Suchergebnisse

Mit Beginn der mitteleuropäischen Landwirtschaft im Neolithikum entstanden durch den Menschen geformte Agrarlandschaften, welche bis heute durch den Anbau von Kulturfrüchten und Grünlandwirtschaft zur Viehhaltung geprägt sind. In diesen traditionell extensiv bewirtschafteten Nutzflächen hat eine Vielzahl von Tier- und Pflanzenarten einen Lebensraum gefunden. Mit der Industrialisierung der Landwirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts ging jedoch eine intensivierte Nutzung von Agrarflächen einher (insbesondere durch den Einsatz von synthetischen Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln). Dies wiederum führte zu einem Rückgang der Artenvielfalt in europäischen Agrarlandschaften innerhalb der letzten 50 bis 60 Jahre. Die Ackerbegleitflora, welche überwiegend aus konkurrenzschwachen Pflanzenarten besteht, wurde besonders negativ von den intensivierten ackerbaulichen Nutzungspraktiken beeinflusst. Der Erhalt einer reichhaltigen Ackerbegleitflora ist jedoch essenziell, da diese ein wichtiges Fundament der Nahrungskette in Agrarökosystemen darstellt (u.a. als Nahrungsquelle für viele Insekten und Agrarvögel) und somit auch wichtig für den Erhalt bedeutender Ökosystemfunktionen ist. Unterschiedliche Schutzbestrebungen, wie etwa die Einführung von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen durch die Europäische Union, konnten den fortschreitenden Verlust der Ackerbegleitflora in weiten Teilen der hauptsächlich konventionell bewirtschafteten Agrarflächen Europas bislang nicht aufhalten. Es besteht daher noch weiterer Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich der Faktoren, welche die Ackerwildkrautdiversität in konventionell bewirtschafteten Feldern derzeit bestimmen (insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Kulturfrüchte und des Landschaftskontextes) und der spezifischen Maßnahmen, die der fortschreitenden Verarmung der Ackerbegleitflora effektiv entgegenwirken können. Darüber hinaus unterscheiden sich derzeit durchgeführte Erhebungen der Ackervegetation zum Teil erheblich in der zugrundeliegenden Methodik, was eine verlässliche, überregionale Bewertung des Erhaltungszustandes der Ackerbegleitflora und möglicher Effekte von Schutzmaßnahmen schwierig macht. Hierfür ist die Definition eines geeigneten Standard-Ackerwildkraut-Monitoring-Ansatzes notwendig. Basierend auf dem oben genannten Forschungsbedarf widmet sich die vorliegende Abschlussarbeit den nachfolgenden Forschungsthemen: Durch die Untersuchung von insgesamt 200 konventionell bewirtschafteten Ackerschlägen stellt Kapitel 2 den aktuellen Zustand der Ackerbegleitflora dar (Artenreichtum, Abundanz und Zusammensetzung) und überprüft, welche Faktoren (Position im Ackerschlag, angebaute Kulturfrucht, Bewirtschaftungsregime, edaphische und landschaftsbezogene Standortbedingungen) heutzutage einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Ackerwildkrautdiversität haben. Kapitel 3 vergleicht die Effekte von vier Agrarumweltmaßnahmen auf die Ackerbegleitflora innerhalb eines zwei- bis dreijährigen Untersuchungszeitraums. Die Maßnahmen wurden auf insgesamt 67 Ackerschlägen umgesetzt und umfassten i) extensiv bewirtschaftete Ackerflächen, ii) einjährige Bracheflächen, iii) alternierend bewirtschaftete, zweijährige Blühstreifen und iv) mehrjährige Blühstreifen. Vor der Umsetzung wurden alle Maßnahmen in Kooperation mit Landwirten und anderen relevanten regionalen Akteuren (z.B. Landwirtschaftsberatern, Jägern, Imkern, Wissenschaftlern, Naturschutzbehörden und -organisationen) angepasst, um ihre Wirksamkeit und Akzeptanz zu erhöhen. Basierend auf insgesamt 45 konventionell bewirtschafteten Ackerschlägen, werden in Kapitel 4 schließlich sechs etablierte oder neu entwickelte Erhebungsmethoden zur Erfassung der Ackerwildkrautdiversität hinsichtlich ihrer Effizienz (erfasste Artenzahl eines Ackerschlages und Zeitaufwand) miteinander verglichen. Die Forschungsarbeiten wurden in der überwiegend konventionell bewirtschafteten Agrarregion der Landkreise Nienburg und Diepholz (Niedersachsen, Nordwestdeutschland) von 2016 bis 2019 durchgeführt. Diese Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass die heutige Ackerwildkrautdiversität konventionell bewirtschafteter Äcker ein historisches Minimum erreicht hat. Das Feldinnere hat dabei fast keine Relevanz mehr als Lebensraum für Ackerwildkräuter (Median-Artenzahl und -Deckung: 2 Arten und 0,5 %) und nennenswerte Vorkommen sind nur am Ackerrand vorzufinden (Median-Artenzahl und -Deckung: 11 Arten und 4 %; Kapitel 2). Die bedeutendsten Faktoren, welche die heutige pflanzliche Diversität im Ackerrandbereich bestimmen, waren die Art der angebauten Kulturfrucht und das Vorhandensein angrenzender Habitate (Feldraine, Gehölzstreifen und Grabenränder). Die heutige Ackerbegleitflora ist stark verarmt und wird von wenigen weit verbreiteten Ackerwildkräutern dominiert, welche fähig sind, das intensive Management zu überdauern. Charakteristische, ehemals mit dem typischen Management der Kulturpflanzenarten oder Bodenfaktoren verbundene Ackerwildkrautgesellschaften sind nicht mehr identifizierbar. Die hier dargestellten Erkenntnisse zur Verarmung der Ackerbegleitflora sind auf einen Großteil des West- und Zentraleuropäischen Ackerlandes übertragbar. Dies zeigt den dringenden Handlungsbedarf seitens der Gemeinsamen Europäischen Agrarpolitik auf, um einer weiteren Verarmung der Ackerbegleitflora, negative Auswirkungen auf abhängige Organismengruppen und der Gefährdung bedeutender Ökosystemleistungen in Agrarlandschaften entgegenzuwirken. Dazu bedarf es der großräumigen Umsetzung von ökologisch effizienten Maßnahmen. Alle vier der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersuchten Agrarumweltmaßnahmen zeigten eine vergleichbar positive Wirkung auf die Ackerwildkrautartenvielfalt und -abundanz innerhalb des zwei- bis dreijährigen Untersuchungszeitraumes (Vergleich der Median-Artenzahl und -Deckung aller Maßnahmenflächen mit konventionell bewirtschafteten Ackerrändern bezogen auf den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum: 21 vs. 9 Arten und 68,5 vs. 9,5 %; Kapitel 3). Um jedoch die Ackerwildkrautdiversität auf längere Sicht zu erhalten, ist die Anlage von extensiv bewirtschafteten Ackerflächen und einjährigen Bracheflächen geeigneter. Alle hier untersuchten Maßnahmen dürften aufgrund ihrer Anpassung an die landwirtschaftliche Praxis in modernen konventionellen Betrieben eine hohe Akzeptanz unter Landwirten aufweisen. Daher werden alle in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Maßnahmen zur Berücksichtigung in nationalen oder internationalen Agrarumweltprogrammen empfohlen. Da heute das Vorkommen vieler typischer, einst weit verbreiteter Ackerwildkräuter auf wenige Ackerflächen beschränkt ist, sollte weiterhin die Einbringung solcher Pflanzenarten über Regio-Saatgut bedacht werden, um die Ackerwildkrautdiversität auf Feldebene zu fördern und das (lokales) Aussterben seltener Arten zu verhindern. Zudem wurde während der Umsetzung der Agrarumweltmaßnahmen festgestellt, dass unterschiedliche Witterungsbedingungen in den Untersuchungsjahren zu signifikant veränderten Artenzahlen und -deckungen der Ackerbegleitflora führen können. Dies verdeutlicht, dass zur verlässlichen Evaluierung von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen ein mehrjähriges Monitoring zwingend notwendig ist. Die Wahl der angewandten Erhebungsmethodik kann hierbei einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Monitoring-Ergebnisse haben. So konnte diese Arbeit zeigen, dass die unterschiedlichen derzeit angewandten Erhebungsmethoden zur Erfassung der Ackerwildkrautdiversität zu signifikant unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen hinsichtlich des erfassten Ackerwildkraut-Artenpools in konventionell bewirtschafteten Äckern führen (Kapitel 4). Um die zukünftige Entwicklung der Ackerbegleitflora und die Effektivität von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen im größeren räumlichen und zeitlichen Kontext analysieren zu können, bedarf es daher eines einheitlichen nationalen bzw. internationalen Monitoringsystems, welches idealerweise im Rahmen der Gemeinsamen Europäischen Agrarpolitik implementiert werden sollte. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte diesbezüglich zeigen, dass ein langgestreckter Plot von 500 × 1 m am Ackerrand eine vielversprechende Methode darstellt, um einen Großteil des Ackerwildkraut-Artenpools in konventionell bewirtschafteten Äckern (Median: 75,6 %) in einer vertretbaren Zeit erfassen zu können (Median: 20 Minuten). Diese Methode wird daher als zukünftiger Standard für das Ackerwildkraut-Monitoring auf konventionellen Ackerschlägen empfohlen. ; With the beginning of Central European agriculture in the Neolithic, man-made landscapes have been created, which are characterized by arable land cultivated with crops and grasslands needed for livestock farming. In these traditionally non-intensively farmed areas, a variety of animal and plant species have found a habitat. However, the industrialization of agriculture since the middle of the 19th century has been accompanied by an intensification of the management regime (in particular through the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides). This, in turn, has led to a strong decline in biodiversity in European agricultural landscapes within the last 50 to 60 years. The arable flora, which consists mainly of competitively weak plant species, has been particularly negatively affected by agricultural intensification. However, the maintenance of a rich arable flora is essential, as it is the basis of the food chain in agroecosystems (e.g. as a food source for many insects and farmland birds) and is therefore also crucial for the preservation of important ecosystem functions. Various conservation approaches, such as the introduction of agri-environment measures by the European Union, have not yet been able to stop the ongoing loss of the arable flora in large parts of Europe's primarily conventionally managed farmland. Thus, further research is needed with respect to the current drivers of the plant diversity in conventionally managed fields (especially considering the effect of crop type and the landscape context) and which specific measures can effectively counteract the continuing impoverishment of the arable flora. In addition, currently conducted arable plant surveys strongly vary in their methodologies, making it difficult to reliably assess the conservation status of the arable flora and possible effects of conservation measures on a supra-regional scale. Here, the definition of a suitable standard arable plant monitoring approach is needed. Based on the above-mentioned research needs, the present thesis is dedicated to the following research topics: Studying 200 conventionally managed arable fields, Chapter 2 shows the current state of the arable flora (species richness, abundance and composition) and investigates which factors (location in the field, cultivated crop, management regime, edaphic and landscape context) have a significant influence on the arable plant diversity. Chapter 3 compares four agri-environment measures with regard to their effect on the arable plant vegetation within a two- to three-year study period. The measures were implemented in 67 arable fields and included i) conservation field margins, ii) annual fallows, iii) alternately managed biennial flower strips and iv) perennial flower strips. Before implementation, all measures were adapted with the participation of farmers and other relevant regional stakeholders (e.g. agricultural advisors, hunters, beekeepers, scientists, conservation authorities and organizations) to increase their effectiveness and acceptance. Based on 45 conventionally managed fields, Chapter 4 finally compares the efficiency (number of species recorded in a field and time required) of six established or newly developed survey methods for the assessment of the arable plant diversity. The research was conducted in the predominantly conventionally managed agricultural region of the districts of Nienburg and Diepholz (Lower Saxony, Northwest Germany) from 2016 to 2019. This thesis shows that the current arable plant diversity of conventionally managed fields has reached a historical minimum. Today, the field interior is of almost no relevance as a habitat for arable plants (median species number and cover: 2 species and 0.5 %) and significant occurrences are only found in the field edge (median species number and cover: 11 species and 4 %; Chapter 2). The most important factors determining contemporary arable plant diversity in the field edge were the crop type and the presence of adjacent habitats (i.e. grass strips, hedges and ditch margins). Today's arable flora is severely impoverished and dominated by few widespread plant species, which are able to cope with the intensive management. Characteristic arable plant communities formerly associated with the specific management of crop types or soil factors are no longer detectable. The findings about the impoverishment of the arable flora presented here are transferable to a large part of Western and Central European farmland. Thus, there is an urgent need for action within the Common Agricultural Policy to counteract a further impoverishment of arable flora, related negative effects on dependent organism groups and the endangerment of important ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. This requires the implementation of ecologically efficient measures on a large scale. The four agri-environment measures investigated in this thesis showed a similar positive effect on the arable plant diversity and abundance within the two- to three-year study period (median number of species and cover across all measures and years compared to conventionally managed field edges: 21 vs. 9 species and 68.5 vs. 9.5 %; Chapter 3). However, in order to preserve the arable plant diversity in the longer term, the establishment of conservation field margins and annual fallows are more suitable. Due to their adaptation for practicability on a modern conventional farm, all agri-environmental measures tested here are expected to have a high acceptance among farmers. Thus, all measures tested are recommended for consideration in national or international agri-environment schemes. Nevertheless, since many once widespread arable plant species are nowadays restricted to few arable fields, the introduction of such plant species via seed mixtures of local provenance should be considered in order to promote arable plant diversity at field level and to prevent the (local) extinction of rare species. In addition, during the implementation of the agri-environment measures, it was found that different weather conditions in the study years can lead to significant changes in the observed arable plant species richness and cover. This supports the assumption that multi-year monitoring is absolutely necessary for a reliable evaluation of agri-environment measures. In this context, the choice of survey methodology can have a considerable influence on the monitoring results. This thesis demonstrated that the different currently applied arable plant survey methods lead to significantly different results regarding the recorded arable plant species pool of a conventionally managed field (Chapter 4). To analyze the future development of the arable flora and the effectiveness of implemented agri-environment measures in a larger spatial and temporal context, a standard national or international monitoring system is required, which should ideally be implemented within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy. By capturing a large part of the arable plant species pool of a conventionally managed field (median: 75.6 %) in a reasonable time (median: 20 minutes), this thesis presented an elongated plot of 500 × 1 m at the field edge as a promising survey method, which is recommended as future standard for arable plant monitoring.

The ocean and its areas of influence are fundamental environments for life on the planet, harbor ample biodiversity and are the basis of support for many vulnerable families and communities, which justifies the implementation and effectiveness of laws and policies for the conservation of marine resources throughout the world. With the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, many impacts have intensified in these environments, which emphasizes the importance of research that considers these effects and the political scenario in which the pandemic erupted. The objective of this discussion was to evaluate the social and environmental impacts associated with the resources of the sea, verifying the effectiveness of public policies and highlighting the importance of social inclusion, environmental education and shared responsibility. The study area was the Brazilian coast and the research methodology was based on the analysis of secondary data, analysis of official reports and documents, as well as a qualitative bibliographic review of scientific articles, presenting comparisons and interdisciplinary discussions between Brazil and other countries. in order to build a narrative review on the subject, presenting hypotheses for improvements in the post-pandemic scenario. The study reveals that there is a large gap between theory and practice with regard to sea conservation policies, which is enhanced by the political crisis in Brazil and its social, economic and environmental effects, generating impacts and externalities that affect national interests and international. It is concluded that, in the post-pandemic scenario, there will be a great need for joint actions to mitigate the intensified impacts of the pandemic, and it is up to the government to support the most affected and seek to ensure the practical effectiveness of the sea. conservation policies and effective environmental education actions. ; La forma y los requisitos para la comercialización de plaguicidas en Brasil, la liberación de nuevos productos y sus efectos adversos sobre la salud y los ecosistemas han sido objeto de discusión por parte de investigadores y también de controversias internacionales sobre la seguridad alimentaria en Brasil. Estas entradas son a menudo persistentes y difíciles de degradar, e incluso pueden generar metabolitos intermedios más tóxicos. En este escenario, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar qué plaguicidas se vendieron más en Brasil en los últimos 10 años, así como plantear aspectos asociados con la biodegradación de estos compuestos y sus efectos en la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Para ello, se utilizaron datos secundarios del Instituto Brasileño de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Renovables (IBAMA), además de una revisión bibliográfica y método cuali-cuantitativo. Los resultados muestran que los agroquímicos que lideraron el ranking de los más comercializados fueron el glifosato; 2,4D y atrazina. Existía un gran vacío en el conocimiento sobre los procesos de biodegradación de estos productos, aunque existen estudios que muestran la relevancia del tema para mitigar impactos en la salud humana y los ecosistemas. La literatura consultada también reveló una amplia gama de efectos adversos sobre la salud humana derivados de la exposición a estos agroquímicos. Finalmente, se consideró urgente cambiar el patrón de consumo de estos principios activos (i.a.) y la búsqueda de alternativas de menor impacto orientadas al desarrollo sostenible. ; O oceano e suas áreas de influência são ambientes fundamentais para a vida no planeta, abrigam ampla biodiversidade e são a base de apoio para muitas famílias e comunidades vulneráveis, o que justifica a implementação e eficácia de leis e políticas de conservação dos recursos marinhos em todo o mundo. Com a pandemia provocada pelo novo coronavírus, muitos impactos se intensificaram nesses ambientes, o que enfatiza a importância de pesquisas que considerem esses efeitos e o cenário político em que a pandemia eclodiu. O objetivo desta discussão foi avaliar os impactos socioambientais associados aos recursos do mar, verificando a eficácia das políticas públicas e destacando a importância da inclusão social, da educação ambiental e da responsabilidade compartilhada. A área de estudo foi o litoral brasileiro e a metodologia da pesquisa baseou-se na análise de dados secundários, análise de relatórios e documentos oficiais, bem como revisão bibliográfica qualitativa de artigos científicos, apresentando comparações e discussões interdisciplinares entre o Brasil e outros países a fim de construir uma revisão narrativa sobre o assunto, apresentando hipóteses de melhorias no cenário pós-pandemia. O estudo revela que existe um grande fosso entre teoria e prática no que diz respeito às políticas de conservação do mar, que é potencializado pela crise política no Brasil e seus efeitos sociais, econômicos e ambientais, gerando impactos e externalidades que afetam os interesses nacionais e internacionais. Conclui-se que no cenário pós-pandêmico haverá grande necessidade de ações conjuntas para mitigar os impactos intensificados da pandemia, cabendo ao poder público apoiar os mais afetados e buscar garantir a eficácia prática do mar. políticas de conservação e ações eficazes de educação ambiental.

But in reality, in the observations of the authors of the vehicles that we encountered, both four-wheeled and two-wheeled, almost every evening until evening, vehicles were found parked on the Flyover on the Sudirman street, Tuanku Tambusai, Sukarno Hatta and HR Subrantas. While the government has clearly provided a symbol of prohibition to stop on the bridge and in the traffic law it clearly states that everyone driving a motorized vehicle on the road is obliged to comply with the stopping and parking requirements. This is dangerous because the flyover is built only for passing vehicles and the vehicle is prohibited from parking or stopping along the body of the flyover because the flyover is not prepared not for stopping vehicles. This type of research is research conducted by identifying the law on how the effectiveness of the law applies in society. The conclusion is that the implementation of the prohibition on parking for motorized vehicle riders in Pekanbaru City flyovers based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation which results in disruption of road functions based on Law Number 22 of 2009 is less effective and maximal. This is because there are still many people who do not know about these regulations, Lack of Socialization of Law Number 22 Year 2009 from Law Enforcement Officials, Lack of firm law enforcement officials in implementing criminal sanctions, and Lack of Legal Awareness of the Community itself. Obstacles Faced in the Implementation of the Parking Prohibition for Motorized Vehicle Riders on Flyover in Pekanbaru City Based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation are the Legal Substance, Legal Structure, Legal Culture and Facilities or Facilities and the limited facilities and infrastructure. Efforts made to overcome obstacles in the Implementation of the Parking Prohibition for Motorized Vehicle Riders at Pekanbaru City Flyovers Based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation are that peace and traffic order is by fostering mutual assistance and assistance among the enforcement officers and the public, the public workers' office of transportation without neglecting their respective interests in the framework of increasing obedience and compliance, thus the Government's hope of improving services in traffic order in a peaceful and orderly condition in the regions can be realized. Apart from that, the implementation of traffic control, tranquility and orderliness can also be carried out by utilizing public facilities and facilities, increasing legal awareness, increasing the number of police personnel in the traffic sphere and repressive actions. Keywords: Implementation, No Parking, Flyover Namun pada kenyataannya dalam pengamatan penulis kendaraan yang kami jumpai baik roda empat maupun roda dua, hampir setiap sore hingga malam hari ditemukan kendaraan yang parkir di Flyover yang ada dijalan Sudirman, Tuanku Tambusai, Sukarno Hatta dan HR Subrantas. Sementara pemerintah sudah dengan jelas memberikan simbol larangan untuk berhenti dijembatan tersebut serta didalam undang-undang lalu lintas tersebut dengan tegas mengatakan setiap orang yang mengemudikan kendaraan bermotor di jalan wajib mematuhi ketentuan berhenti dan parkir akan diberikan sanksi. Hal ini berbahaya karena Flyover tersebut dibangun hanya untuk kendaraan yang melintas dan kendaraan dilarang parkir atau berhenti di sepanjang badan jalan Flyover karena Flyover itu tidak disiapkan bukan untuk kendaraan yang berhenti. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara mengadakan identifikasi hukum bagaimana efektivitas hukum itu berlaku dalam masyarakat. Kesimpulan adalah Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan yang mengakibatkan terganggunya fungsi jalan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 kurang efektif dan maksimal. Hal ini dikarenakan masih banyaknya masyarakat yang tidak mengetahui peraturan tersebut, Kurangnya Sosialisasi Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 dari Aparat Penegak Hukum, Kurang tegasnya Aparat penegak Hukum dalam menerapkan Sanksi Pidana, Serta Kurangnya Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat itu sendiri. Hambatan Yang Dihadapi Dalam Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan adalah Substansi Hukum, Struktur Hukum, Budaya Hukum dan Sarana atau Fasilitas dan masih terbatasnya sarana dan prasarana. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi hambatan dalam Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan adalah bahwa ketentraman dan ketertiban lalu lintas adalah dengan membina saling membantu dan menolong diantara aparat penertiban dan masyarakat, dinas perhubungan dinas pekerja umum tanpa mengabaikan kepentingan masing-masing dalam rangka peningkatan ketaatan dan kepatuhan, dengan demikian harapan Pemerintah untuk meningkatkan pelayanan dalam ketertiban lalu lintas dalam keadaan tenteram dan tertib di daerah dapat terwujud. Selain itu pelaksanaan penertiban, ketentraman dan ketertiban lalu lintas juga dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan sarana dan fasilitas umum, meningkatkan kesadaran hukum, Menambah Jumlah Personil Kepolisian di lingkup lalu lintas serta Tindakan represif.

The subject of the article is rating assessment and development of recommendations on management of scientific and technological development of the countries. The purpose of the article is to develop an index that assesses the scientific and technological potential, the results of scientific and technological activities and the pace of changes in the scientific and technological development of different countries of the world. The following tasks are solved in the article: the model of rating estimation of scientific and technical development of the countries of the world is developed; the countries of the world are classified depending on a level of their scientific and technical development; recommendations on development of scientific and technical potential of the countries depending on the chosen groups are given. The following methods are used: indexing method, ranking and grouping. The following results were obtained: the calculations possible to identify three groups of countries according to the level of their scientific and technological development: leaders, potential leaders and "overtaking" countries. Main result of the project is to promote the development of the scientific and technological potential, to demonstrate the insignificant results of the scientific and technological activity, and to reduce the low level of development of new technologies. For each of the above groups of countries, recommendations have been made for raising the level of their scientific and technological development. Conclusions: the current stage of the world's technological development creates new opportunities for the countries of the world to ensure their sustainable growth. Therefore, the creating and maintaining the potential of scientific and technological development, coupled with an adequate government policy of economic development, opens up tremendous opportunities for the countries to ensure global competitiveness. The study presented provides general recommendations for individual countries to improve the processes of managing scientific and technological potential of individual groups of countries. The obtained results can become the basis for the concept and strategy development of scientific and technological development of different countries of the world. ; Предметом статьи является рейтинговая оценка и разработка рекомендаций по управлению научно-техническим развитием стран. Цель исследования – разработать методологию расчета индекса научно-технического развития и ранжировать страны мира. В статье решены следующие задачи: разработана модель рейтинговой оценки научно-технического развития стран мира; классифицированы страны мира в зависимости от уровня их научно-технического развития; даны рекомендации по развитию научно-технического потенциала стран в зависимости от выбранных групп. Применяются следующие методы: индексный метод, ранжирование и группировка. Получены следующие результаты: приведенные расчеты позволили определить три группы стран в соответствии с уровнем их научно-технического развития: лидеры, потенциальные лидеры и страны "догоняющие". Основным результатом проекта является содействие развитию научно-технического потенциала, демонстрация результатов научно-технической деятельности и улучшение уровня развития новых технологий. Для каждой из перечисленных групп стран были даны рекомендации по развитию науки и технологий. Выводы: современный этап мирового технологического развития создает новые возможности для стран по обеспечению их устойчивого роста. Поэтому создание и поддержка потенциала научно-технического уровня в сочетании с адекватной государственной политики экономического развития открывает перед странами огромные возможности для обеспечения глобальной конкурентоспособности. В представленном исследовании даны общие рекомендации для отдельных стран по совершенствованию процессов управления научно-техническим потенциалом групп стран. Полученные результаты могут стать основой для разработки концепции и стратегии научно-технического развития стран мира. ; Предметом статті є рейтингова оцінка та розробка рекомендацій щодо управління науково-технічним розвитком країн. Мета дослідження – розробити методологію обчислення індексу науково-технічного розвитку та ранжувати країни світу. У статті вирішено такі завдання: розробити модель рейтингової оцінки науково-технічного розвитку країн світу; класифікувати країни світу залежно від рівня їх науково-технічного розвитку; надати рекомендації щодо розвитку науково-технічного потенціалу країн залежно від вибраних груп. Застосовуються такі методи: індексний метод, ранжирування та групування. Отримані наступні результати: наведені розрахунки дозволили визначити три групи країн відповідно до рівня їх науково-технічного розвитку: лідери, потенційні лідери та країни, що «наздоганяючі». Основним результатом проекту є сприяння розвитку науково-технічного потенціалу, демонстрація результатів науково-технічної діяльності та покращення рівня розвитку нових технологій. Для кожної з перерахованих груп країн були зроблені рекомендації щодо розвитку науки та технологій. Висновки: сучасний етап світового технологічного розвитку створює нові можливості для країн світу щодо забезпечення їх сталого зростання. Тому створення та підтримка потенціалу науково-технічного рівня в поєднанні з адекватною державною політикою економічного розвитку відкриває перед країнами величезні можливості для забезпечення глобальної конкурентоспроможності. Представлене дослідження дає загальні рекомендації для окремих країн щодо вдосконалення процесів управління науково-технічним потенціалом груп країн. Отримані результати можуть стати основою для розробки концепції та стратегії науково-технічного розвитку різних країн світу.

The subject of the article is rating assessment and development of recommendations on management of scientific and technological development of the countries. The purpose of the article is to develop an index that assesses the scientific and technological potential, the results of scientific and technological activities and the pace of changes in the scientific and technological development of different countries of the world. The following tasks are solved in the article: the model of rating estimation of scientific and technical development of the countries of the world is developed; the countries of the world are classified depending on a level of their scientific and technical development; recommendations on development of scientific and technical potential of the countries depending on the chosen groups are given. The following methods are used: indexing method, ranking and grouping. The following results were obtained: the calculations possible to identify three groups of countries according to the level of their scientific and technological development: leaders, potential leaders and "overtaking" countries. Main result of the project is to promote the development of the scientific and technological potential, to demonstrate the insignificant results of the scientific and technological activity, and to reduce the low level of development of new technologies. For each of the above groups of countries, recommendations have been made for raising the level of their scientific and technological development. Conclusions: the current stage of the world's technological development creates new opportunities for the countries of the world to ensure their sustainable growth. Therefore, the creating and maintaining the potential of scientific and technological development, coupled with an adequate government policy of economic development, opens up tremendous opportunities for the countries to ensure global competitiveness. The study presented provides general recommendations for individual countries to improve the processes of managing scientific and technological potential of individual groups of countries. The obtained results can become the basis for the concept and strategy development of scientific and technological development of different countries of the world. ; Предметом статьи является рейтинговая оценка и разработка рекомендаций по управлению научно-техническим развитием стран. Цель исследования – разработать методологию расчета индекса научно-технического развития и ранжировать страны мира. В статье решены следующие задачи: разработана модель рейтинговой оценки научно-технического развития стран мира; классифицированы страны мира в зависимости от уровня их научно-технического развития; даны рекомендации по развитию научно-технического потенциала стран в зависимости от выбранных групп. Применяются следующие методы: индексный метод, ранжирование и группировка. Получены следующие результаты: приведенные расчеты позволили определить три группы стран в соответствии с уровнем их научно-технического развития: лидеры, потенциальные лидеры и страны "догоняющие". Основным результатом проекта является содействие развитию научно-технического потенциала, демонстрация результатов научно-технической деятельности и улучшение уровня развития новых технологий. Для каждой из перечисленных групп стран были даны рекомендации по развитию науки и технологий. Выводы: современный этап мирового технологического развития создает новые возможности для стран по обеспечению их устойчивого роста. Поэтому создание и поддержка потенциала научно-технического уровня в сочетании с адекватной государственной политики экономического развития открывает перед странами огромные возможности для обеспечения глобальной конкурентоспособности. В представленном исследовании даны общие рекомендации для отдельных стран по совершенствованию процессов управления научно-техническим потенциалом групп стран. Полученные результаты могут стать основой для разработки концепции и стратегии научно-технического развития стран мира. ; Предметом статті є рейтингова оцінка та розробка рекомендацій щодо управління науково-технічним розвитком країн. Мета дослідження – розробити методологію обчислення індексу науково-технічного розвитку та ранжувати країни світу. У статті вирішено такі завдання: розробити модель рейтингової оцінки науково-технічного розвитку країн світу; класифікувати країни світу залежно від рівня їх науково-технічного розвитку; надати рекомендації щодо розвитку науково-технічного потенціалу країн залежно від вибраних груп. Застосовуються такі методи: індексний метод, ранжирування та групування. Отримані наступні результати: наведені розрахунки дозволили визначити три групи країн відповідно до рівня їх науково-технічного розвитку: лідери, потенційні лідери та країни, що «наздоганяючі». Основним результатом проекту є сприяння розвитку науково-технічного потенціалу, демонстрація результатів науково-технічної діяльності та покращення рівня розвитку нових технологій. Для кожної з перерахованих груп країн були зроблені рекомендації щодо розвитку науки та технологій. Висновки: сучасний етап світового технологічного розвитку створює нові можливості для країн світу щодо забезпечення їх сталого зростання. Тому створення та підтримка потенціалу науково-технічного рівня в поєднанні з адекватною державною політикою економічного розвитку відкриває перед країнами величезні можливості для забезпечення глобальної конкурентоспроможності. Представлене дослідження дає загальні рекомендації для окремих країн щодо вдосконалення процесів управління науково-технічним потенціалом груп країн. Отримані результати можуть стати основою для розробки концепції та стратегії науково-технічного розвитку різних країн світу.

Malaria is an infectious disease transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, affecting humans throughout the world. Malaria is one of the diseases that never disappear (emerging) which shows a trend of increasing cases in several countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze environmental factors, behavioral factors, biological environment and health service factors are factors that influence the incidence of malaria in the work area of Leuser Health Center This research uses a quantitative type with a Case Control approach. The population in this study were those who suffered from malaria and those who did not suffer from malaria in Leuser Health Center in Southeast Aceh Regency in 2019 as many as 64 controls and 64 cases with the technique of random sampling. Data collection is carried out with primary, secondary and tertiary data. Data analysis was performed with univariate, bivariate (Chi Square test) and multivariate (multiple regression test) analyzes. The results showed that the air temperature factor with a Sig value of 0.722 and OR 0.827, the majority there was a puddle factor with a value of Sig 0.001 and OR 3.667, a Distance to Home factor with a Breading Place with a value of Sig 0.001 and OR 3.432, a cage factor for animals with a value of Sig 0.001 and OR 3,695, the lighting factor for the majority of malaria events <60 lux as many as 37 respondents (57.8%) who suffer and 38 respondents (59.4%) who do not suffer with a Sig value of 0.858 and OR 1.067, a House Wall factor with a sig value of 0.008 and OR 3,051, anti mosquito repellent factor with a sig value of 0.014 and OR 0.193, a habit factor at night out with a sig value of 1,000 and OR 0.860, an extension factor with a sig value of 0.042 and an OR of 2.945, a home spraying factor with a sig value of 0.204 and an OR 2.231 , and treatment factors with Sig values 0.030 and OR 5,073. The conclusion of this study is that there is an influence of waterlogging factors, the distance between the house and the breeding place, the presence of animal pens, house walls, the use of mosquito coils, counseling, and treatment of malaria. The most dominant variable on malaria incidence is standing water. It is expected that the regional and central government policies are expected to create a key goal in achieving the targets in preventing malaria, especially regarding water puddles that have become commonplace in the community in the Leuser Health Center in the Southeast Aceh District of Aceh Province. ; Malaria adalah suatu penyakit menular yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk Anopheles betina, menyerang manusia di seluruh negara dunia. Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit yang tidak pernah hilang (emerging) yang menunjukkan kecenderungan meningkatnya kasus di beberapa negara.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor lingkungan, faktor perilaku, lingkungan biologis dan faktor pelayanan kesehatan merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian malaria di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Leuser. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Case Control. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu yang menderita malaria dan yang tidak menderita malaria di Puskesmas Leuser Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara Tahun 2019 sebanyak 64 orang kontrol dan 64 orang kasus dengan tenik sample random sampling. Pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan data primer, sekunder dan tersier. Analisis data yang dilakukan dengan analisis univariat, bivariat (uji Chi Square), dan multivariat (uji regesi berganda). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor suhu udara dengan nilai Sig 0,722 dan OR 0,827, mayoritas terdapat faktor genangan air dengan nilai Sig 0,001 dan OR 3,667, faktor Jarak Rumah dengan Breading Place dengan nilai Sig 0,001 dan OR 3,432, faktor kandang hewan dengan nilai Sig 0,001 dan OR 3,695, faktor pencahayaan terhadap kejadian malaria mayoritas <60 lux sebanyak 37 responden (57,8%) yang menderita dan 38 responden (59,4%) yang tidak menderita dengan nilai Sig 0,858 dan OR 1,067, faktor Dinding Rumah dengan nilai sig 0,008 dan OR 3,051, faktor obat anti nyamuk dengan nilai sig 0,014 dan OR 0,193, faktor kebiasaan keluar rumah malam hari dengan nilai sig 1,000 dan OR 0,860, faktor penyuluhan dengan nilai sig 0,042 dan OR 2,945, faktor penyemprotan rumah dengan nilai sig 0,204 dan OR 2,231,dan faktor pengobatan dengan nilai Sig 0,030 dan OR 5,073. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa ada pengaruh faktor genangan air, jarak rumah dengan breeding place, keberadaan kandang hewan, dinding rumah, penggunaan obat nyamuk, penyuluhan,dan pengobatan terhadap kejadian malaria. Variabel paling dominan terhadap kejadian malaria adalah genangan air. Bagi pemerintah daerah maupun pemerintah pusat diharapkan adanya diharapkan adanya kebijakan demi terciptanya tujuan utama dalam pencapaian target dalam pencegahan kejadian malaria, terutama mengenai genangan air yang sudah menjadi hal biasa ada di lingkungan masyarakat di wilayah Puskesmas Leuser Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara Provinsi Aceh.

The subject of the article is rating assessment and development of recommendations on management of scientific and technological development of the countries. The purpose of the article is to develop an index that assesses the scientific and technological potential, the results of scientific and technological activities and the pace of changes in the scientific and technological development of different countries of the world. The following tasks are solved in the article: the model of rating estimation of scientific and technical development of the countries of the world is developed; the countries of the world are classified depending on a level of their scientific and technical development; recommendations on development of scientific and technical potential of the countries depending on the chosen groups are given. The following methods are used: indexing method, ranking and grouping. The following results were obtained: the calculations possible to identify three groups of countries according to the level of their scientific and technological development: leaders, potential leaders and "overtaking" countries. Main result of the project is to promote the development of the scientific and technological potential, to demonstrate the insignificant results of the scientific and technological activity, and to reduce the low level of development of new technologies. For each of the above groups of countries, recommendations have been made for raising the level of their scientific and technological development. Conclusions: the current stage of the world's technological development creates new opportunities for the countries of the world to ensure their sustainable growth. Therefore, the creating and maintaining the potential of scientific and technological development, coupled with an adequate government policy of economic development, opens up tremendous opportunities for the countries to ensure global competitiveness. The study presented provides general recommendations for individual countries to improve the processes of managing scientific and technological potential of individual groups of countries. The obtained results can become the basis for the concept and strategy development of scientific and technological development of different countries of the world. ; Предметом статьи является рейтинговая оценка и разработка рекомендаций по управлению научно-техническим развитием стран. Цель исследования – разработать методологию расчета индекса научно-технического развития и ранжировать страны мира. В статье решены следующие задачи: разработана модель рейтинговой оценки научно-технического развития стран мира; классифицированы страны мира в зависимости от уровня их научно-технического развития; даны рекомендации по развитию научно-технического потенциала стран в зависимости от выбранных групп. Применяются следующие методы: индексный метод, ранжирование и группировка. Получены следующие результаты: приведенные расчеты позволили определить три группы стран в соответствии с уровнем их научно-технического развития: лидеры, потенциальные лидеры и страны «догоняющие». Основным результатом проекта является содействие развитию научно-технического потенциала, демонстрация результатов научно-технической деятельности и улучшение уровня развития новых технологий. Для каждой из перечисленных групп стран были даны рекомендации по развитию науки и технологий. Выводы: современный этап мирового технологического развития создает новые возможности для стран по обеспечению их устойчивого роста. Поэтому создание и поддержка потенциала научно-технического уровня в сочетании с адекватной государственной политики экономического развития открывает перед странами огромные возможности для обеспечения глобальной конкурентоспособности. В представленном исследовании даны общие рекомендации для отдельных стран по совершенствованию процессов управления научно-техническим потенциалом групп стран. Полученные результаты могут стать основой для разработки концепции и стратегии научно-технического развития стран мира. ; Предметом статті є рейтингова оцінка та розробка рекомендацій щодо управління науково-технічним розвитком країн. Мета дослідження – розробити методологію обчислення індексу науково-технічного розвитку та ранжувати країни світу. У статті вирішено такі завдання: розробити модель рейтингової оцінки науково-технічного розвитку країн світу; класифікувати країни світу залежно від рівня їх науково-технічного розвитку; надати рекомендації щодо розвитку науково-технічного потенціалу країн залежно від вибраних груп. Застосовуються такі методи: індексний метод, ранжирування та групування. Отримані наступні результати: наведені розрахунки дозволили визначити три групи країн відповідно до рівня їх науково-технічного розвитку: лідери, потенційні лідери та країни, що «наздоганяючі». Основним результатом проекту є сприяння розвитку науково-технічного потенціалу, демонстрація результатів науково-технічної діяльності та покращення рівня розвитку нових технологій. Для кожної з перерахованих груп країн були зроблені рекомендації щодо розвитку науки та технологій. Висновки: сучасний етап світового технологічного розвитку створює нові можливості для країн світу щодо забезпечення їх сталого зростання. Тому створення та підтримка потенціалу науково-технічного рівня в поєднанні з адекватною державною політикою економічного розвитку відкриває перед країнами величезні можливості для забезпечення глобальної конкурентоспроможності. Представлене дослідження дає загальні рекомендації для окремих країн щодо вдосконалення процесів управління науково-технічним потенціалом груп країн. Отримані результати можуть стати основою для розробки концепції та стратегії науково-технічного розвитку різних країн світу.

For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the problems of development of intermodal transport system of large cities and agglomerations. The results of surveys regarding evaluation and identification of the prospects of transport service are presented. The model of the developed system allows to visually show the state of the urban transport network. Approbation of the proposed model in Moscow agglomeration makes it possible to assess the existing and develop a promising program for development of passenger intermodal transport, which corresponds to the modern quality of transport services for the population of the metropolis. Keywords: intermodal transport system, metropolis, passenger transport, individual transport, transport and transfer hub, «intercepting» parking. REFERENCES 1.Larin, O. N. Organization of passenger transportation: educational guide [Organizacija passazhirskih perevozok: Ucheb. posobie].Chelyabinsk, Izd-vo JuUrGU, 2005, 104 p. 2.Vlasov, D. N. Scientific and methodological foundations for development of agglomeration systems of transport-interchange hubs (the example of the Moscow agglomeration) / Abstract of D.Sc.(Eng.) thesis [Nauchno-metodologicheskie osnovy razvitija aglomeracionnyh sistem transportno-peresadochnyh uzlov (na primere Moskovskoj aglomeracii). Avtoref. dis… dok. tehn.].Moscow, 2013, 35 p. 3.Access and roadside management standards.South Carolina department of transportation, 2008, 130 p. 4.Vukan R. Vuchic Urban Transit Systems and Technology.Wiley, USA, 2007, 624 p. 5.Pekina E., Macharisa C., et al.Location Analysis Model for Belgian Intermodal Terminals: Importance of the value of time in the intermodal transport chain.[Electronic resource] DOI:10.1016/j.compind.2012.06.001.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 6.Vlasov, D. N. Interchange Japanese-style [Peresadka po-japonski].Arhitektura i stroitel'stvo Moskvy, 2010, Iss.2, pp.22-28. 7.Indicators to Assess Sustainability of Transport Activities, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Report 2007 [Electronic resource] DOI:10.2788/54736.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 8.Litman T. Introduction to Multi-Modal Transportation Planning: Principles and Practices.Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2012 [Electronic resource] URL: www.vtpi.org.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 9.Transit design standards manual.City Planning Department, Lousville, USA, 2013, 80 р. 10.Shherbina E. V., Danilina N. V., Vlasov D. N. City planning issues for sustainable development.International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol.10, Iss.22, 2015, pp.43131-43138. 11.Danilina, N., Vlasov, D., System of transport-interchange hubs and «intercepting» parking: Monograph.Saarbrucken, Lap Lambert AcademicPublishing, 2013, 88 p. 12.Transport-interchange hubs: road and transport infrastructure development maps [Transportno-peresadochnie uzly: karty razvitiya dorozhno-transportnoi infrastruktury].Official site of the complex of town-planning policy and construction of the city of Moscow [Electronic resource] http://old.stroi.mos.ru/TPU-aip.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 13.Shitova, Yu.Yu., Shitov, Yu.A. Individual characteristics of the pendulum labor migration in the Moscow region: GIS analysis of micro data [Individual'nye harakteristiki majatnikovoj trudovoj migracii v Podmoskov'e: GIS-analiz mikro-dannyh].International University of Nature, Society and Man «Dubna», the work was carried out within the framework of the RFBR grant 11-06- 00323-a.2011, 9 p. 14.Danilina N. V. Intermodal system for mobility demand in the realities of the Russian Federation: reality and forecast.E3S Web of Conferences, ICSC (2016) [Electronic resource] DOI:10.1051/e sconf /2016.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 15.Vlasov D., Danilina N. Scientific and Methodological Basis of Development of the Park-and- Ride Facilities in the Intermodal Transport Hubs of Moscow Agglomeration.Advanced Materials Research Vol.869-870 (2014), pp.201-204 (2014).Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland [Electronic resource] DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.869-870.201.Last accessed 31.07.2016. 16.Durán Bernal L., Basic Parameters for the Design of Intermodal Public Transport Infrastructures.Transportation Research Procedia, Vol.14, 2016, pp.499-508. 17.Decree of Moscow Government dated December 23, 2015 № 945-PP «On approval of regional standards of urban design of the city of Moscow in the field of transport, highways of regional or municipal significance [Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva Moskvy ot 23.12.2015 № 945- PP «Ob utverzhdenii regional'nyh normativov gradostroitel'nogo proektirovanija goroda Moskvy v oblasti transporta, avtomobil'nyh dorog regional'nogo ili municipal'nogo znachenija].[Electronic resource]: http://www.consultant.ru/cons/CGI/online.cgi?req=doc &base=MLAW&n=167806#0.Last accessed 21.03.2017. 18.Spillar R. Park-and-Ride Planning and Design Guidelines.New York, Parsons Brinckerhoff Inc., 1997, 220 p. 19.Guide for park and ride facilities.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, USA, 2004, 154 p. ; Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).Статья посвящена проблемам развития интермодальной транспортной системы крупных городов и агломераций. Представлены результаты изысканий в вопросах оценки и определения перспектив транспортного обслуживания. Модель разработанной системы позволяет наглядно показать состояние транспортной сети городского поселения. Апробация предложенной модели в Московской агломерации дает возможность оценить существующую и сформировать перспективную программу развития пассажирских интермодальных перевозок, соответствующую современным требованиям к качеству транспортных услуг для населения мегаполиса.

The background of this study is that the study is closely related to morals and manners, the companions of Allah's Apostle Shallallahu alaihi wasallam began studying to learn manners and morals. Having manners and morals will make easy science to be learned from a teacher, so blessing and will be absorbed into the benefits of life. Knowing the purpose of this study is the concept of the sheikh Bakr bin Abdullah and Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz on manners and morals prosecution of science. Tracing paper is Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm sheikh Bakr and works sheikh Abdul Qadir Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf. As well as knowing the differences and similarities view of Sheikh Bakr bin Abdullah and Sheikh Abdul Qadir Abdul Aziz on manners and morals prosecution of science. Difficulties encountered in this study is a book by Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf unsold `free. He was a prisoner and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Egyptian government because its association with global jihad. The method used is the literature using this type of comparative research, the approach used in this study is a philosophical approach, which is to examine the figures and reveal the thinking behind the visible nature of things. Methods of data collection in this study using the method of document review. The results showed that the First: Comparison of manners and morals prosecution of science in the eyes of the sheikh Bakr and Sheikhs Abdul Qadir refer book Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm and book Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf does not have much difference. Both are consistent with the Qur'an and Sunnah, as well as determine the good and bad morals through the Qur'an and the Sunnah and not others. Second: Second: the conclusion of the book Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf by Sheikh Abdul Qadir morals relating to `Alim and Muta'alim is sincere in the intention, really use the time, occupy yourself with your most important science, right in choosing the source (reference) book, beginning with science, patience to study and teach it. Third: The conclusion of book Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm is a self-contained in the claimant of science such as Science is worship, follow the path of the salafus ṣolih, always fear Allah Subhānahu wa ta'ālā. Manners in the scientific life of the spirit in science, passionate in studying, traveling far in their studies, keep the knowledge in writing. Invalidate-canceling this provision include resentment, envy, prejudice, sit together heretical, stepped to the forbidden. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah bahwa menuntut ilmu berkaitan erat dengan akhlak dan adab, para sahabat Rasulallah Shallallahu alaihi wasallam mulai menimba ilmu dengan belajar adab dan akhlak. Memiliki adab dan akhlak akan menjadikan mudahnya ilmu yang akan dipelajari dari seorang guru, sehingga berbarokah dan akan terserap menjadi manfaat dalam hidup. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Mengetahui konsep syeikh Bakr bin Abdullah dan syeikh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz tentang adab dan akhlak penuntut ilmu. Menelusuri karya syeikh Bakr yaitu Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm dan karya syeikh Abdul Qadir Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf. Serta mengetahui perbedaan dan persamaan pandangan Syeikh Bakr bin Abdullah dan Syeikh Abdul Qadir Abdul Aziz tentang adab dan akhlak penuntut ilmu. Kesulitan yang dihadapai dalam penelitian ini yaitu buku karya syeikh Abdul Qadir bin Abdul Aziz Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf tidak terjual bebas. Beliau menjadi tahanan dan divonis penjara seumur hidup oleh pemerintah Mesir sebab keterkaitannya dengan jihad global. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kepustakaan (library research) menggunakan jenis penelitian perbandingan atau komparatif, pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan filosofis, yaitu untuk meneliti pemikiran tokoh dan mengungkapkan dibalik hakikat segala sesuatu yang nampak. Metode pengumpulan data dalam kajian ini menggunakan metode telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pertama: Perbandingan adab dan akhlak penuntut ilmu menurut pandangan syeikh Bakr dan syeikh Abdul Qadir merujuk pada buku Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm dan buku Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf tidak memiliki perbedaan yang jauh. Keduanya bersesuaian dengan al Qur'an dan as Sunnah, serta menentukan baik dan buruk akhlak melalui al-Qur'an dan Sunnah, bukan yang lain-lainnya. Kedua: kesimpulan buku Al Jāmi` fī Ṭolabil `Ilmisy Syarīf karya syeikh Abdul Qadir adab-­adab yang berkaitan dengan Alim dan Muta'aalim ialah ikhlas dalam niat, betul­-betul memanfaatkan waktu, menyibukkan diri dengan ilmu-­ilmu yang paling penting, tepat dalam memilih sumber (referensi) buku, berawal dengan ilmu, sabar untuk menuntut ilmu dan mengajarakannya. Ketiga: Kesimpulan buku Ḥilyah Ṭālib al-'Ilm karya syeikh Bakr ialah: Adab-adab diri penuntut ilmu diantaranya Ilmu adalah ibadah, ikutilah jalan para salafus ṣolih, selalu takut kepada Allah Subhānahu wa ta'ālā. Adab dalam kehidupan ilmiah diantaranya semangat tinggi dalam ilmu, bergairah dalam menuntut ilmu, melakukan pekerjaan jauh dalam menuntut ilmu, menjaga ilmu secara tertulis. Pembatal-pembatal bekal ini diantaranya dendam, dengki, buruk sangka, duduk bersama ahli bid'ah, melangkahkan kaki kepada yang diharamkan.

The research of cumulative valuation of physico-chemical from Tondano Lake was conducted in to dry season on 2015. The purpose of the study was to analysis of water quality of the Lake such as Total Suspeded Solid (TSS), Total Disolved Solid (TDS), and Conductivity (DHL), as physical parameters, and also chemical parameters such as pH, Ca, Mg, K, SO4, Nitrogen Total, NH3, NO3, Phosfat Total, PO4, and Fe. These were done by taking water sample on 24 location.The data were analysed by multivariate analysis with soft ware statistic R versi 3.3.2, and Water quality analysis based on water quality criteria for water environment, and Decree of Government Republic Indonesian No.82 /2001 about water quality management and water pollution control.Result revealed that average and deviation standart of phyco-chemical parameters are TDS (mg/l) 192.0471 ± 94.1827, TSS (mg/l) 13.33 ± 4.8154 , DHL ( µmhos/cm) 317.833 ± 161.984, pH (6.8875 ± 0.2291), Ca (mg/l) 16.6667 ± 7.2284, Mg (mg/l) 14.7714 ± 0.3860, K (mg/l) 2.330 ± 0.4467, SO4 (mg/l) 5.685 ± 5.3366, Total Nitrogen (mg/l) 2.993 ± 5.3364, NH3 (mg/l) 0.2348 ± 0.8543, NO3 (mg/l) 5.3567 ± 7.0824, Total Phosfat (mg/l) 0.3333 ± 0.4821, PO4 (mg/l) 0.1130 ± 0.3315, Fe (mg/l) 0.11 ± 0.1901Principle Componen Analysis (PCA) with Eigen value (cumulative % of variance) 62.68 % explaining 10 parameter of physical chemistry water and 10 research location as reduction data from initial data. Cluster analysis with reduction data formed (1) The research location between Eris village and eceng gondok area, and fish Pond Eris village, the dominant variable were TDS, DHL, Nitrogen Total, and NH3. (2) The research location in fish Pond Toulimembet village, in front of eceng gondok Urongo village, in front of eceng gondok Paleloan village, and in front of eceng gondok Roong village, the dominant variable were SO4, pH, and Mg, (3) The research location between Kakas villages and eceng gondok area , Kaweng village and eceng gondok area, Kaweng village and eceng gondok area, Toulimembet village and eceng gondok area, and also fish Pond Kaima village, the dominant variable were TSS, Ca, dan K.Tondano Lake has level of productivity from medium to high, and it is good for fish culture and fishery activity, prossed for drinking water, agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, and water power.Keywords : Valuation, physical chemistry water, criteria Abstrak Penelitian tentang kumulatif kualitas fisik kimia air Danau Tondano telah dilakukan pada musim kemarau tahun 2015. Tujuan penelitian adalah (1) menganalisis kualitas air Danau Tondano yang meliputi TSS, TDS, DH sebagai faktor fisika perairan , dan faktor kimia yaitu derajat keasaman (pH), parameter fisika air danau yaitu Calsium, Magnesium, Kalium, Sulfat, Total nitrogen, Amoniak, Nitrat, Total Phosfat, Phosfat terlarut, dan Besi (Fe).Sampel air di ambil pada 24 titik pengambilan sampel di Danau Tondano. Pengambilan sampel air pada kedalaman 20 meter dilakukan pada 21 titik atau lokasi penelitian, titik pengambilan sampel pada kedalaman 5 meter, 10 meter, dan 20 meter.Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan (1) Analisis multivariate dengan bantuan perangkat lunak statistic R versi R 3.3.2. (2) Analisis kulaitas air dengan menggunakan kriteria kualitas air bagi lingkungan perairan, dan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 81 Tahun 2001 tentang pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran air.Hasil analisis menunjukan konsentrasi rata-rata dan stadar deviasi TDS (mg/l) 192.0471 ± 94.1827, TSS (mg/l) 13.33 ± 4.8154 , DHL ( µmhos/cm) 317.833 ± 161.984, pH (6.8875 ± 0.2291), Ca (mg/l) 16.6667 ± 7.2284, Mg (mg/l) 14.7714 ± 0.3860, K (mg/l) 2.330 ± 0.4467, SO4 (mg/l) 5.685 ± 5.3366, Total Nitrogen (mg/l) 2.993 ± 5.3364, NH3 (mg/l) 0.2348 ± 0.8543, NO3 (mg/l) 5.3567 ± 7.0824, Total Phosfat (mg/l) 0.3333 ± 0.4821, PO4 (mg/l) 0.1130 ± 0.3315, Fe (mg/l) 0.11 ± 0.1901. Melalui Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) diperoleh nilai Eigen 62.68 % yang mampu menerangkan varian indicator 10 variabel lingkungan dan 10 lokasi penelitian sebagai hasil reduksi data. Analisi kluster dari data reduksi membentuk 3 kluster yaitu Kluster I di lokasi penelitian belakang eceng gondok Eris dan budidaya ikan Eris dengan variabel dominan TDS, DHL, Total Nitrogen, dan amoniak. Kluster II di lokasi penelitian budidaya ikan Toulimembet, depan eceng gondok Urongo, depan gondok Paleloan, Depan eceng gondok Roong dengan variabel dominan SO4, pH, dan Magnesium. Kluster III di lokasi penelitian belakang eceng gondok Kakas, belakang eceng gondok Kaweng, belakang eceng gondok Toulimembet, dan budidaya ikan Kaima dengan variabel dominan TSS, Ca, dan K. Danau Tondano memiliki tingkat kesuburan perairan yang dikategorikan sedang sampai tinggi, dan layak bagi kegiatan perikanan, air danau dapat diolah menjadi air minum, keperluan pertanian, peternakan, perikanan, industri dan listrik tenaga air.Kata kunci: Penilaian, fisika kimia air, Kriteria

PowerPoint presentation http://integratedcarefoundation.org/resource/icic15-presentations ; In April 2009, the Department of Health in England implemented the NHS Health Check Programme. NHS Health Check is a national risk assessment and management programme for those aged 40 to 74 living in England, who do not have an existing vascular disease, and who are not currently being treated for certain risk factors. It is aimed at preventing heart disease, stroke, diabetes and kidney disease and raising awareness of dementia for those aged 65-74. Patients identified as having preclinical symptoms of disease are referred for formal diagnosis and enter established care pathways. The remainder of the population is managed within the programme, either with a brief lifestyle intervention or signposting to local services for more intensive intervention.(1) The programme aims to reduce health inequalities associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).(2) The NHS Health Check programme is delivered through contracts with service providers such as general practices and community providers. Whereas general practices offer the vast majority of their Health Checks by appointments, community providers offer opportunistic checks.(3) Between 2008 and 2013, PCT public health commissioners commissioned community providers using Health Options® software and Point of Care Testing (POCT) to deliver the Health Check Programme in pharmacies, community settings and businesses. These providers were commissioned to conduct Health Checks with the aim of reducing health inequalities by targeting more deprived individuals and more ethnic minorities. In 2013, Public Health England reasserted their commitment to strengthening the programme in deprived communities and among ethnic minorities.(4) There has been no national study assessing the impact of delivering the Health Check programme with community providers. The current analysis examined the effectiveness of community providers in targeting ethnic minorities and deprived communities. The analysis is based on a comparison of patient level data collected by outreach providers to the general population data in 8 regions of England across 29 local authorities (LAs). Target population included 41,570 individuals who received a Health Check carried out by community providers from the January 30 2008 to October 31, 2013. Office for National Statistics Census (2011) data was used as a reference for comparative analyses at the local authority level. Department for Communities and Local Government, Indices of Deprivation 2010 was used as a reference for comparative analysis of deprivation. Delivering the NHS Health Check Programme with community providers using Health Options® software and Point of Care Testing (POCT) allowed for community services to be integrated more closely with primary care. Unlike the standard data gathering systems in general practices used to deliver the Health Checks (e.g. EMIS, INPS-Vision, TPP-SystmOne), Health Options® software was developed specifically for the purpose of carrying out the Health Check programme. It was designed to enable a range of healthcare professionals to use it while communicating personalised CVD risk information to the patient. Technological innovation resulted in patient centred care when risk lowering scenarios were presented to the patient. Same day testing using POCT allowed for CVD risk to be communicated to the patient on the same day and minimised the loss to follow up observed in general practices lacking POCT devices. Health Checks results obtained by community providers were communicated to general practices. The mean IMD 2010 score across 29 LAs was 5.98 higher at p<0.05 compared to general population data using two sample t-tests. Twenty two of the 29 LAs were significantly more deprived at p<0.05 compared to the general population. Across the 29 LAs, no statistically significant difference was obtained in the mean proportion of ethnic minorities. The mean proportion of men was 11.3% lower at p<0.001. The mean proportion of 40-49 and 50-59 year olds was 10.79% and 5.15% higher at p<0.0001 and p=0.0021 respectively. Community providers effectively targeted deprived areas and communities. A substantial proportion of younger patients were recruited when the programme was offered outside of the normal business hours. This overcame the difficulty in recruiting working age populations in general practices as these do not offer Health Checks on evenings and weekends. Although more women than men were served by community providers, more young men took part in the programme. Outreach providers recruited a representative proportion of ethnic minorities from the local authorities that they served. The results of this study suggest that using outreach providers is an effective approach to targeting younger people, more deprived areas and communities while recruiting a representative proportion of ethnic minorities across England. If the Health Check programme is effective in preventing the onset of CVD disease, community provision of the programme may reduce health inequalities therein. ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version ; 15th International Conference on Integrated Care, Edinburgh, UK

Based on experience gained through the collaboration of two FP7 projects (ARCH and LAGOONS), a methodology used for stakeholders' involvement in the management of lagoons under climate and anthropogenic pressures is discussed. The central objective of the ARCH project (Architecture and roadmap to manage multiple pressures on lagoons) was to develop participative methodologies in collaboration with the involved managers, policy makers and stakeholders to manage the multiple problems affecting lagoons in Europe (10 cases). Three main challenges for the improvement of "sustainable lagoon management" were supported by the ARCH, these include the transition: from segregated disciplinary scientific results to well integrated and usable scientific knowledge; from "government" to "governance": from sectoral policies towards sustainable management; from an unaware and uninformed "lagoon community" towards an involved and well-informed community. The main objective of the LAGOONS project (Integrated water resources and coastal zone management in European lagoons in the context of climate change) was to contribute to a science-based seamless strategy – in an integrated and coordinated fashion – of the management of lagoons seen under the land-sea and science-policy-stakeholder interface; i.e., the project seeks to underpin the integration of the EU Water Framework Directive, Habitat Directive, the EU's ICZM Recommendation, and the EU Marine Strategy Directive. An approach applied to the Vistula Lagoon stakeholders' consultations process (collecting opinions from different groups of interests like public administration, researchers and experts as well as local citizens) was extremely well assessed by all participants. The role of local communities and their actual engagement in the management processes in the Vistula Lagoon Region is analysed in the paper, based on the author's observations as a facilitator of the process. Creating positive and trustful relations is a prerequisite for successful consultations with local communities. An importance of the role played by local communities in the management process is still underestimated by both managers and the communities themselves. However, building trustful relations requires time and efforts from both sides and cannot rely on a 'project to project' basis. Local communities that once got involved in the participatory management process expect continuity and implementation of their ideas through rational and fair-minded debate. Public involvement in decision making processes, if managed properly, increases the legitimacy of decisions in the eyes of those affected by them, which makes it more likely that the decisions will be implemented effectively [1]. There is an urgent need for a permanent consultation process built in a daily routine of managing organisations constituting, in a sense, their statutory task not resulting from different legislation, laws, obligations, etc. but from the will to build a participatory society. ; W oparciu o doświadczenia zdobyte dzięki współpracy dwóch projektów 7PR (ARCH i LAGOONS) przedstawiono i zanalizowano metodologię zastosowaną do zaangażowania interesariuszy w zarządzaniu zalewami i lagunami będącymi pod presją zmian klimatycznych oraz antropogenicznych. Głównym celem projektu ARCH (Architecture and roadmap to manage multiple pressures on lagoons) było opracowanie i przetestowanie metody partycypacyjnego zarządzania opartego o współpracę naukowców, decydentów i interesariuszy (10 studiów przypadku). Trzy główne wyzwania zaadresowane w projekcie to przejścia: od dyscyplinarnych wyników badań do zintegrowanej i użytecznej wiedzy; od "rządzenia" do "zarządzania", od polityki sektorowej do zintegrowanego planowania i zarządzania, od nieświadomej i niezaangażowanej społeczności do wspólnoty zaangażowanych i dobrze poinformowanych interesariuszy. Głównym celem projektu LAGOONS (Integrated water resources and coastal zone management in European lagoons in the context of climate change) było przyczynienie się do wypracowania strategii zarządzania zalewami opartej na wiedzy i umożliwiającej minimalizację problemów związanych z interakcjami na różnych płaszczyznach (ląd-woda, wiedza- -polityka-interesariusze). Podejście zastosowane w procesie konsultacji z interesariuszami Zalewu Wiślanego (zbieranie opinie różnych grup interesów, takich jak administracja publiczna, naukowcy i eksperci, społeczności lokalne) było bardzo dobrze ocenione przez wszystkich uczestników procesu. Rola społeczności lokalnych i ich rzeczywiste zaangażowanie w procesy zarządzania w regionie Zalewu Wiślanego są analizowane w oparciu o obserwacje autorki jako moderatora procesu. Tworzenie pozytywnych relacji i zdobywanie zaufania jest warunkiem sprowadzenia skutecznych konsultacji z lokalnymi społecznościami. Znaczenie społeczności lokalnych w procesie zarządzania jest wciąż niedoceniane zarówno przez menedżerów, jak i przez same społeczności. Budowanie relacji opartych na zaufaniu wymaga czasu i wysiłku z obu stron i nie należy oczekiwać, że jest to możliwe na zasadzie realizacji incydentalnych projektów. Lokalne społeczności, które raz zaangażowały się w proces zarządzania partycypacyjnego oczekują kontynuacji tego procesu i realizacji swoich pomysłów poprzez racjonalną i umożliwiającą wymianę poglądów debatę. Zaangażowanie społeczeństwa w procesach decyzyjnych, jeżeli są one odpowiednio zarządzane, zwiększa prawomocność decyzji w oczach osób poddanych ich działaniu, co sprawia, że jest bardziej prawdopodobne, że decyzje będą skuteczniej realizowane. Istnieje pilna potrzeba wbudowania procesu konsultacji ze społecznościami lokalnymi w codzienną praktykę organizacji zarządzających obszarem Zalewu Wiślanego, tak by stało się to niejako ich statutowym zadaniem nie wynikające z różnych przepisów, ustaw, zobowiązań, itp, ale z chęci budowania społeczeństwa partycypacyjnego. ; Renata Kozak

A boa nutrição é o sustentáculo do bem-estar humano. Boa nutrição antes do nascimento e ao longo da infância permite que o cérebro funcione e evolua sem problemas e que os sistemas imunológicos se desenvolvam com mais vigor. Para as crianças pequenas, um nível de boa nutrição afasta a morte e prepara o corpo para crescer e desenvolver todo o seu potencial. No decorrer da vida humana, a boa nutrição leva a melhor aproveitamento escolar, mães mais bem alimentadas que dão à luz crianças mais bem nutridas, e adultos que tem maior probabilidade de serem produtivos e receber salários melhores. Durante a meia-idade, a boa nutrição origina metabolismos melhor preparados para proteger contra doenças associadas a mudanças na dieta e atividade física. Sem uma boa nutrição as vidas e meios de vida das pessoas são como que construídos em areia movediça. ; Supplementary Online Materials ix Acknowledgments x Abbreviations xii Executive summary xiii Chapter 1 ntroduction 2 Chapter 2 Nutrition Is Central to Sustainable Development 7 Chapter 3 Progress toward the World Health Assembly Nutrition Targets Is Too Slow1 5 Chapter 4 The Coexistence of Different Forms of Malnutrition Is the "New Normal" 22 Chapter 5 The Coverage of Nutrition-Specific Interventions Needs to Improve 29 Chapter 6 Interventions Addressing the Underlying Determinants of Nutrition Status Are Important, but They Need to Be More Nutrition sensitive 38 Chapter 7 The Enabling Environment Is Improving, but Not Quickly Enough 47 Chapter 8 The Need to Strengthen Accountability in Nutrition 56 Chapter 9 What Are the Priorities for Investment in Improved Nutrition Data? 67 Chapter 10 Key Messages and Recommendations 71 Appendix 1 The Nutrition Country Profile: A Tool for Action 75 Appendix 2 Which Countries Are on Course to Meet Several WHA Targets? 77 Appendix 3 Which Countries Are on Course for Which WHA Targets? 79 Appendix 4 Donor Spending on Nutrition-Specific and Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions and Programs 84 Appendix 5 How Accountable Is the Global Nutrition Report? 86 Appendix 6 Availability of Data for Nutrition Country Profile Indicators 88 Notes 91 References 95 PANELS Panel 11 Types of Nutrition Investment, Lawrence Haddad 4 Panel 21 Nutrition and the Sustainable Development Goals—No Room for Complacency, Michael Anderson 11 Panel 22 Some New Data from India: What If?, Lawrence Haddad, Komal Bhatia, and Kamilla Eriksen 12 Panel 23 How Did Maharashtra Cut Child Stunting?, Lawrence Haddad 13 Panel 24 Can Improving the Underlying Determinants of Nutrition Help Meet the WHA Targets?, Lisa Smith and Lawrence Haddad 14 Panel 41 Malnutrition in the United States and United Kingdom, Jessica Fanzo 25 Panel 42 Regional Drivers of Malnutrition in Indonesia, Endang Achadi with acknowledgment to Sudarno Sumarto and Taufik Hidayat 26 Panel 43 Compiling District-Level Nutrition Data in India, Purnima Menon and Shruthi Cyriac 27 Panel 44 Targeting Minority Groups at Risk in the United States, Jennifer Requejo and Joel Gittelsohn 28 Panel 51 Measuring Coverage of Programs to Treat Severe Acute Malnutrition, Jose Luis Alvarez 37 Panel 61 Trends in Dietary Quality among Adults in the United States, Daniel Wang and Walter Willett 41 Panel 62 How Did Bangladesh Reduce Stunting So Rapidly?, Derek Headey 43 Panel 63 Using an Agricultural Platform in Burkina Faso to Improve Nutrition during the First 1,000 Days, Deanna Kelly Olney, Andrew Dillon, Abdoulaye Pedehombga, Marcellin Ouédraogo, and Marie Ruel 45 Panel 71 Is There a Better Way to Track Nutrition Spending? 48 Panel 72 Tracking Financial Allocations to Nutrition: Guatemala's Experience, Jesús Bulux, Otto Velasquez, Cecibel Juárez, Carla Guillén, and Fernando Arriola 49 Panel 73 A Tool for Assessing Government Progress on Creating Healthy Food Environments, Boyd Swinburn 51 Panel 74 Engaging Food and Beverage Companies through the Access to Nutrition Index, Inge Kauer 52 Panel 75 How Brazil Cut Child Stunting and Improved Breastfeeding Practices, Jennifer Requejo 54 Panel 81 Scaling Up Nutrition through Business, Jonathan Tench 61 Panel 82 How Civil Society Organizations Build Commitment to Nutrition, Claire Blanchard 62 Panel 83 Building Civil Society's Capacity to Push for Policies on Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases, Corinna Hawkes 63 Panel 84 Can Community Monitoring Enhance Accountability for Nutrition?, Nick Nisbett and Dolf te Lintelo 64 Panel 85 National Evaluation Platforms: Potential for Nutrition, Jennifer Bryce and colleagues 65 Panel 86 The State of African Nutrition Data for Accountability and Learning, Carl Lachat, Joyce Kinabo, Eunice Nago, Annamarie Kruger, and Patrick Kolsteren 66 ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systems ; DGO; A4NH; PHND ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

In the mid 1980s, following the first stages of the decentralisation process initiated in 1982, certain French administrative regions started acquiring tools for the observation of the training-employment relationship in order to prepare for their new responsibilities in the areas of education, training and economic development. In so doing, the government reasserted its 'determination' to anticipate in order to take action (not without echoes of the Keynesian state inseparable from national statistics), but this was done in a way which remained compatible with the emergence of a decentralised state: by establishing a framework rather than laying down rules. A circular dated 16 February 1988 thus gave the OREFs a common goal – developing diagnostic and forecasting tools to be shared by the regional actors (Bertrand et al. 2003) – but the definition of the specific institutional form and methods was left up to the observatories themselves. Each French region thus came to choose the kind of information produced and the ways of using it in the context of regional employment and training policies (Pascaud 1993). In the two regions under consideration here, the initiatives were quite distinct: in Rhône-Alpes, they took the form of an association, and in PACA, that of a structure within the Regional Council, although this was funded through the State-Region Planning contract. The implication of the OREFs in the specific regional histories of the training-employment relationship was all the more profound because the 1988 circular pragmatically tied their creation to the 'multi-annual contractualisation' of public policy, as well as the 'continuity of the transfer of authority over initial and continuing education and training to the Regional Councils. These two observatories have thus been studied here from a socio-historical perspective in order to bring out the configurations of regional actors taking part in their creation and subsequent development. To what extent do interactions between those involved in the fields of employment and training (i.e., between organised 'interest groups' including the devolved state services, local authorities, social partners etc.) have an impact on the modes of production and use of the information produced and mobilised by the two OREFs under study? In the following presentation, we shall examine the changing content of the tools these OREFs develop in relation to the 'mandates' they take on and the autonomy they acquire in view of (possibly) gaining the status of expert institutions. Our hypothesis is that the statistical apparatus of the regional training-employment relationship depends on an institutionalisation over the medium term, marked by technical innovations, the 'sedimentation' of numerous tools and the restructuring of their uses. Ultimately, we would maintain that the histories of these two observatories entail successive compromises between the heritage of the French-style 'planning state' of the 1960s and 1970s and the emergence of territorial expertise networks in the context of a decentralised state. To shed light on these regional encounters between two statistics systems – training and employment – we shall examine the production of these observatories in terms of three subject fields: sectors and occupations, territories and individual pathways. More broadly, our approach is based on an analytical framework which considers the regulation of public policy as the resultant of interactions between three determinant elements, namely institutions, ideas and interest groups – 'the 3i'. The OREFs redefine their missions and activities in response to this interplay, while periodically coming up against difficulties of a technical, organisational or political nature. The periodisation varies somewhat between the two OREFs, but not enough to warrant separate treatments; we shall thus deal with each period in terms of both OREFs. ; « Connaissances et action publique en matière de formation des jeunes : une comparaison interrégionale » En 1982, la décentralisation de la formation des jeunes, de l'Etat vers les Régions, débute en France. Ce processus ne concerne pas seulement les institutions mais aussi la production des connaissances. Dès 1988, chaque Région peut créer un observatoire régional de l'emploi et de la formation pour produire des outils de diagnostics et de prospective utiles aux politiques publiques, notamment de formation. Grâce à une comparaison entre 2 régions françaises, Rhône-Alpes et Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, cette communication analyse le rôle de cette production cognitive dans la régulation de l'action publique (Commaille et Jobert, 1998), selon une perspective socio-historique (Thelen, 2003). En prenant en compte l'évolution des contextes socio-politiques, il s'agit d'analyser la dynamique des idées et son influence sur les politiques régionales. Pour articuler idées, connaissances et action, 5 dimensions sont distinguées (Palier et Surel, 2005) : les diagnostics des problèmes, les valeurs et les objectifs affichés, les normes d'action, les instruments et les images ou modèles de référence (ainsi la formation tout au long de la vie se substitue à celle d'adéquation de la formation à l'emploi).

SUMMARY:
In this issue of Ab Imperio , the editors asked one of Russia's leading specialists on the history of linguistics and language policy, Vladimir Mikhailovich Alpatov, to discuss several questions pertaining to the volume's thematic focus.

In response to a question about the specificity of the linguistic situation in the Russian Empire and USSR, Alpatov suggested that the only specific feature of Russia's linguistic composition is the relative linguistic diversity and greater distance between various languages. Alpatov believes that the distinction between language and dialect is a complex one that often suggests a projection of a sociolinguistic concept onto linguistics (as illustrated by the fact that the linguistic difference between some languages is relatively small compared with the differences between some dialects within a single language).

Discussing well-known cases of the linguistic assimilation of Russians into various languages, Alpatov suggested that this might have been due to greater numbers of non-Russians in isolated regions of the country and to the peripheral nature of Russian nationalism. Responding to the editors' question about the contours of language policies in the Western borderlands of the Russian Empire, Alpatov stressed the authorities' fear of (especially Polish) separatism and the common 19 th -century belief that differences between Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians were of minor ethnographic nature, as well as the commonalities between Russian imperial policies in the Western borderlands and those conducted by Britain in Wales or Ireland and France in Bretagne. In response to the editors' question about mission ary activities and alphabet creation in the 19 th century, Alpatov argued that such attempts were relatively unsuccessful, although for certain numerous peoples, especially in the Volga region, literatures were created due to these efforts. Alpatov also maintained that such attempts were not specific to Russia, albeit in the Russian Empire alphabet creation by missionaries was a relatively large scale venture due to numerical size of peoples involved. Elaborating on a question about the applicability of post-colonial paradigms to Russian linguistic history and contemporary policies, Alpatov argued that the Russian Empire was never a colonial empire stricto sensu . Russian language policies in the 19 th century are more usefully compared with British policies in Ireland rather than with British policies in India. The Russian language was, indeed, a language of domination, but it also played a crucial role as a language of inter-ethnic and inter-national communication. Alpatov also stressed that in certain regions languages other than Russian fulfilled that role. Responding to a question about the nature of Russian linguistics as a modern discipline and its role in describing the linguistic space of Russia in terms of a "national" or an "imperial" discipline, Alpatov suggested that the concept of language union does have potential. Alpatov believes that the language union of Eurasia as described by R. Jakobson may well be a myth, but such ideas do apply to the Balkans or Southeastern Asia. Alpatov argued that linguistics in the Russian Empire was an imperial discipline in the sense of the diverse origins of the scholars who built it. Alpatov also suggested that there was little to no conflict between scholars of Russian and those of other languages of the Russian Empire and the USSR, although in many parts of the country linguistics emerged under the strong influence of Russian linguistics, to the extent that in some cases characteristics of Russian were projected onto other languages of the Russian Empire and the USSR. Nineteenth-century linguistics described for the most part the Russian language (understood as composed from the Great Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian dialects), whereas other languages of the empire were described under the umbrella of Oriental or Indo-European studies. Responding to a question on Russification and the "national turn" in late 19 th -century linguistic policies, Alpatov suggested that at times Russification were extremely heavy. At the same time, Alpatov believes that the government did not want to turn all subjects of the Empire into Russians. In the Soviet period, the initial insistence on the importance of national languages was replaced with a later model in which the Russians' monolingualism was tolerated and bilingualism among nationalities was promoted. In certain parts of the USSR, processes similar to Russification occurred, in which smaller languages were suppressed in favor of the titular languages of the national republics. In today's Russia, Alpatov suggested, an unregulated and elementary process of Russification, driven by market forces, is underway. Finally, discussing his own conception of language policies in a multiethnic state as defined by the dynamics of two necessities – that of identity and that of mutual understanding – Alpatov argued that this model may be applied universally. In the case of the Russian Empire, the stress has always been on the need to communicate rather than to provide opportunities for the expression for particular identities.