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International audience Since 2008 general elections environment for democracy in the country is becoming conducive with each passing day, thus resulting in democratic consolidation. Sub-systemic institutionalisation in the form of structural and constitutional development (eighteenth amendment), and sociological institutionalisation in the form of normative and perceptional development about democracy being a normal and natural process are important steps in democratic consolidation. This study intends to explore the causality relation between the Eighteenth Constitutional Amendment and the processes of democratic consolidation in Pakistan. It seeks to answer the question that how is 18th Amendment nurturing democratic norms and institutions, and why is it taken as an optimistic factor for democratic consolidation in Pakistan. The study hypothesizes that conceptualization and operationalization of the semantics of 18th Amendment. ; Depuis les élections générales de 2008, l'environnement de la démocratie dans le pays devient chaque jour plus propice, entraînant ainsi une consolidation démocratique. L'institutionnalisation sous-systémique sous la forme d'un développement structurel et constitutionnel (dix-huitième amendement) et l'institutionnalisation sociologique sous la forme d'un développement normatif et perceptif du fait que la démocratie est un processus normal et naturel sont des étapes importantes de la consolidation démocratique. Cette étude vise à explorer la relation de causalité entre le dix-huitième amendement constitutionnel et les processus de consolidation démocratique au Pakistan. Il cherche à répondre à la question de savoir comment le 18e amendement nourrit les normes et les institutions démocratiques, et pourquoi est-il considéré comme un facteur optimiste pour la consolidation démocratique au Pakistan. L'étude émet l'hypothèse que la conceptualisation et l'opérationnalisation de la sémantique du 18e amendement.

International audience This article is a summary of my PhD dissertation with a focus on the issue of representation in the American controversy. It contends that the American colonists and the Scots imagined two competing versions of Britishness that both claimed to be based on the "English liberties". Until 1776, the Americans considered themselves to be British as well as Americans, thus forging a hybrid identity. Britishness, as they understood it, meant Englishness and the antithesis of Scottishness, which they identified with Jacobitism, tyranny, and Catholicism. The Scots for their part imagined their own hybrid identity mixing Scottishness with Britishness. They articulated opposed notions of empire and representation to that the American Patriots supported , thus asserting a commitment to the principle of parliamentary sovereignty over the empire, the belief in the perfection of the constitution, and loyalty to the Hanoverian dynasty, which were the fundamentals of the emerging British identity. The imperial crisis arguably weakened the empire but was also a catalyst for Britishness, which was built not merely in opposition to a French "Other" but also in opposition to an American one.

International audience Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre ...

This paper explores how a diversity policy is legitimized along moral, pragmatic and cognitive dimensions in a challenging environment (conflicting demands with regard to diversity). In this case study-based paper, we use evidence gathered from 92 interviews with members of key stakeholder groups, observation, and secondary data sources in a French business school. We find that perceptions about the legitimacy of a diversity policy may be ambivalent when legitimacy is evaluated along several dimensions. We conclude that legitimizing a diversity policy requires step-by-step management, with the organization selecting and combining various legitimization strategies over time. ; Cet article explore comment une politique de diversité est légitimée en termes moral, pragmatique et cognitif dans un environnement difficile (exigences contradictoires en matière de diversité). Une étude de cas d'une Ecole de Management française est conduite par le recueil de données primaires – 92 entretiens avec des parties prenantes et observation – et de données secondaires. Nous constatons que les perceptions de la légitimité d'une politique de diversité sont ambivalentes lorsque la légitimité est évaluée sur plusieurs dimensions. La légitimation d'une politique de diversité nécessiterait un management pas-à-pas, sélectionnant et combinant diverses stratégies de légitimation au cours du temps. ; Este artículo explora cómo se legitima una política de diversidad en términos morales, pragmáticos y cognitivos en un entorno desafiante. Un estudio de caso de una Escuela de Negocios francesa se hizo a través de la recolección de datos primarios – 92 entrevistas y observación – y datos secundarios. Encontramos que las percepciones de la legitimidad de una política de diversidad pueden ser ambivalentes cuando se evalúa la legitimidad en varias dimensiones. Así, la legitimación de una política de diversidad requeriría una gestión gradual, durante la cual se seleccionarían y combinarían varias estrategias de legitimación a lo largo del tiempo.

International audience Coccolithophores (calcifying phytoplankton) form extensive blooms in temperate and subpolar oceans as evidenced from ocean-color satellites. This study examines the potential to detect coccolithophore blooms with BioGeoChemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats, autonomous ocean profilers equipped with bio-optical and physicochemical sensors. We first matched float data to ocean-color satellite data of calcite concentration to select floats that sampled coccolithophore blooms. We identified two floats in the Southern Ocean, which measured the particulate beam attenuation coefficient (c p) in addition to two core BGC-Argo variables, Chlorophyll-a concentration ([Chl-a]) and the particle backscattering coefficient (b bp). We show that coccolithophore blooms can be identified from floats by distinctively high values of (1) the b bp /c p ratio, a proxy for the refractive index of suspended particles, and (2) the b bp /[Chl-a] ratio, measurable by any BGC-Argo float. The latter thus paves the way to global investigations of environmental control of coccolithophore blooms and their role in carbon export. Plain Language Summary Coccolithophores are a group of phytoplankton that form an armor of calcite plates. Coccolithophores may form intense blooms which can be identified from space by so-called ocean-color satellites, providing global images of the color of the surface ocean. BioGeoChemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats, robots profiling down to 2,000 m with a variety of physicochemical and bio-optical sensors, present an increasingly attractive and cost-effective platform to study phytoplankton blooms and their impact on oceanic biogeochemical cycles. We show that coccolithophore blooms can be detected by BGC-Argo floats with high confidence, hence providing a new way to study them at the global scale as well as their role in sinking carbon.

International audience One of the tensions in economics, that has spanned the last few centuries, has undoubtedly been the dichotomy between dialectical materialism and idealism, which ended up laying the foundations between structure and superstructure, taking up the important philosophical questions faced in past centuries. This tension also ended up entering the economic visions between determinists/liberalists and interventionists, both engulfed by positivism and mathematical reason that has left out any transcendental dimension. With these assumptions, this article pretends to present the fundamentals of economic phenomenology, a branch of phenomenology that studies economics in the formation of its primary ideas in response to the economic positivism that left any transcendental dimension and questions out of the economics science, such as: what kind of society do we want? In this context, the principles of economic phenomenology take form from the relationship between subject (intention) and materiality, noesis and noema (Noesis is the intention, the subjective dimension. Noema, is the object thought in subjective terms), which always presupposes a concept, an idea that can be interpreted in everyday life. In this direction, it also proposes the presuppositions, the method, some concepts and theories of which economic phenomenology is composed. Among these, the concepts of ontological reason, Peoples rights demand, the meso-economy and the theory of wages in order to interpret the vision of life that underlies economic systems.

International audience The study is aimed at linking social representations of identity and feeling of belonging to territory of farmers, to their degree of involvement in collective action within localized agrifood systems (LAS). The study was conducted with producers' families producing Serrano cheese, in the mountains of the Campos de Cima da Serra, in southern Brazil. Collective action for the valorization of the Serrano cheese relied on the producers' associations, which are the only form of collective organization. Fifty-four families were selected according to their level of involvement in collective action. First, we used a quantitative approach called the free word association, analyzed by Factorial Correspondence Analysis. Second, we asked closed questions to the producers to assess their feeling of belonging. We showed that the content of the social representation reflected the participation of producers in collective action. Producers who put forward the typicality of the cheese, the territory and their identity, were the most engaged in the associations. On the other hand, producers not involved in associations put forward the difficulties of their activity. In this sense, it appears valuable to encourage discussion between the different producers according to their level of involvement to build common representations that favor collective action for the defense and valorization of the Serrano cheese. Nonetheless, most producers tended to show a high feeling of belonging which could form the basis for discussion. However, collective action in the LAS follows a top-down model led by extension services, in which the producers need to be integrated in a more participatory governance to lead more efficient projects.

We consider a moral hazard problem with multiple principals in a continuous-time model. The agent can only work exclusively for one principal at a given time, so faces an optimal switching problem. Using a randomized formulation, we manage to represent the agent's value function and his optimal effort by an Itô process. This representation further helps to solve the principals' problem in case we have infinite number of principals in the sense of mean field game. Finally the mean field formulation is justified by an argument of propagation of chaos.

WOS:000464891100006 ; International audience The honeycomb worm Sabellaria alveolata is capable of building extensive bioconstructions, including what are currently considered Europe's largest biogenic reefs. The size and volume of these bioconstructions, however, vary greatly, such that not all habitats engineered by S. alveolata may be easily identified as reefs. Given that European environmental legislation protects marine habitats that are classified as "reefs", it is important to identity a clear set of definition criteria. Furthermore, quantifiable and unequivocal criteria are also needed to evaluate the ecological (health) state of these reefs, in order to best monitor and protect them. Here we propose new terminology to describe the physical appearance of these bioconstructions and attempt to link these physical criteria to the physiological state of the tube-building polychaete. We tested whether a bioconstruction displaying outward signs of growth is built by "healthy" worms devoid of physiological stress by analysing three macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids), four polar lipid fatty acids, six neutral lipid fatty acid markers and three metabolic enzymes (citrate synthase, catalase and superoxide dismutase). The worms were sampled in bioconstructions of different "Type" (veneer vs. hummock), "Phase" (progradation vs. retrogradation), and "Shore Level" (high shore vs. low shore) at Champeaux in Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, France. Our results show that worms sampled in retrograding reefs (i.e. displaying signs of erosion and colonisation by epibionts such as oysters or mussels), were less physiologically stressed than worms sampled in prograding bioconstructions, possibly due to lower intraspecific competition and hence greater food availability. We therefore suggest management measures should encompass the whole mosaic of biogenic construction Types and Phases. We propose the inclusion of the polar lipid fatty acid arachidonic acid, in combination with the activity of two metabolic enzymes, ...

International audience The article analyzes the dynamics of availability of housing for Ukrainian citizens in 1990-2017 years. The social and commercial availability of housing is investigated. The refined author's methodology for determining the commercial availability of housing was applied in the article. The actual values of social accessibility of housing in 1990-2017 years, and the commercial affordability of housing in 2011-2017, as well as trends in their dynamics are defined also. It is shown that the coefficient of social availability of housing has promptly fell from 1990 to 2010 years, and in 2011-2017 it has reached a critical low level. This proves that the government of Ukraine was actually discharged from the problem of social availability of housing and it has not developed modern effective tools for solving the housing problem of the poorest layer of citizens, who really need social housing. It is revealed that the mechanism of bank mortgage lending evolves in the direction opposite to the increase of affordability of housing. This indicates the need for radical changes in the state regulation of the mentioned mechanism. It is proposed to introduce new mortgage institutes in Ukraine, particularly, such as savings and credit, and to adapt the best examples of foreign experience for the sphere of state housing policy with the purpose of real increase of the level of availability of housing for Ukrainian citizens.

This article presents the process of creation and initial outcomes of a pedagogical tool called Refugee Journeys: Identity, Intersectionality and Integration, which allows players the opportunity to experience settlement and integration from the identity of a refugee. The purpose of the tool is to educate players about the need for intersectional approaches to refugee service provision, to foster a sense of admiration and respect for refugees' experiences, and to interact with public policies from the perspective of the least privileged. Outcomes involve recognitions that individual identities affect integration experiences and meaningful discussions about refugee integration, identity, and discrimination. ; Cet article présente le processus de création et les premiers résultats d'un outil pédagogique appelé Refugee Journeys: Identity, Intersectionality and Integration [Parcours de réfugié : identité, intersectionnalité et intégration] qui donne aux joueurs la possibilité de vivre un établissement et une intégration sous l'identité d'un réfugié. L'objectif de l'outil est d'instruire les joueurs quant à la nécessité des approches intersectionnelles pour fournir des services aux réfugiés, de favoriser le sens de l'admiration et du respect vis-à-vis des expériences des réfugiés et d'interagir avec les politiques publiques à partir de la perspective du moins privilégié. Les résultats se traduisent par une reconnaissance de l'influence des identités propres sur les expériences d'intégration et par des discussions constructives sur l'intégration, l'identité et la discrimination des réfugiés.

27 39 272 ; S ; [EN] This paper presents the development of a dynamic emotional model to be employed in agent societies. The proposed model is based on the PAD emotional model and allows the representation of the emotional contagion phenomena of a heterogeneous group of agents that are capable of express emotions. The model is mainly based on three elements: personality, empathy and affinity. These elements allow the characterisation of each individual, causing them susceptible to vary in some degree the emotions of other individuals. Additionally, the model allows defining of the social emotion of this group of agents. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. This work is partially supported by the MINECO/FEDER TIN2015-65515-C4-1-R and the FPI grant AP2013-01276 awarded to Jaime-Andres Rincon. This work is supported by COMPETE: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007043 and FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia within the projects UID/CEC/00319/2013 and Post-Doc scholarship SFRH/BPD/102696/2014 (A. Costa). ; Rincon, J.; Costa, A.; Villarrubia, G.; Julian Inglada, VJ.; Carrascosa Casamayor, C. (2018). Introducing dynamism in emotional agent societies. Neurocomputing. 272:27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2017.03.091

The democracy within cooperative is generally defined by the principle "one member, one vote", one of the principles inscribed in the declaration on the cooperative identity by the Cooperative International Alliance. However, measuring democracy in cooperative is a problem that is incompletely addressed. In this paper, I try to redefine democracy in the context of cooperative and to operationalize its measurement.

4 tables, 10 figures and 8 supplementary sections International audience In movement ecology, the few works that have taken collective behaviour into account are data-driven and rely on simplistic theoretical assumptions, relying in metrics that may or may not be measuring what is intended. In the present paper, we focus on pairwise joint-movement behaviour, where individuals move together during at least a segment of their path. We investigate the adequacy of twelve metrics introduced in previous works for assessing joint movement by analysing their theoretical properties and confronting them with contrasting case scenarios. Two criteria are taken into account for review of those metrics: 1) practical use, and 2) dependence on parameters and underlying assumptions. When analysing the similarities between the metrics as defined, we show how some of them can be expressed using general mathematical forms. In addition, we evaluate the ability of each metric to assess specific aspects of joint-movement behaviour: proximity (closeness in space-time) and coordination (synchrony) in direction and speed. We found that some metrics are better suited to assess proximity and others are more sensitive to coordination. To help readers choose metrics, we elaborate a graphical representation of the metrics in the coordination and proximity space based on our results, and give a few examples of proximity and coordination focus in different movement studies.