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Postmodernism,while supporting epistemologically itself in the poststructuralist theory, has marked its footprint in education with the realities of 'fragmentation', 'incoherence' and 'political chaos'. While there are academics which assert that 'there is not a postmodern theory of education', we can indeed state that postmodernism has translated a 'disorder of political strategies' in education that, on the one side, promote the elements of the progressive paradigms in education and, on the other side, have determined a 'cultural restauracionism' that bet and stake for the elements of the traditional paradigms of pedagogy. The relation of postmodernism with the university has achieved a deslegitimation of the Humboldtian social contract between the State and the university, urging the university to respond to the external expectations of the economy and the society. This has sanctioned some unknown processes of a relativistic and presentist type, which are far from availing the argumental strength that holds the traditional modernist doctrine. The impact of the postmodernism in Comparative Education makes plausible the increase of the future prominence of the applied studies of the International Education in face of the approach more theoretical and academic studies of Comparative Education. The 'ambiguity' and 'asystematicity' of Comparative Education is strengthen and is permeable to the introduction of new themes such as postcolonialism. The comparative discipline is currently experiencing a reconceptualization with challenges such as the production of a comparative research oriented to practice. Although a big part of academics are keen to the employment of creativity ressources I order to face the challenges of postmodernism, we cannot disdain the contribution of the teleological sciences in Comparative Education, very specially Philosophy and Theology, which provide the comparative studies with the north and compass needed in this new late modern society. ; El postmodernismo, que se sustenta epistemológicamente en el postestructuralismo, ha marcado su huella en educación con las realidades de "fragmentación", "incoherencia" y "caos político". Aunque hay académicos que aseveran que "no existe una teoría postmoderna de la educación" (Green, 1994), en la actualidad asistimos al debate de académicos modernistas versus teóricos postmodernos que reivindican, respectivamente, su visión de la universidad en términos de la idea de la universidad, la teleología, las funciones sociales y la epistemología de la institución universitaria. Especialmente imperioso se revela el análisis de las aportaciones del Proceso de Bolonia en la institución universitaria y en el debate modernismo-postmodernismo, en tanto que la potestad educativa de la Unión Europea ha dejado una huella en la tradición educativa universitaria del continente europeo. En suma, entre las conclusiones de este debate destaca la imperiosidad de potenciar las ciencias humanas en tanto que la universidad sigue ejerciendo su rol de liderazgo político y social de la sociedad occidental. A las humanidades y las ciencias sociales compete, más que a otras disciplinas actualmente promovidas por el profesionalismo imperante, el diseño del modelo de hombre y de sociedad en el siglo XXI. Sin esa orientación, la misma sociedad queda al dictado de la economía como única vigía social, con todos los riesgos, limitaciones y empobrecimiento social y moral que esto supone.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan, memaparkan dan menganalisis: 1) jenis-jenis represi yang dialami para persona dalam puisi karya beberapa penyair Amerika yang berasal dari etnik non-Anglo-Saxon, yaitu Julia Alvarez, Naomi Shihab Nye, Rhina P. Espaillat, dan lê thį diễm thúy; 2) resistensi yang masing-masing persona lakukan atas represi yang mereka alami; dan 3) bagaimana akhirnya para persona tersebut menemukan jati diri mereka masing-masing sebagai akibat dari represi yang mereka alami dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah puisi yang berjudul Bilingual Sestina karya Julia Alvarez, Blood karya Naomi Shihab Nye, Bilingual/Bilingile karya Rhina P. Espaillat, dan to my sister lê thi diem trinh shrapnel shards on blue water karya lê thį diễm thúy. Data diperoleh dengan teknik membaca dan mencatat karya-karya tersebut dan dianalisis dengan teori postkolonialisme dan sumber-sumber yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa represi yang dialami oleh etnik minoritas ini sebagaimana direpresentasikan oleh persona dalam masing-masing puisi di atas terjadi dalam aspek kehidupan sosial-budaya, ekonomi, dan politik mereka, dan represi tersebut tidak hanya dilakukan oleh etnik mayoritas Anglo-Amerika, namun juga oleh kelompok mereka sendiri. Resistensi yang mereka lakukan pun terjadi dalam bidang yang sama. Jati diri yang mereka temukan berpijak pada resistensi yang mereka lakukan yang sebetulnya merupakan "counter attack" mereka. Kata kunci: Anglo-Saxon/Amerika, postkolonialisme, represi, resistensi, temuan jati diri THE DIASPORA OF NON-ANGLO-SAXON ETHNICS IN THE ANGLO-SAXON ETHNIC COMMUNITY: BITTERNESS AND ALIENATION AbstractThis study aims at finding, describing, and analyzing: 1) types of repression experienced by the personae in some poems by American writers of non-Anglo-Saxon ethnic origins, i.e. Julia Alvarez, Naomi Shihab Nye, Rhina P. Espaillat, and lê thį diễm thúy; 2) the resistance against the repression they experience; and 3) how they come to their self-recognition on account of the repression which they bear in their everyday life. The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach. The data sources were poems entitled Bilingual Sestina by Julia Alvarez, Blood by Naomi Shihab Nye, Bilingual/Bilingile by Rhina P. Espaillat, and to my sister lê thi diem trinh shrapnel shards on blue water by lê thį diễm thúy. The data were collected by reading and making notes on the works and analyzed by the post-colonial theory and other related sources. The findings show that the repression experienced the ethnic minority as represented by the personae of the poems takes place in their socio-cultural, economic, and political aspects of life, and it is made not only by the ethnic majority of Anglo-Saxon, but also by their own groups. The resistance which they execute also takes place in the same aspects. As a matter of fact, their self-recognition is based upon the resistance they have brought about which is a sort of their counter attack. Keywords: Anglo-Saxon/American, postcolonialism, repression, resistance, self-recognition

This thesis intend to formulate a qualitative analysis of urban metabolism based on the study of wastecirculations in Cairo (Egypt) and Lyon (France). I propose here an analytical framework centered onmultiple social and technical infrastructures allowing the circulation and transformation of matter tooverlook assumptions of incommensurability of Northern and Southern urban contexts. Catabolic flowsare presented as a way of encompassing the whole of the process of the « social death of things »understood as a practice of protection from the hygienic and critic hazards of waste. Such flows aredeployed by an effort of enframing urban milieus through heterogeneous practices of coding andovercoding. Those notions help me to identify an western form of urbanization relying on an engineeringof urban milieus (mesologic engineering). This theoretical frame is thought as a « third term » allowinga discussion between cases oftenly considered as incommensurable because of teratologicalunderstanding of urban development in the South. The idea is to set up what Souleymane Bachir Diagnecalls an « universalism of translation » in line with postcolonial inquiries of a necessary renewal of urbantheories through the study of southern urban experiences. Starting there, catabolic flows are studiedthrough the analysis of enframing practices in Lyon and Cairo in the context of contemporary capitalistmetabolism. ; Cette thèse propose une approche qualitative du métabolisme urbain à partir du cas des flux dedéchets au Caire (Égypte) et à Lyon (France). Il s'agit de dépasser l'impossibilité présumée de lacomparaison de cas d'études a priori très éloignés (selon un axe Nord/Sud) en proposant une grille delecture centrée sur la multiplicité des infrastructures sociales et techniques permettant la circulation etla transformation de ces matières. Elle se penche plus particulièrement sur les flux dits cataboliquespermettant de décrire l'ensemble des étapes de transformations et de circulation de la matière permettantla « mort sociale des ...

This thesis intend to formulate a qualitative analysis of urban metabolism based on the study of wastecirculations in Cairo (Egypt) and Lyon (France). I propose here an analytical framework centered onmultiple social and technical infrastructures allowing the circulation and transformation of matter tooverlook assumptions of incommensurability of Northern and Southern urban contexts. Catabolic flowsare presented as a way of encompassing the whole of the process of the « social death of things »understood as a practice of protection from the hygienic and critic hazards of waste. Such flows aredeployed by an effort of enframing urban milieus through heterogeneous practices of coding andovercoding. Those notions help me to identify an western form of urbanization relying on an engineeringof urban milieus (mesologic engineering). This theoretical frame is thought as a « third term » allowinga discussion between cases oftenly considered as incommensurable because of teratologicalunderstanding of urban development in the South. The idea is to set up what Souleymane Bachir Diagnecalls an « universalism of translation » in line with postcolonial inquiries of a necessary renewal of urbantheories through the study of southern urban experiences. Starting there, catabolic flows are studiedthrough the analysis of enframing practices in Lyon and Cairo in the context of contemporary capitalistmetabolism. ; Cette thèse propose une approche qualitative du métabolisme urbain à partir du cas des flux dedéchets au Caire (Égypte) et à Lyon (France). Il s'agit de dépasser l'impossibilité présumée de lacomparaison de cas d'études a priori très éloignés (selon un axe Nord/Sud) en proposant une grille delecture centrée sur la multiplicité des infrastructures sociales et techniques permettant la circulation etla transformation de ces matières. Elle se penche plus particulièrement sur les flux dits cataboliquespermettant de décrire l'ensemble des étapes de transformations et de circulation de la matière permettantla « mort sociale des ...

Led by Erika Pearson with assistance from Bernard Madill (both from the University of Otago) and featuring contributors from Massey University, University of Canterbury and University of South Australia. "Inspired by similar projects around the world, and supported by funding from Creative Commons, the Media Text Hack Group sought to act as 'curators' of the vast array of information about media and communication, and drew together examples specific to the region . This first release represents a core of work based on the common curricula of media and communication studies programs across the region. It is hoped that future versions will develop and expand these areas, as well as take advantage of new tools of collaboration and sharing. All are welcome to take, use, recycle and adapt the material under the Creative Commons Attribution licence"--Media release, 13 Feb. 2013 ; Pt. 1. Reading media texts -- Pt. 2. Culture and contexts -- Pt. 3. Production and structures -- Pt. 4. Audiences & identity.

Dans cette recherche, j'étudie les dynamiques identitaires des minorités ibadite/berbère et juive de l'île de Djerba (Tunisie) à travers le prisme du tourisme et de la révolution. Je démontre que l'agencéité de ces deux minorités ethnicoreligieuses se base sur la force mobilisatrice de leur patrimoine immatériel. Je déconstruis le double discours colonial et national les dotant d'un statut historique et juridique subalterne en me basant sur l'apport critique des études postcoloniales et sur une ethnographie multi-située. J'inscris ce faisant cette agencéité dans une dynamique de relations de pouvoir. J'analyse les adaptations, les négociations et les résistances des acteurs ibadites/berbères et juifs sous le régime colonial puis sous l'État-nation pour aboutir à une meilleure connaissance de leurs stratégies dans l'hyperprésent, soit la révolution de 2011. J'explique qu'en contribuant activement au jumelage de leur patrimoine immatériel à l'industrie touristique et qu'en s'engageant dans la mouvance politique postrévolutionnaire, ces acteurs se réapproprient une citoyenneté entière en Tunisie. Cet examen critique met en évidence les stratégies adoptées par les acteurs des minorités étudiées pour se repositionner par rapport aux structures, non pas dans le sens d'une rupture, mais plutôt dans celui de s'insérer dans les relations de pouvoir avec un statut avantageux.

This thesis aims at analyzing the discourses on Iran in the narratives of German-speaking travelers between 1906 and 194. The body of literature is made of thirty narratives written by scientists and their spouses, businessmen, diplomats and writers. The analysis is structured along the perception of nature, the vision of technical progress, and the judgements of religions and women's conditions. This research questions the means of circulation of knowledge in these stories and the specificity of the female travel story.The thesis takes into account the influence rooted in the travelers' cultural background and their criticism of European values. If some travelers' narratives demonstrate the importance of interaction with the local population and challenge the supremacy of European-like progress, others, and especially the women's narratives, offer the image of a German patriarchal society the travelers sought to escape. ; Cette thèse vise à analyser les discours sur l'Iran dans les récits de voyageurs germanophones entre 1906 et 1941. Le corpus comprend trente récits de scientifiques et de leurs épouses, de commerçants, diplomates, écrivains. La perception de la nature, la vision du progrès technique, le jugement sur les religions et sur la condition féminine constituent les axes de l'analyse. Ce travail interroge les processus de circulation des savoirs présents dans ces récits et la spécificité du récit de voyage féminin. La thèse prend en compte l'influence des facteurs tenant à la culture d'origine des voyageurs et à leur critique des valeurs européennes. Si les discours de certains voyageurs témoignent de l'importance des liens avec la population iranienne et de la remise en question de la suprématie du progrès à l'européenne, d'autres, en particulier les récits féminins, renvoient l'image d'une société allemande patriarcale que les voyageuses aspirent à fuir.

This research paper questions the identity claims (territorial and political, individual and collective) in a corpus of engaged speeches. The decision was to work from speeches of progressive parties, engaged novels from the 1970s-1980s, life stories and accounts from "the Children of Creuse". The analysed texts highlight the construction of a political model of state supervision and blame a process of decolonisation that stifles particularities and stigmatises the Creole identity. The claims focus on empowering the making of political decisions and considering the regional specificities. These local particularities, either geographic, linguistic or cultural, are defended as defining elements of Reunion's identity. However, the Reunionese identity is represented in a conflictual process in which the cultural elements are organised in a hierarchy. The analysis of the issue of the building of identities during the postcolonial era shows an inevitable correlation with the organisation of the colonial society. The structures of domination, transformed after 1946, correlated to the effects of the departmentalisation and globalisation, hinder the construction of an assertive identity. In this context, the literary speech becomes a means of resistance and allows the subordinates to claim the speech back to themselves and bring another version of the history. This thesis questions the concerns of the building of the Reunionese identity in the context of social and political transformations and by considering its consequences on individuals. It also emphasises the absence of consideration of colonialism and its contemporary impacts in France. ; Ce travail de recherche interroge les revendications identitaires (territoriales et politiques, individuelles et collectives) dans un corpus de discours engagés. Nous avons privilégié les discours des partis progressistes, des romans engagés des années 1970-1980, des récits de vie et des témoignages des enfants de la Creuse. Les textes analysés mettent en lumière la construction d'un modèle politique de mise-sous-tutelle et accusent un processus de décolonisation qui étouffe les particularités et stigmatise l'identité créole. Les revendications portent sur l'autonomisation des décisions politiques et la considération des spécificités régionales. Ces particularités locales, qu'elles soient géographiques, langagières ou culturelles, sont défendues comme des éléments constitutifs de l'identité de la Réunion. Cependant, l'identité réunionnaise est représentée dans un processus conflictuel, où les éléments culturels sont hiérarchisés. L'analyse des enjeux de la construction des identités en période postcoloniale montre une inévitable corrélation avec l'organisation de la société coloniale. Les structures de domination, transformées après 1946, corrélées aux effets de la départementalisation et de la mondialisation, entravent la construction d'une identité décomplexée. Dans ce contexte, le discours littéraire devient un moyen de résistance et permet aux subalternes de se réapproprier le discours sur soi et d'apporter une autre version de l'histoire. Cette thèse interroge les enjeux de la construction de l'identité réunionnaise, dans le contexte des mutations sociales et politiques, et en considérant ses conséquences sur les individus. Elle souligne également l'absence de considération du fait colonial et de ses conséquences contemporaines en France.

This research paper questions the identity claims (territorial and political, individual and collective) in a corpus of engaged speeches. The decision was to work from speeches of progressive parties, engaged novels from the 1970s-1980s, life stories and accounts from "the Children of Creuse". The analysed texts highlight the construction of a political model of state supervision and blame a process of decolonisation that stifles particularities and stigmatises the Creole identity. The claims focus on empowering the making of political decisions and considering the regional specificities. These local particularities, either geographic, linguistic or cultural, are defended as defining elements of Reunion's identity. However, the Reunionese identity is represented in a conflictual process in which the cultural elements are organised in a hierarchy. The analysis of the issue of the building of identities during the postcolonial era shows an inevitable correlation with the organisation of the colonial society. The structures of domination, transformed after 1946, correlated to the effects of the departmentalisation and globalisation, hinder the construction of an assertive identity. In this context, the literary speech becomes a means of resistance and allows the subordinates to claim the speech back to themselves and bring another version of the history. This thesis questions the concerns of the building of the Reunionese identity in the context of social and political transformations and by considering its consequences on individuals. It also emphasises the absence of consideration of colonialism and its contemporary impacts in France. ; Ce travail de recherche interroge les revendications identitaires (territoriales et politiques, individuelles et collectives) dans un corpus de discours engagés. Nous avons privilégié les discours des partis progressistes, des romans engagés des années 1970-1980, des récits de vie et des témoignages des enfants de la Creuse. Les textes analysés mettent en lumière la construction ...

International audience ; Exile and colonialism play an essential part in Jamaica Kincaid's novels. This antagonism is best expressed in Kincaid's early fiction through conflictual mother-daughter relationships. My paper aims to show that such aspects are connected facets of the identity nexus which informs the body politics of contemporary female Caribbean writers. ; L'exil et le colonialisme jouent un rôle essentiel dans les romans de Jamaica Kincaid. Cet antagonisme trouve sa meilleure expression dans les premiers écrits fictionnels de Kincaid à travers des relations conflictuelle entre mère et fille. La présente étude vise à montrer que de tels aspects représentent des facettes interdépendantes du problème identitaire qui marque de son empreinte la questionnement sur le corps chez les écrivains féminins contemporains de la Caraïbe.

International audience ; Exile and colonialism play an essential part in Jamaica Kincaid's novels. This antagonism is best expressed in Kincaid's early fiction through conflictual mother-daughter relationships. My paper aims to show that such aspects are connected facets of the identity nexus which informs the body politics of contemporary female Caribbean writers. ; L'exil et le colonialisme jouent un rôle essentiel dans les romans de Jamaica Kincaid. Cet antagonisme trouve sa meilleure expression dans les premiers écrits fictionnels de Kincaid à travers des relations conflictuelle entre mère et fille. La présente étude vise à montrer que de tels aspects représentent des facettes interdépendantes du problème identitaire qui marque de son empreinte la questionnement sur le corps chez les écrivains féminins contemporains de la Caraïbe.

À partir des années 1970, le roman Dracula de Bram Stoker (1897) a connu une série inattendue d'éditions critiques, qui ont contribué en même temps à la canonisation d'une œuvre de fiction considérée auparavant comme dédaignable et à la perpétuation des points de vue du roman sur la Transylvanie et la Roumanie. En général, les éditeurs suivent le principe selon lequel les annotations doivent permettre au public d'aujourd'hui d'avoir une expérience de lecture similaire à celle des premiers lecteurs et aussi proche de l'intention de l'auteur que possible. Dans le cas de Dracula, cela présuppose que beaucoup des choix idéologiques de Stoker restent inexpliqués et indisputés, tandis que ses représentations des peuples et des lieux "lointains" sont soutenues par l'usage que font les éditeurs des notes de travail du romancier. Stoker a pris note, en les modifiant, des centaines de citations de différentes sources qu'il a ensuite incorporées dans le texte du roman. Les éditeurs de Dracula se fient à ces notes, sans prendre en compte les changements opérés par le romancier, les passages qu'il a utilisés mais qui n'apparaissent pas dans les notes, ou le fait que les sources sont souvent biaisées ou simplement érronées. Ainsi, les éditions critiques du roman de Stoker préservent et même contribuent au processus d'altérisation commencé par l'auteur de Dracula. L'analyse du discours d'altérisation est directement liée à la discussion du contexte historique du roman, c'est-à-dire le statut néo-colonial de la Roumanie, abordé dans la deuxième partie de cette étude. Les faits qui y sont mis en valeur montrent que ce que Stoker savait et ceux qu'il connaissait ont influencé ses choix d'endroits, de personnages et d'intrigue. L'implication de la Grande Bretagne dans l'économie et la politique de la region, avant et après la Guerre de Crimée, attestée par la présence des aventuriers coloniaux britaniques et par celle de la marine militaire anglaise sur le Danube, n'a guère était étudiée par les historiens. Le même peut être dit de l'implication de Londres au sein de la Commission Européenne du Danube. La présente étude pourrait aussi être utile aux spécialistes du postcolonialisme, de la mondialisation ou à ceux qui s'intéressent aux transformations apportées par le capitalisme dans le Bas Danube et à l'intégration des principautés roumains dans le marché économique mondial. Stoker a trouvé ses sources parmi les écrits des voyageurs en Transylvanie et Roumanie qui se préoccupaient des avantages économiques offerts par ces pays. Leurs écrits ont d'abord stimulé et ensuite soutenu l'implication de la Grande Bretagne dans l'économie de la région. La présente thèse va au-delà d'une autre frontière, en passant des études littéraires à l'anthropologie. Les anthropologues culturels peuvent trouver utile la discussion du temps et de la différence dans le roman de Stoker et dans les annotations des éditeurs. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit de la collection et de la manipulation des données concernant une région européenne « lointaine ». La (non)existence des croyances aux vampires est une situation qui peut fournir un aperçu des pratiques traditionnelles mais aussi, ce qui est plus important, des conséquences profondes du travail anthropologique du dix-neuvième siècle. Bien qu'elle soit un examen des éditions les plus richement annotées du roman de Bram Stoker, la présente étude est interdisciplinaire. Elle utilise des théories et des conceptes de plusieurs domaines, tout en attirant l'attention sur les liens complexes entre la culture, l'histoire, la politique et l'économie. Ce que cette étude montre surtout, c'est le lien étroit entre l'objet littéraire et le contexte dans lequel il a été produit. ; Since the 1970s, Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) has gone through an unexpectedly long series of scholarly editions, which has contributed both to the canonisation of a work of fiction previously considered undeserving and to the perpetuation of the novel's views on Transylvania and Romania. As a rule, editors follow the principle according to which their annotations should allow today's audience a reading experience similar to that of the original reader and as close to the author's intention as possible. In Dracula's case, this means that much of Stoker's ideological choices remain unexplained and unchallenged, while his representations of "remote" people and places are supported by the editors' use of the writer's working notes. Stoker took down, in altered form, hundreds of quotes from several sources that he incorporated into the text of the novel. The editors of Dracula rely heavily on these notes, without taking into account the changes brought by the novelist, the passages that he used but do not appear in the notes, and the fact that the sources were often biased or simply wrong. Thus, the many scholarly editions of Stoker's novel preserve and even enhance its original process of othering. The analysis of the othering discourse is closely linked to the discussion of the historical context of the novel, that is, to the neo-colonial status of Romania, examined in the second part of this study. The information unearthed here shows that who and what Stoker knew influenced his choice of place, plot and character, which can provide a new line of inquiry for both literary critics and historians. The involvement of Great Britain in the economy and politics of the region, before and after the Crimean War, attested by the presence of British colonial adventurers and by that of the British navy on the river Danube, has only been marginally studied by historians, and the same is true about the study of the British involvement in the European Commission of the Danube. The present study can be equally useful to scholars engaged with postcolonialism, globalisation, and the transformations brought about by capitalism in the Lower Danube region and by the integration of the Romanian principalities into the world market economy. Stoker's sources were travellers to Transylvania and Romania who were preoccupied with the economic advantages those countries had to offer. Their writings both stimulated and, later, supported the British involvement in the economy of the region. This dissertation crosses yet another boundary, from literary studies into anthropology. Cultural anthropologists can find useful the discussion of time and difference in Stoker's novel and in the annotations of the editors, both of which involve the collection and manipulation of data from a "remote" European region. In the case of Dracula, the (non)existence of vampire beliefs is an interesting case study which provides insight into the practice but, more importantly, into the far-reaching consequences of nineteenth-century anthropological work. Although an examination of the most heavily annotated scholarly editions of Bram Stoker's vampire novel, the present study is interdisciplinary. It employs theories and concepts from several fields, thus bringing to the fore the intricate links between culture, history, politics and economy. What this study shows, more importantly, is the close link between the literary object and the context in which it was produced.

Inequality is a historical issue in Brazil, an inheritance of entangled and interdependent social, economic, political and legal injustices. This article summarizes a research on fine-dining restaurant kitchens in the city of Uberlandia, a major economic and migration hub in central Brazil, seeking to expose instances of inequalities replicated in these organizations. It attempts to offer a critical study of unfolding dialogues between its employees' perspectives of their socio-cultural contexts and those of the organizations and their own contextual particularities, using the notions of medievality, global city and foodscape as categories of analysis, with further considerations on organization studies, postcolonialism and postmodernity. Its research corpus' empirical material was collected through shadowing chefs in two restaurants and was analyzed in the light of those categories and considerations. It was possible to interpret that such workers, organizations, and their contexts reproduce symbols, behaviors and representations that may operate as sources of social distinction for their customers, but, paradoxically, may reinforce the inequalities that motivated the research. ; La desigualdad es una cuestión histórica en Brasil, herencia de injusticias sociales, económicas, políticas y jurídicas enmarañadas e interdependientes. Este artículo es el resumen de una investigación exhaustiva sobre cocinas de restaurantes finos de la ciudad de Uberlândia ‒gran polo económico y migratorio de la región central de Brasil‒, que se propone exponer instancias de desigualdad replicadas en sus organizaciones. El presente trabajo estudia críticamente el desdoblamiento de los diálogos entre las perspectivas de los empleados de dichos establecimientos, a partir de sus contextos socioculturales, y las perspectivas y particularidades de las organizaciones, usando las nociones de medievalidad, ciudad global y paisaje alimentario como categorías de análisis, con consideraciones adicionales en estudios de organización, poscolonialismo y posmodernidad. El material empírico del corpus de investigación se recolectó por medio del seguimiento de chefs en dos de esos restaurantes, y luego se analizó a la luz de esas categorías y consideraciones. El trabajo revela que los empleados, las organizaciones y sus contextos reproducen símbolos, comportamientos y representaciones que pueden ser fuentes de distinción social para sus clientes, pero, paradójicamente, también pueden reforzar las desigualdades que motivaron la investigación. ; A desigualdade é uma questão histórica no Brasil, uma herança de injustiças sociais, econômicas, políticas e jurídicas emaranhadas e interdependentes. Este artigo é um resumo de uma abrangente pesquisa sobre cozinhas de restaurantes finos na cidade de Uberlândia, grande polo econômico e migratório na região central do Brasil, buscando expor instâncias de desigualdades replicadas em suas organizações. O presente trabalho faz um estudo crítico do desdobramento dos diálogos entre as perspectivas dos funcionários desses estabelecimentos, a partir de suas contextos socioculturais, e as perspectivas e particularidades das organizações, usando as noções de medievalidade, cidade global e paisagem alimentar como categorias de análise, com considerações adicionais em estudos de organização, pós-colonialismo e pós-modernidade. O material empírico do corpus de pesquisa foi coletado por meio do acompanhamento de chefs em dois desses restaurantes e, em seguida, analisado à luz dessas categorias e considerações. O trabalho revela que os funcionários, as organizações, e seus contextos reproduzem símbolos, comportamentos e representações que podem ser fontes de distinção social para seus clientes, mas, paradoxalmente, podem também reforçar as desigualdades que motivaram a pesquisa.

Inequality is a historical issue in Brazil, an inheritance of entangled and interdependent social, economic, political and legal injustices. This article summarizes a research on fine-dining restaurant kitchens in the city of Uberlandia, a major economic and migration hub in central Brazil, seeking to expose instances of inequalities replicated in these organizations. It attempts to offer a critical study of unfolding dialogues between its employees' perspectives of their socio-cultural contexts and those of the organizations and their own contextual particularities, using the notions of medievality, global city and foodscape as categories of analysis, with further considerations on organization studies, postcolonialism and postmodernity. Its research corpus' empirical material was collected through shadowing chefs in two restaurants and was analyzed in the light of those categories and considerations. It was possible to interpret that such workers, organizations, and their contexts reproduce symbols, behaviors and representations that may operate as sources of social distinction for their customers, but, paradoxically, may reinforce the inequalities that motivated the research. ; La desigualdad es una cuestión histórica en Brasil, herencia de injusticias sociales, económicas, políticas y jurídicas enmarañadas e interdependientes. Este artículo es el resumen de una investigación exhaustiva sobre cocinas de restaurantes finos de la ciudad de Uberlândia ‒gran polo económico y migratorio de la región central de Brasil‒, que se propone exponer instancias de desigualdad replicadas en sus organizaciones. El presente trabajo estudia críticamente el desdoblamiento de los diálogos entre las perspectivas de los empleados de dichos establecimientos, a partir de sus contextos socioculturales, y las perspectivas y particularidades de las organizaciones, usando las nociones de medievalidad, ciudad global y paisaje alimentario como categorías de análisis, con consideraciones adicionales en estudios de organización, poscolonialismo y posmodernidad. El material empírico del corpus de investigación se recolectó por medio del seguimiento de chefs en dos de esos restaurantes, y luego se analizó a la luz de esas categorías y consideraciones. El trabajo revela que los empleados, las organizaciones y sus contextos reproducen símbolos, comportamientos y representaciones que pueden ser fuentes de distinción social para sus clientes, pero, paradójicamente, también pueden reforzar las desigualdades que motivaron la investigación. ; A desigualdade é uma questão histórica no Brasil, uma herança de injustiças sociais, econômicas, políticas e jurídicas emaranhadas e interdependentes. Este artigo é um resumo de uma abrangente pesquisa sobre cozinhas de restaurantes finos na cidade de Uberlândia, grande polo econômico e migratório na região central do Brasil, buscando expor instâncias de desigualdades replicadas em suas organizações. O presente trabalho faz um estudo crítico do desdobramento dos diálogos entre as perspectivas dos funcionários desses estabelecimentos, a partir de suas contextos socioculturais, e as perspectivas e particularidades das organizações, usando as noções de medievalidade, cidade global e paisagem alimentar como categorias de análise, com considerações adicionais em estudos de organização, pós-colonialismo e pós-modernidade. O material empírico do corpus de pesquisa foi coletado por meio do acompanhamento de chefs em dois desses restaurantes e, em seguida, analisado à luz dessas categorias e considerações. O trabalho revela que os funcionários, as organizações, e seus contextos reproduzem símbolos, comportamentos e representações que podem ser fontes de distinção social para seus clientes, mas, paradoxalmente, podem também reforçar as desigualdades que motivaram a pesquisa.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as Zaire, was a Belgian colony that came into being during the Berlin Conference of 1885. This specific territory was endowed with immense natural resources and represented a promising source of revenue for rival European powers. However, aside from King Leopold's Belgium, the titular colonizing power, one other country, France, held a keen interest in the Congo basin and sought to expand its influence in the region. This interest has exerted itself numerous times throughout history, most notably during the founding of the country at the Berlin Conference (France helped Leopold consolidate his power via diplomatic maneuvers and le droit de preference in the hopes of later taking over his possession), shortly after the Second World War (in the period of decolonization, de Gaulle made advances to Congo/Zaire and sought to incorporate the country into the francophone community), and the period associated with Zaïrianisation (1973-74) under the corrupt and dictatorial presidency of Mobutu Sese Seko. These three periods mark significant turning points in the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and further, they allow scholars to draw insightful analyses of how French influence has maintained itself and flourished in this African nation that was once the colony of a rival power. In more recent times, however, France has had to rethink its African policy in the present-day DRC due to changing international norms and increasing levels of globalization. A multipolar world order has replaced the bipolar system of the Cold War, and countries are becoming more and more interconnected in terms of ideological and economic linkages. Old ties have broken down—one can see this with Rwanda defining itself as an Anglophone country or the Eastern European countries defining themselves as members of the EU—and countries are shedding the ideological conceptions of traditional postcolonialism. In the DRC, Mobutu and his predecessors started to identify itself with France instead of Belgium due to common linguistic and cultural norms. Beginning with de Gaulle's two famous speeches at Brazzaville in 1944 and 1960, and cemented during the period of Zaïrianisation, one can see a change of patrons in the patron-client relationship as Zaire responded favorably to French advances in terms of cooperation, which can be defined as economic, cultural, and military aid/alliances. This is unusual in that France maintains a kind of de facto rivaling of the Belgium's traditional role of European metropole to the former colony. In sum, France still maintains a strong interest in the country, but this interest has shifted from the archetypical metropole-colony relationship (which is based on traditional principles of exploitation of the colony by the European power) pioneered by the influential Chief Advisor on African Policy, Jacques Foccart to an alternative approach of coopération that focuses more on language and economic policy than on classical bilateral post-colonial ties. Instead of continuing a strict international patron-client network, France is increasing its influence by expanding access to French instruction and by increasing Franco-Congolese economic ties. In this way, France has maintained a neocolonialist approach throughout the centuries and continues to perpetuate a common culture—or identity—that facilitates exploitation well into the 21st century.