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This volume offers the first in-depth analysis in English of an understudied phenomenon in medieval Japanese history: the so-called akutō (literally, "evil bands"). Employing chronicles, laws, and legal documents from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as well as recent Japanese scholarship, Morten Oxenboell examines the significance of akutō in legal proceedings to provide a nuanced understanding of how rural communities organized for and engaged in violent conflicts. He deconstructs the image of akutō as instigators of violence by underlining the significance of the term as a rhetorical device used by litigants to voice their grievances in Kamakura legal proceedings. The many instances in which akutō appear offer a clear example of the ways in which the new legal vocabulary concealed realities behind rhetorical flourishes and narratives of violence and predation. Violence was certainly a part of the negotiation for rights and privileges in the estate system, and Oxenboell demonstrates how conflicts developed and were untangled by local actors, who were rarely given a voice in sources from this period. By peeling away the rhetoric, he presents us a unique view of rural populations organizing their communities in the face of violence, whether as victims of outside aggression or as aggressors themselves against landlords or neighbors. The book therefore goes beyond the usual focus on elites in medieval Japanese history by concentrating on local mobilization schemes and strategies, which were often framed and defamed by central elites. Rural residents, who could not rely on the authorities for protection, handled their own security concerns via complex social mechanisms that tied together locals and absentee landlords in an uneasy relationship of mutual dependency. By examining the fissures in this relationship--in the form of akutō complaints--Oxenboell shows that violent activism was part of the daily management of estates and that such conflicts do not indicate an absence of order but rather a system of checks and balances that helped create a vibrant society

In 1850, 17 years before the Dominion of Canada was created, colonial officers in representation of Her Majesty the Queen, concluded Treaty Numbers 60 and 61 with the Anishinaabe Nation of Northern Ontario. The Robinson Treaties - so named after William Benjamin Robinson, a government official - include land cessions made by the Anishinaabe communities in return for ongoing financial support and protection of hunting rights. The land areas included in the treaty are vast territories that surround two of Canada's great lakes: Lake Superior and Lake Huron. These lands were important for colonial expansion as settlements began to move west across North America. The treaties promised increased annual annuity payments "if and when" the treaty territory produced profits that enabled "the Government of this Province, without incurring loss, to increase the annuity hereby secured to them." This amount has not been increased in 150 years. This article reviews Restoule v. Canada, a recent Ontario decision brought by Anishinaabe Treaty beneficiaries who seek to affirm these treaty rights. A reading of the Robinson Treaties that implements the original treaty promise and increases annuity payments would be a hopeful outcome of the Restoule v. Canada decision for it would be the implementation of reconciliation. In addition, the Restoule decision has important insights to offer about how Indigenous law can guide modern‐day treaty interpretation just as it guided the adoption of the treaty in 1850. The Robinson Treaties are important for the implementation of treaty promises through Indigenous law and an opportunity to develop a Canada in which Indigenous peoples are true partners in the development and management of natural resources.

This article is devoted to the information security, which is a relevant and demanded research area within modern interdisciplinary scientific studies, key features of this phenomenon and its methods as well. The paper notes that there is an understanding of the importance to maintain information security in social scientific knowledge. This is evidenced by a number of soviet and Russian scientists' theoretical-methodological and scientific-practical studies, which indicate the sufficient research mastery of the phenomenon. This research area has taken on increasing importance in the strategic regulatory state documents, which are responsible for the country's national security. Special attention is paid to the most significant characteristics of social reality, its determining development factors, new trends, innovation challenges and risks. These are not only the characteristics of social reality but its bifurcation zones, which to be taken into consideration and prevented in the future. In the authors' view, namely the risks, related to the informational component and the undermining of information security in particular, acquire importance. The article notes the key role of a sociocultural aspect in creating a desirable modern social reality for society. This is about a conscious access to manage both an individual and mass consciousness through the sociocultural aspect. Based on the results of analyzing the key regulatory documents, the authors identified methods and means of ensuring information security, which are most widespread and put into practice. They were integrated into the authors' scheme that provides a clear picture of this phenomenon's scientific-practical side. The article notes the extreme significance of further studying information security as a research area that has a great scientific potential and a high scientific-practical demand in the future. The management plan and practical outcome of preserving the phenomenon acquire a particular relevance within this research area.

The desire to ensure high productivity of each employee in each organization is characteristic of the entire modern world. However, there is no single term used for this, even within an English-speaking (or Russian-speaking) environment, just as there is no common understanding of the factors that can lead to high productivity of each employee. In Russia statistics are collected and programs are being developed that contribute to the growth in the number "High Productivity Jobs" (at the state level). In English-speaking practice, similar approaches are indicated by the abbreviations HPO, HPHRP, HPWP and HPWS. However, similar to the difficulties encountered in the implementation of the concept of "Decent Work" in the world, problems are also experienced by companies trying to apply "high-performance work organization practices". The published results of the analysis of world publications over the past 30 years show the connection of "high-performance work systems" a) with a variety of personnel management practices (slightly less than in half of the publications); b) with an intermediary factor in the form of staff satisfaction and their sense of subjective well-being (according to some data, most discussed in publications on "high-performance systems"); c) with the effectiveness and productivity of the organization as a whole, and d) with different, not always explicit, attitudes and expectations of employees (allocated to a separate group). Nevertheless, studies periodically show not only successes, but also unpredictable deterioration of indicators that are significant for organizations. The "emotional burnout" of employees and the "imbalance of work and the rest of life" increase attention to the "psychological contract" as ensuring compliance with the complex of mutual expectations of employers and employees. Part of these expectations is related to the currently developing format of hybrid work for some categories of specialists.

Refugee movements, international migration and socio-economic development are intimately bound up together. The impacts of global migratory movements depend on their political management: circumstances conducive to development require close and dependable cooperation between the countries involved. But international cooperation on refugee and migration policy - global migration governance - has to date been weak. Important institutional and policy changes are currently under way, with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015 including at least some universally binding targets and indicators for migration. And in September 2016 the international community decided to prepare two global compacts - one for migration, one for refugees - within the space of two years. Both will have repercussions for the international institutional setup and the division of responsibilities between UN agencies, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Existing supranational consultative forums in the area of migration can also be expected to gain in political significance. What is required from the development perspective is a normative and institutional reordering of global migration policy - a process the German government should promote and contribute to. (author's abstract)

In March 2011 a magnitude 9 earthquake struck off the eastern coast of northern Japan, triggering a massive tsunami and damaging a nearby nuclear reactor. Nearly twenty thousand people were killed or went missing, and many areas have yet to rebuild. Megaquake: How Japan and the World Should Respond, by the prolific and award-winning writer Tetsuo Takashima five years before this disaster, appears here for the first time in English. This edition of Megaquake has been updated with additional information, including a new chapter coauthored by Robert D. Eldridge, translator and one of the key Am

Rückläufige Bevölkerungszahlen und Siedlungsflächenwachstum führen zu steigenden Kosten für leitungsgebundene Infrastrukturen. Dies gilt besonders für die Abwasserentsorgung, die in Deutschland überwiegend über die öffentliche Kanalisation erfolgt. Bei Neuerschließung können im Falle geringer Siedlungsdichten dezentrale Abwassersysteme Kostenvorteile gegenüber zentralen Systemen aufweisen. Lassen sich aber durch Dezentralisierung auch Kosten im bereits erschlossenen, von Schrumpfung betroffenen, Siedlungsbestand reduzieren? Um hierauf Antworten zu geben, werden Kosten der Transformation zentraler Abwassersysteme hin zu stärker dezentral angelegten Strukturen berechnet. Am Beispiel eines realen Abwasser-Entsorgungsgebietes wird ein Verfahren entwickelt, das eine Kostenbewertung der schrittweisen Dezentralisierung technischer Abwassersysteme ermöglicht.

Hardly any management theory nowadays fails to take culture's influence on today's organizations into account. At the very foundation lies the belief that the intercultural boundary can be determined externally—by etic view. In my paper I show how much emic organizational reality differs from etic view. Hereby, I refer to two years of fieldwork that I conducted in a global high-tech company at sites in Germany, Austria and India. I choose this approach to trace culture as an open process of sense-making in practice. Through interpretative anthropological means, I identified several discourses of collective identity that were constructed narratively—often regardless of the presumed etic border of "Germans" vs. "Indians." In summary, this paper makes the following contributions: Firstly, it shows how emic and etic categorizations of the cultural other can differ in a complex environment. Secondly, it looks in depth into the emic categorizations of "the Other" and how they are constructed narratively. Thirdly, it draws conclusions for the field of intercultural communication.