21 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  Less than 1 per cent area is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 92 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 7 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area and deficient in 21 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 561(87) 31(5) Sapota - - Maize - 592(92) Pomegranate - 561(87) Bajra - 592(92) Musambi 451(70) 110(17) Groundnut - 31(5) Lime 451(70) 110(17) Sunflower 451(70) 110(17) Amla 110(17) 482(75) Redgram - 561(87) Cashew - - Bengal gram 561(87) 31(5) Jackfruit - - Cotton 561(87) 31(5) Jamun - 561(87) Chilli - 592 (92) Custard apple 561(87) 31(5) Tomato - 482(75) Tamarind - 561(87) Drumstick - 561(87) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 592(92) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 592(92)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bhimanahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 32' 4.587" and 160 30' 8.645" and East longitude 770 13' 4.587'' and 770 11' 53.709" covering an area of about 641.91 ha coming unde Bheemanahalli, Belagundi and Gondedagi Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bhimanahalli-2 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bhimanahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium, 3 (8.57 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 87 (50.88%) men and 84 (49.12 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.3, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8, medium farmers were 5.7 and large farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (43.27%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 32.16 per cent illiterates, 69.00 per cent pre university education and 3.51 per cent attained graduation.  About, 60.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 34.50 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 51.43 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.4, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 9.29 and hired labour (women) available was 17.86.  In the study area, about 0.58 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 60.00 kms for about 5.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 52.06 per cent (47.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 47.94 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 10.00 live bore wells and 10.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 28.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 77.14 percent possessed bank account and 14.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 97.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 76.47 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 5.88 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (94.12%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 52.94 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.36691.84 , 33964.25 and 21455.24 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.3, 1: 1.6 and 1:1.7 respectively.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 93602.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62488.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 42.86 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4800.00 for land development and Rs. 5942.86 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 20.00 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 5.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 85.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 80.00 per cent of the households and 17.14 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (42.86%), pulses (31.43%) and oilseeds (17.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (45.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (31.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 371 ha in Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 61 per cent is covered by soils, 37 per cent by mining/industrial area and 2 per cent by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire 61 per cent land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 13 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm), 48 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  Entire cultivated area of 61 percent has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent is non-gravelly.  About 48 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity and 13 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Small area of 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 61 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 16 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 41 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated areas of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent in the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 226(61) Sapota - - Maize - - Guava - - Red gram - 226(61) Pomegranate - 226(61) Bajra - 226(61) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 180(48) Sunflower - 226(61) Musambi - 226(61) Cotton - 226(61) Lime - 226(61) Bengalgram - 226(61) Cashew - - Chilli - 226(61) Custard apple - 226(61) Tomato - - Amla - 226(61) Drumstick - 226(61) Tamarind - 180(48) Mulberry - - Marigold - 226(61) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 226(61) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that help in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mavanahalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 31' 9.526" and 160 29' 31.144" and East longitude 770 19' 24.684'' and 770 18' 24.341" covering an area of about 374.73 ha coming under Mavinahalli and Kadechoora villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mavanahalli-3 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Mavanahalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 8 (23.53%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 92 (57.14%) men and 68 (42.24 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 3.1, small farmers were 4.1, semi medium farmers were 6.8 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.58%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 60.87 per cent of illiterates, 5.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.18 per cent middle school education, and 11.18 per cent high school education, 1.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 6.83 per cent attained graduation and 1.24 them had other education.  About, 58.82 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 29.41 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.06 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.06 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 35.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 35.29 per cent possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess Power Tiller, 14.71 per cent possess Weeder, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 2.94 per cent possess Sprinkler and 2.94 per cent possess Harvester.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, women available in the micro watershed was 1.71, hired labour (men) available was 8.47 and hired labour (women) available was 8.15. 2  Further, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 63.84 per cent (45.82 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 36.16 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 13.00 live bore wells and 13.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 38.24 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Grountnut, Sorghum and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.29 percent possessed bank account and 52.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 47.83 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 8.70 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Grountnut, Sorghum and Paddy was Rs.26344.09, 28097.99, 55665.67, 30126.66, and 56739.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.50, 1: 0.70, 1: 1.40 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.82 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 100411.76 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 67470.59 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 676.47 for land development and Rs. 3529.41 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 29.41 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 38.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 50.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 44.12 per cent of the households and 55.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 50.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (61.76%), pulses (61.76%) and oilseeds (55.88%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (23.53%), inadequate extension services (64.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (79.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The article defines the concept of "civil society institutions" and presents their different types. The characteristic features of civil society institutions are identified, which distinguish them from other civil society organizations, like: common interest, activity or defined territory that unites citizens into an institutional organization of the civil society; their independence from local governments, public authorities, and other entities; non-commercial nature of their activities. The position of the civil society institutions development and their participation in governance as a component of the democratic state building, is highlighted in the article. The analysis of the normative-legal base, which regulates the legal relations of the interaction of civil society institutions with local self-government bodies, is carried out. It is established that the legal basis which regulates the interaction and legal relations of local governments with individual civil society institutions is the Constitution of Ukraine, international legal documents, other special laws of Ukraine, regulations. Based on the analysis, key aspects of cooperation are identified, which are proposed to be regulated by amending the Law of Ukraine "On Local Self-Government in Ukraine" which provides a separate article that will be the legal basis for building relations between all established civil society institutions and local governments. Analyzing the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On promoting the development of civil society in Ukraine" (2016), the authors concluded that it is necessary to regulate the aspects defined in this normative document and develop a strategy for cooperation between local governments and civil society institutions. The article proves the importance of using fundraising technology as a form of interaction between the researched subjects, which will satisfy their interests. The necessity of including fundraising technology in the strategy of development of interaction between local self-government ...

The subject of the paper is constituent entities' powers in federative state concerning the establishment of the administrative responsibility for breach regional and municipal rules.The purpose of the paper is to justify the need for new approaches to the delimitation of the constituent entities' jurisdiction in the field of legislation on administrative offences, up to the allocation of administrative-tort legislation in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Federation.The methodology. General and special scientific methods of cognition were applied: systemic, comparative legal, formal logical. The analysis of legislative and law-enforcement practice of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the legal decisions of the Con-stitutional Court of the Russian Federation, is also used.The main results and scope of their application. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation, making legal acts in the field of legislation on administrative offenses, are not always properly take into account the boundaries of their competence in the field of establishment of administrative responsibility for committing administrative offences for breach regional and municipal rules. The compliance of such constituent entities' authority to es-tablish this type of responsibility with the provisions of art. 19 and 55 of the Russian Con-stitution is very debatable issue. Although Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in its decisions confirms the constitutional empowerment of the constituent entities with the authority to establish in its laws the administrative responsibility for violation regional and municipal rules, such decisions are controversial. It may be useful to consolidate adminis-trative and tort law in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.Conclusion. The provisions of Federal legislation that let constituent entities of the Russian Federation to establish administrative responsibility for administrative offenses are not fully comply with the constitutional provisions, despite the opinion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. ; Производятся конституционно-правовая оценка и систематизация основных вопросов применения законодательства об административных правонарушениях в части полномочий субъектов Российской Федерации устанавливать административную ответственность за несоблюдение положений нормативных актов субъектов Российской Федерации и муниципальных образований. Делается вывод, что предоставление федеральным законодателем субъектам Российской Федерации полномочий по установлению административной ответственности за совершение административных правонарушений не в полной мере соответствует конституционным положениям, не-смотря на наличие целого ряда решений Конституционного Суда РФ.