Suchergebnisse

From the class meeting in Bruck in 1578 to Berlin Congress in 1878, i. e. from the very beginning till the end of its fundamental function, Military Border goes through various and very complex processes. Its problems in the 1850-ies are the topic of this paper. In spite of clear demands of political circles in Zagreb concerning the Military Border, the Monarchy in Vienna tries to protect it as a distinctly military institution that will not act against Hungary only but against national integration on the Balkan and Apenine Peninsula too. After the revolution in 1848/49 military and court circles in the Austrian monarchy invest special labours to turn the Military Border into a corpus separatum where military tradition will be further cherished, with corporal strictness, waiting for the development of events on the East, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the presence of Vienna and Budapest, especially after 1849, solving of the Military Border question is affected strongly by the impulse coming just from Zagreb. Trying to gather around itself the separated Croatian territories as soon as possible, Zagreb supported in the Military Border question up to Austro-Hungarian agreement in 1867 the opinion about the need of administrative integration of military and civil territories of Croatia. But, because the administrative integration does not put in the first plan demilitarization of Military Border, there appear due to such political conception in Zagreb some fundamental prerequisites for the collaboration between military and royal circles in Vienna and Croatian politicians. However, this collaboration left no deeper traces in the Croatian politics. The last ''Basic Law of Military Border", accepted in 1850, rejects all the projects of political representation of Croatia about the future of Military Border. The project has been saved as Jelačić's "Military Border Foundation" from 1849. In spite of expectations of Croatian politicians the last "Military Border Foundation" from 1850 tries to contribute to stabilization of Military Border mechanism and to its preserving. This new Military Border's constitution, contrary to demands of Croatian representatives formulated in the "Military Border Foundation" in 1849, declares the whole Military Border to be a part of the imperial army. Although the basic intention of that Law was to subordinate social relationships in Military Border to its main task, i. e. to supply the Monarchy permanently with cheap army, still it did not succeed to stop the process of social differentiation and destruction of outlived forms of traditional Military Border society, In this paper are analyzed first of all those social phenomena in Military Border which point to the movement of the social structure and the crisis of traditional military-rural society. Besides problems of disharmony between legal superstructure and social reality there are analyzed the efforts of Croatian business circles to hold back - by means of concentrating merchants and craftsmen in Croatia under the ban and in Military Border - the Austrian capital existing for centuries in Military Border, that important part of Croatian territories.

Ovo je nastojanje da se ukratko zabilježi vrijeme i rad Ratnog stacionara i pričuvne ratne bolnice u Donjem Miholjcu. Stara poslovica kaže: »Verba volant - scripta manent«, tj. riječi lete, ali zapisano ostaje, ili - ono što nije zapisano, nije ni postojalo. Vrijeme neumitno prolazi, a sjećanja blijede. Ne želimo da nam ovo naše iskustvo opet zatreba, ali će mo biti spremni ako zatreba da ga opet primijenmo. ; The work of the war-time military hospital in Donji Miholjac has been brieflay described. There is an old Roman proverb: »Verba volant, scripta manent«., i. e. »The words fly, the written materials remain«, or in other words: »That what has not been described has not happened«. The time is inexorably passing and memories are fading. We do not want to use our experiences again. However, if it is necesary we are prepared to do it.

Nakon kratke uvodne kontekstualizacije i ocrtavanja renesansne vojno-političke slike Italije, kao i susljednih društveno-kulturalnih stratuma, u radu su u kratkim crticama prikazani djetinjstvo Leonarda da Vincija i njegove prve umjetnički formativne godine, odnosno šegrtovanje u firentinskom ateljeu Andree del Verrocchija. Glavnina rada potom je posvećena raspravi o vizualnim prikazima Leonardovih ratnih izuma, razvijenima na dvorovima ondašnjih najmoćnijih talijanskih obitelji, milanskih Sforzi i rimskih Borgia. Kraćom interpretacijom dostupne historiografske produkcije nastoje se povući paralele između kasnorenesansne i moderne vojne tehnologije te istražiti donekle nezastupljena sfera Leonarda da Vincija kao homo militarisa. ; After a brief introductory contextualization and depiction of the Renaissance military-political image of Italy, as well as the subsequent socio-cultural strata, the work briefly illustrates the childhood of Leonardo da Vinci and his first artistic formative years, that is, apprenticeships in the Florence studio of Andrea del Verrocchi. The majority of the work deals with a discussion of visual representations of Leonardo's inventions of war, developed on the courts of the most powerful Italian families of that time, Milan Sforzi and Roman Borgia. A shorter interpretation of the available historiographical production seeks to draw parallels between the late Renaissance and Modern military technology as well as to explore the somewhat unrepresented sphere of Leonardo da Vinci as a homo militaris.

U radu je prikazan analitički model procjene troškova održavanja i uporabe vozila u vojnoj logistici, prilagođen specifičnim konstrukcijskim zahtjevima i karakteristikama vojnih vozila, profilu (uvjetima i načinu) uporabe, kao i tehnološkim postupcima preventivnog i korektivnog održavanje vojnih vozila. Predloženi model ocjenjivanja omogućuje unaprijedno ekvivalentnu usporedbu ukupnih troškova uporabe sličnih vozila različitih proizvođača tijekom cijelog vijeka trajanja (to jest kroz cijeli životni vijek ili životni ciklus). U okviru predloženog modela jasno su definirani početni (ulazni) i rubni uvjeti. Implementacija analitičkog modela pruža procjenu i planiranje troškova održavanja i izravnih troškova uporabe vozila u vojnoj logistici već kod kupnje novih vozila, a također i procjenu optimalnoga vijeka trajanja (životnog vijeka) vozila, što vodi do povećanja pouzdanosti i raspoloživosti, a s time i do veće učinkovitost uporabe vojnih vozila. ; The article presents an analytical model of evaluating costs of vehicle use in military logistics adapted to specific construction demands and characteristics of military vehicles, profile (conditions and manner) of use and technological procedures of preventive and remedial maintenance of military vehicles. The proposed model of evaluation enables an equivalent comparison of total costs in advance of use of similar vehicles made by different manufacturers throughout the entire operating period (their service life). Initial (entry) and boundary conditions are clearly defined within the proposed model. The implementation of the analytical model ensures the evaluation and planning of maintenance costs and costs of direct vehicle use in military logistics already at the point of purchasing new vehicles, as well as evaluation of optimal operating period (service life) of vehicles, which leads to increased reliability and availability, and, consequently, to more effective use of military vehicles.

Udžbenik Vojna topografija, koji se sastoji iz dva dijela: Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zem­ljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte, objavljen je 2012. go­dine. Izdavač je Ministarstvo obrane Republike Hrvatske – Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske – Hrvatsko vojno uči­lište "Petar Zrinski", autor je pukovnik doc. dr. sc. Mladen Paher­nik. Recenzenti su bili prof. dr. sc. Aleksandar Toskić i doc. dr. sc. Robert Župan, a lektorica i ko­rektorica Gabrijela Capjak, prof."Koncepcija sadržaja ovog udžbe­nika vezana je za postavljen koncept izobrazbe iz područja vojno-geografske grupe predmeta unutar vojnih škola Hrvatskog vojnog učilišta. Na temeljnoj razini školovanja časnika i dočasnika, potrebno je polaznicima dati temeljno znanje iz vojne topografije koje uklju­čuje prikaz topografskih elemenata ze­mljišta, orijentaciju u prostoru i čitanje topografskih karata. Upravo su te teme razrađene kroz udžbenike Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte. …" (iz Predgovora). ; The Military Topography text­book was published in 2012, consisting of two parts: Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps. It was published by the Ministry of Defence of the Repu­blic of Croatia – Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia – Croatian Military Academy "Petar Zrinski". The author is Colonel Assist. Prof. Dr. Mladen Pahernik. The textbook was reviewed by Prof. Dr. Ale­ksandar Toskić and Assist. Prof. Dr. Robert Župan and proofread by Gabrijela Capjak, Prof."The concept of this textbook's content is associated with the concept of education in the military-geographic group of subjects within military schools of the Croatian Military Academy. The fundamental level of educating officers and non-commissioned officers needs to provide attendants with basic military topography knowledge, including representation of topographic land objects, orientation in space and reading topographic maps. These topics are discussed in textbooks Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps…" (Preface).

Jesu li u veljači 1945. godine širokobriješki franjevci ubijeni sudjelujući u borbi ili je nad njima izvršen ratni zločin? Iako se na prvi pogled ovako postavljen upit doima kao nedopustivo pojednostavljena dvojba, doista u ovome slučaju postoje samo dvije mogućnosti: ili su usmrćeni kao sudionici u oružanim sukobima ili su pak nevini ubijeni? U prilogu se na temelju dostupne arhivske dokumentacije, relevantne literature i izjava svjedoka nastoji provjeriti valjanost tvrdnji o (ne)umiješanosti franjevaca u oružane sukobe na Širokome Brijegu od 6. do 8. veljače 1945. ; Were the Franciscans from Široki Brijeg killed in February 1945 while participating in the battle or the war crime was committed over them? Although at first such question seems as an inadmissibly simplified doubt, in this case there are only two possibilities indeed: were they murdered as actors in the armed conflicts or killed innocent? On the basis of available archive documents, relevant literature and witness statements the paper seeks to verify the validity of claims on (un)involvement of Franciscans in the armed conflicts in široki Brijeg from 6th to 8th February 1945.

Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'. ; Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'.

The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia started producing military topographic maps that differ from the inherited cartographic system in the projection, ellipsoid, and the manner of designating the grid, format, margin contents and scale system. Since the maps will be used for purposes other than the military ones, the paper looks back on essential characteristics in map production in the new accepted cartographic system. ; Ministarstvo obrane RH započelo je s izradom vojnih topografskih karata koje se u odnosu na naslijeđeni kartografski sustav razlikuju u projekciji, elipsoidu, načinu označavanja u pravokutnoj mreži, formatu prikaza, izvanokvirnom sadržaju i sustavu mjerila. Kako će se karte, osim za vojne, koristiti i u druge svrhe, u članku je dan osvrt na bitne karakteristike izrade karata u novoprihvaćenom kartografskom sustavu.

U članku se obrađuju dijelovi rimske vojne opreme iz Augusteuma u Naroni. Nalazi pripadaju zaštitnoj (ulomak oklopa) i konjskoj opremi (privjesci i falera), te pojasu vojnika (okov), a datirani su u razdoblje od 1. do 3. st. Najranije su datirani listoliki privjesci konjske orme koji pripadaju razdoblju druge polovice 1. st., a slična se datacija pretpostavlja i za faleru. Ulomak ljuskastog oklopa pripada tipu koji se javlja od 2. st., a za pojasni okov je datacijski okvir druga polovica 2. i početak 3. st. s mogućim trajanjem do sredine tog stoljeća. Obrada materijala prvenstveno je usmjerena na tipološko-kronološko, te namjensko određenje, a u kraćim se crtama razmatraju okolnosti nalaza obzirom na koje se može pretpostaviti da su predmeti u hram dospjeli kao zavjetni darovi. ; Narona (Vid, near Metković) was in Antiquity one of the most important centres on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. It was not only its convenient position for commercial exchanges but also its fertile soil for the development of agriculture that contributed to the growth of the city in the area. After the middle of the 1st century BC, Narona acquired the status of colony, and at the end of that century, a shrine to Emperor Augustus was built in the city. Although it had primarily an agrarian and mercantile character, which determined the natures of its inhabitants, the city with its surroundings was an important military base in the conquest of Illyricum and a major stronghold of the Romans for military campaigns against that people in the period from a bit before the middle of the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the second half of the 1st century BC. In the surroundings of Narona the presence of soldiers is confirmed by numerous epigraphs, which are supported by archaeological finds, but apart from the five finds in the Augusteum, there are just a few in the area of the town. The finds in the Augusteum comprise three items of horse equipment, one fragment of armour and a belt mount, probably belonging to a belt set. A tripartite leaf-shaped pendant for a harness (T 1.1) is dated to the time from the Claudian to the Flavian, and in the typology of M. C. Bishop is defined as type 1l. They are found in various sites in the Empire, this same variant also including specimens the central leg of which ends in the shape of a palmette, which are somewhat more numerous than those of the kind from Narona. They can be found in Dalmatia too, for example, in Salona and Tilurium. Among the pendants from Dalmatian sites that belong to this type, if not to the variant, mentioned here by analogy, we find luxury pendants, not only at military sites, such as Burnum (variant 1p) and Tilurium (variant 1s) but in city centres such as in Salona (variant 1v). A second harness pendant from the Augusteum (T. 1. 2) is perhaps of the tear-shaped type (Bishop 5), variant 5a, which is characterised by kidney shaped perforations at the top, a spherical ending and a shape close to that of a heart. Tear-shaped pendants were in use long, first appeared at the latest in the age of Claudius, lasting the whole of the 2nd century. In various versions they are often found at Roman sites, but examples of variant 5a are not very numerous. There are similar pendants from Sisak and Augusta the edges of which are straight, but the closest analogy is a specimen from Wiesbaden. Also belonging to the harness is a phalera (T. 1. 3) with a square loop on the rear, which belongs to the type with one loop through which the bridle was drawn (Bishop 1c), and since it has no central opening for a rivet was clearly meant only for a horizontal strap of the harness. The phalera from the Augusteum fits into the chronological framework of the rest of the material found, with the proviso that the dating of the phalerae to an extent similar to ours and some functional decorative items of similar form might suggest a period of the second half of the 1st century. Two bronze plates of scale armour (T. 1. 4) each with four pairs of holes, are dated, because of the existence of perforations on the bottom of the plates (which which they were additionally fastened to the lower row of scales), to the time of the 2nd century. In Croatia, most numerous are fragments from Sisak, among which there are several that are similar to ours, while those from Dalj are more elongated and have a sharper tip. Finds from Burnum castrum, although they are elongated, do not have perforations at the bottom. As for finds in other areas of the Empire (including those from Corbridge, Avenches, Mušov, Bonn, Eining-Unterfeldt) those most similar, in terms of shape and distribution of the perforations, are items from Dura-Europos. The belt mount belongs to the type with a trumpet-shaped decoration (T. 1.5). Items decorated with this kind of motif constitute a unique chronological grouping of material dating to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century, possibly continuing through the first half of the 3rd, their dating being confirmed by finds with coins in closed grave units. Such mountings are a frequent find in the area of the Rhenish and the Danubian limes, but they can be found in numerous sites through the Empire. A decoration with trumpet shaped motifs is not limited to belt sets, but is used in the decoration and shaping of objects for other purpose, horse equipment and fibulae, for example. The objects discussed in the article are also found in the temenos of the Augusteum in Narona, and it can be assumed that they came there as votive gifts. The practice of dedicating weapons and horse trappings is known since prehistory, and is well documented in the Late Iron Age. The making of votive offerings, as proved on altars, was common in the Roman Empire, and research into shrines from Britain, Gaul and the Germanic area shows that parts of military equipment, especially during the 1st century, were frequently consecrated and deposited as votive gifts. The small number of metal finds in the temple, as compared with other types of finds, can be explained in several ways. Researches from shrines at several sites have shown that usually whole objects or sets were consecrated, and we can assume that our finds are only parts of horse trappings or belt sets or armour that were originally dedicated. During the course of time, or during the demolition and filling of the shrine, the metal objects might have been destroyed or collected for reuse of the metal, which was a common practice in the Roman period. It has to be borne in mind that this was a city shrine that was not primarily meant for soldiers, who might have undertaken their vows in shrines that probably existed in the camps in which they were stationed, which leads to the supposition that originally military equipment was not represented to the same extent as some other categories of objects.