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Modern economic science studies the behavior of an individual making choice in conditions of limited resources, and seeking to satisfy his own interests as a result of this choice. Economics is a social science as it studies the behavior of an individual which involves the interests of other people and communities. Economics is close to natural sciences as it considers the behavior of an individual in a material world of limited resources. Besides, a human being may be considered as a material system in which there are certain biological processes influencing its behavior. The question of how fully can economics use methodological assumptions of natural sciences, is sharply debatable. The author's position is that the cooperation between economics and natural sciences has both objective grounds and objective problems. In any case, economics is not a natural science, and the natural sciences shouldn't have a priority in this dialogue. It is only a new stage in self-reflection of different sciences. The importance of this research is defined by the need of studying the scientific status of economics and the prospects of its development in terms of the subject and methodology.

The paper examines the conventionalism that arose within the framework of the second positivism in European philosophy at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries, in connection with Russian science and philosophy. Despite its being popular and developed mainly in Western philosophy, we demonstrate that its ideas were also reflected in Russian culture. Moreover, we argue that it was the achievements of Russian mathematicians that influenced the emergence of this direction in European philosophy. To determine the place of conventionalism in Russian culture, the works of such scientists, philosophers and historians of science as A. Poincaré, N.V. Efimov, G.V. Florovsky, P.S. Yushkevich and others were used. The article also provides an overview of their main works and ideas. The analysis also deals with the influence of ideological and political factors on the development of philosophy in the XX century in Russia and the USSR. It is shown that the achievements of Russian mathematicians had a significant influence on the emergence of conventionalism, and the ideas of conventionalism, in turn, were reflected in the concepts of Russian thinkers concerning the philosophy of science and the philosophy of history. Thus, N.I. Lobachevsky can be called a harbinger of mathematical conventionalism, some ideas of P.S. Yushkevich and A.A. Bogdanov can be referred to natural-scientific conventionalism, and some ideas of G.V. Florovsky can be called historical conventionalism. We conclude that Russian science, firstly, was one of the reasons for the emergence of conventionalism in Europe, and secondly, Russian philosophy adopted and applied some of its ideas, in particular, concerning the impossibility of complete knowledge of the world or the relativity of ways of expressing truth, which remain relevant today.

Scientiic collaboration continues to increase in frequency and importance. It has the potential to solve complex scientiic problems. The relevance of the research is caused by the role of scientiic collaboration in scientiic and technological sphere. Scientiic collaboration can be deined as a science infrastructure and as a process of intellectual cooperation. The aim of the research is to construct the model of scientiic collaboration in Russian science and technology. This has been gained by solving the following research objectives: deinition of the term «scientiic collaboration», types of collaborations consideration, analysis of intellectual and research infrastructure cooperation methods which take place in Russian scientiic organizations. The main feature of this research is the particular methodology which is based on scientometrics, comparative analysis and scientiic modeling. Scientometrics was used for deining productive scientiic collaboration in Russia. Open sources of information about international and Russian scientiic collaboration, oficial websites of Russian Ministry of Education and Science and Russian Academy of Science, such databases as Russian Statistics Committee and Web of Science can be mentioned as main information resources of the research. Main results of theoretical and practical part of the research are the original authors` vision of the base of scientiic collaborations in formation Russia which meansan effective cooperation of three components: intellectual resources (scientists and research teams), infrastructure (which can provide scientists with regular access to research equipment) and government (as a main regulator). Moreover, it should be mentioned that the main productive development option for Russian scientiic collaboration is territory integration of intellectual resources and research infrastructure.

The scientiic and technological (S&T) development of the Russian Federation is one of the government top priorities. In the context of globalization, a clear image of the country's global S&T ranking can be helpful for decision making in science policy. The paper analyzes the main international statistical data banks which allow for cross-country comparisons of S&T capabilities and reviews various international rankings, including special innovation indices and rankings based on science and technology indicators, which provide opportunity to locate position of Russia in the global S&T and innovation landscape. The study is based on data from the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, international rankings relecting the countries' readiness for a knowledge-based economy: the Global Innovation Index, the Bloomberg Innovation Index, The IMD World Competitiveness, The Global Talent Competitiveness Index, the Networked Readiness Index. The article focuses on analysis of Russia's positions in international science, technology and innovation rankings. The discussion ends with the conclusion that despite rather high R&D expenditures and quality of human capital, R&D efectiveness and impact of S&T on the Russian economy are estimated as rather low.

The paper studies the mobilization of non-military science, suffering of internal crisis. The aims of such a mobilization are: to perform a complex of vital scientiic and technical tasks set within the military-industrial complex, to enable import substitution in the non-military sectors, due to the external economic sanctions, and to develop perspective research directions. It is shown, with some examples of the decision-making low speed within the science infrastructure development and dealing with talented youth, that the current R&D regulators' passiveness is unacceptable under new conditions. The analysis of the President of Russia May decrees and a series of his instructions revealed the soft model of the science mobilization, which, in case of its failure, will be replaced by a hard scenario. The necessary conditions for the non-military science hard mobilization start are deined, including the centralization of inancial resources, a moratorium on the multiplicity of research funding sources and the traditional R&D contest. The formation of an "emergency" state authority is contemplated in purpose of the non-military science mobilization and achieving the goals of the mobilization period. The mobilization format of the state task for universities is proposed, as an instrument of University science mobilization.

Статья раскрывает содержание понятия международного спортивного движение, которое являются как важным социальным фактором общественного развития, так и политическим фактором, влияющим на международные отношения. Спортивные достижения на международном уровне служат отражением силы государства, его авторитета в международных делах. Особое внимание сегодня уделяется спорту как инструменту политики «мягкой силы» государства.

Review of the collection of works prepared by Gottfried Kratz (Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s. (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).The book in German comprises the papers by German and Russian researchers on public, academic, military and church libraries in the mid-19th century and up to present. The reviewer focuses on the works matching the profile of the "Scientific and Technical Libraries" journal. The presented works are based on vast archival materials and expand the knowledge of Russian-German library relationships within the mentioned historical period. The researchers of Russian diaspora abroad, book and library historians will make the readership of the book. ; Рецензия на подготовленный Готтфридом Кратцем научный сборник «Русские библиотеки в Германии» (Берлин : Петер Ланг, 2020. – 231 с. ; (Труды и библиографии по книжному и библиотечному делу. 17) – Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s.; (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).В этот сборник, изданный на немецком языке, вошли статьи немецких и российских специалистов. В их работах освещена деятельность публичных, академических, военных, церковных библиотек с середины XIX в. до наших дней. В представленном отзыве основное внимание сосредоточено на статьях, соответствующих тематике журнала «Научные и технические библиотеки». Отмечено, что все статьи подготовлены на основе изучения большого количества архивных документов, что позволило ввести в научный оборот новые данные, расширяющие представление о немецко-русских библиотечных взаимосвязях обозначенного исторического периода. Сборник предназначен в первую очередь исследователям русского зарубежья, историкам книги и библиотечного дела.

The article deals with the semantic changes of the terms of the Humanities and those of social and political sciences, the majority of which are consubstantial. It is universally acknowledged that a lexical-semantic way of coining new terms is the most productive one, which makes the majority of terms consubstantial. Words borrowed from the general literary language more often than not undergo the process of terminologisation and turns into terms proper whose meaning becomes more precise and narrow. Besides the process of terminologisation the article also considers the processes of determinologisation and reterminologisation. The research has also shown that the meaning of the term changes due to its transition from the category of the author original terms to international ones. These conclusions are also applicable to metaphor-based terms and terms coined on the basis of proper nouns. Having become part of terminological word combinations, proper nouns lose the meanings common for all participants of the speech community. The growing level of terminologisation results in the change of meaning of the term to such an extent that it becomes understandable only to professionals. The common seme which the term shares with the word of the general language disappears. The material for the research includes terminological dictionaries of various fields of the humanities and social and political sciences (economics, politics, law, art criticism). The authors have tried to present the studied material as a whole, to address certain problem caused by the change of meaning and to identify regularities of terminological meaning change. ; Данная статья посвящена проблеме изменения семантики терминов гуманитарных наук, которые в своем большинстве являются консубстанциональными. Общеизвестно, что в гуманитарных областях знания лексико-семантический способ образования терминов является одним из основных, что делает большинство терминов консубстанциональными. Слова, заимствованные из общелитературного языка, подверглись процессу терминологизации и превратились в собственно термины, объем значения которых значительно сузился. Помимо процесса терминологизации, в статье также рассматриваются процессы детерминологизации и ретерминологизации. Исследование показало, что объем значения термина меняется в связи с его переходом из категории авторских или региональных терминов в интернациональные. Данные выводы правомочны также в отношении терминов, основанных на метафоре и возникших на основе имен собственных. Имя собственное, войдя в состав термина, утрачивает значение, доступное всем членам языкового сообщества, говорящего на данном языке, и становится компонентом терминологических сочетаний. В результате процесса терминологизации утрачивается индивидуальность номинации, но происходит уточнение более общих понятий. Возрастающая далее степень терминологизации приводит к тому, что термины изменяют свое значение настолько, что становятся понятными лишь узкому кругу профессионалов. Связь с семантикой слова из общего языка, от которого термин, собственно, и произошел, полностью утрачивается. Материалом исследования послужили различные современные терминологические словари разных областей гуманитарного знания (экономика, политика, право, искусствознание).