Suchergebnisse

Distributive justice in its modern sense calls on the state to guarantee that everyone is supplied with a certain level of material means. Samuel Fleischacker argues that guaranteeing aid to the poor is a modern idea, developed only in the last two centuries. Earlier notions of justice, including Aristotle's, were concerned with the distribution of political office, not of property. It was only in the eighteenth century, in the work of philosophers such as Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant, that justice began to be applied to the problem of poverty. To attribute a longer pedigree to distributive justice is to fail to distinguish between justice and charity. Fleischacker explains how confusing these principles has created misconceptions about the historical development of the welfare state. Socialists, for instance, often claim that modern economics obliterated ancient ideals of equality and social justice. Free-market promoters agree but applaud the apparent triumph of skepticism and social-scientific rigor. Both interpretations overlook the gradual changes in thinking that yielded our current assumption that justice calls for everyone, if possible, to be lifted out of poverty. By examining major writings in ancient, medieval, and modern political philosophy, Fleischacker shows how we arrived at the contemporary meaning of distributive justice

"Economics of Agricultural Development examines the causes, severity, and effects of poverty, population growth, and malnutrition in developing countries. It discusses potential solutions to these problems, progress made in many countries in recent years, and the implications of globalization for agriculture, poverty, and the environment. Topics covered in the book include: Means for utilizing agricultural surpluses to further overall economic development. The sustainability of the natural resource environment. Gender issues in relation to agriculture and resource use. The contribution of improved technologies to agricultural development. The importance of agricultural policies and institutions to development and trade. Actions to encourage more rapid agricultural and economic development This new edition reflects the following developments: Growth in environmental challenges due to climate change. Continued progress in agricultural and economic development in many low-income countries while other countries and regions are being left behind. Continued growth in demand for higher-valued farm products This book is essential reading for undergraduate students seeking to understand the economics of agricultural development and the world food system, including environmental and human consequences, international trade, and capital flows. It contains a wealth of real-world case studies and is accompanied by a website."

Chapter 1. No Poverty: How Much, How Far -- Chapter 2. Sustainable Agriculture, Poverty, Food Security and Improved Nutrition -- Chapter 3. Health Progress in India in respect of Millennium Development Goals: Is Health Target of SDG Achievable? - An Empirical Study at Sub-National level -- Chapter 4. Education in India: Goals and Achievements -- Chapter 5. Gender Equality and the Sustainable Development Goals: focussing on the Adolescent Girls in India -- Chapter 6. Clean Water and Sanitation: India's present and future prospects -- Chapter 7. Enabling Energy Sustainability -- Chapter 8. Structural change in employment & Unemployment in India -- Chapter 9. Avoiding Pre-mature Deindustrialization in India: Achieving SDG9 -- Chapter 10. How is India Flaring in Achieving SDG 10 on Reduced Inequality? -- Chapter 11. Sustainability in Indian Cities: a developing country perspective -- Chapter 12. Sustainable Consumption Pattern in India -- Chapter 13. Climate change Responses and Sustainable Development: Integration of Mitigation and Adaptation -- Chapter 14. Ocean and Sustainable Development: A preliminary assessment for India -- Chapter 15. Biodiversity Conservation and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals: India's Responses Evaluated – Particularly in Relation to SDG15 -- Chapter 16. Sustainable Development Goals: Implementation of Goal 16 by India -- Chapter 17. Trade and Sustainable Development Goals: A multi-scenario analysis for India and other Asia-Pacific countries.

After more than fifty years of development, why have interventions and aid failed to yield greater poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa? Why did the agricultural development projects that were transpiring in places like Kenya during the "development era" of the 1950s and 1960s not take-off? Cultivating Their Own: Agriculture in Western Kenya during the "Development" Era explores these questions and others that continue to drive the research agendas of international aid agencies and development scholars in the twenty-first century. The book centers on four agricultural development projects unfolding in a densely populated rural area of western Kenya during the country's transition to independence and its first few years under de facto one-party rule. Drawing on an array of primary sources and oral interviews, Saeteurn argues that the project of agrarianism failed to germinate in places like western Kenya because of competing interests, conflicting agendas, and structural problems inherent in the process of development at the international, national, and local level. Cultivating Their Own is a timely reminder of the importance of paying attention not only to local people's aspirations but also to the realities of rural life when creating projects that mobilize agriculture for poverty reduction.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction: The New Sociology of Aging -- The Gaze of Functionalist Gerontology -- Disengagement Theory -- Activity Theory -- Political Economy of Old Age and the Politics of Distribution -- Feminist Interpretations of Aging and Gender -- Gender and Marginality in Old Age -- Race and Aging -- Sexuality and Aging -- Concluding Comments to Introduction -- The Sociology of Risky Aging -- Risk, Work and Pensions: A Recalibration -- Population Ageing and Risk -- Extending Working Lives -- Conclusion: Ageing, Welfare and Risk - Lessons for Critical Understanding -- Postmodern Sociology and Aging -- The Development of Postmodern Social Theory -- Theorizing the Aging Body -- Popular Culture and the Aging Body -- The Gendered Aging Body -- Biotechnology and the Body: Reinventing Aging? -- Conclusion -- Towards A Social Methodology in Sociological Gerontology -- Neoliberalism, Aging, and the Family -- Social Democracy, Aging, and the Family -- "Grand-Parenting" Policy -- Sociology of Aging and Personalisation -- Introduction -- The Rise of Personalisation and Care -- Surveillance, Personalisation and Care -- The Technologies of Care Management to facilitate Personalisation? -- The Panoptic Culture -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Demographics, Poverty and Ageism -- Demographics -- Poverty -- Ageism -- The Analytical Framework of Governmentality -- Policy Constructs -- Integrating Health and Social Services: Policy and Older People -- References -- About the Author -- Index -- Blank Page.

Indonesia has made impressive progress in reducing income inequality and improving living standards since the Asian Financial Crisis but the decline in poverty has slowed in recent years while inequality has risen and a large part of the population remains vulnerable. The Government of Indonesia has recognised the potential of social protection to address these challenges and to underpin a long-term development strategy based on more inclusive economic growth. As a consequence, social assistance programmes have grown significantly in recent years while social insurance has undergone major reforms. The Government is gradually realising its vision of a system of social protection, based on comprehensive and coherent coverage for all age groups.The Social Protection System Review of Indonesia charts the evolution of social protection. It explores the current context for social protection and how this is likely to evolve in the future, analyses the extent to which existing programmes are aligned to those needs and how effective these programmes are at reducing poverty. It also examines the financing of social protection. Finally, it proposes policies to enhance the social protection system across a number of dimensions, including programmes, institutions, financing and information architecture.

Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Social Problems: A Cost-Effective Psychosocial Prevention Paradigm -- Prevention Versus Remediation -- Need for Prevention Programs -- Examples of Incidence and Cost of Social Problems -- Child Abuse -- Educational Outcomes -- Violence in Schools -- Teenage Sexuality -- HIV/AIDS -- Drug Abuse -- Crime -- Urban Decline and Family Homelessness -- Unemployment -- Marital Conflict -- Race -- Retirement -- Hospice -- References -- Chapter 2: Child Maltreatment -- Overview -- Incidence -- Definition of Child Abuse and Neglect -- Objectives of Risk Assessment -- Risk Factors -- Assessment Methods -- Structured Clinical Interviews -- Computerized Assessment Methods -- Self-Report Methods -- Observation Methods -- Rating Scales -- Physiological Methods -- Family Strengths -- Effective Social Work Interventions -- CPS Intervention with Modern Views -- Child-Focused Interventions -- Parent-Focused Interventions -- Parent Training -- Evaluation of Parenting Interventions -- Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions -- Ecological, Family-Centered Perspective -- Ecobehavioral Interventions (Project 12 Ways) -- Social Network Interventions -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Educationally Disadvantaged Children -- Overview -- Dropping Out of School -- Risk Factors -- Underachievers -- Poverty -- Teen Pregnancy -- Juvenile Violence -- Truancy -- Substance Abuse -- Effective Interventions -- Poverty -- Teen Pregnancy -- Juvenile Violence -- Truancy -- Substance Abuse -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Violence in Schools -- Overview -- Trends -- Bullying -- Physical Aggression -- Minority Youth Violence -- Violence Toward Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Questioning Youth -- Juvenile Gangs -- Gun Violence -- Substance Use -- Assessment -- School-Based Interventions.

"Politics in Developing Countries provides a clear and reader-friendly introduction to the key factors and themes that shape political processes in developing countries. Achieving development outcomes such as reducing poverty and inequality is only possible through efficient governance, well-planned policies and careful allocation of resources, but often politics in developing countries has been identified with mismanagement, corruption, conflict, and repression of dissent. This book assesses the politics of developing countries in the period since decolonisation, focusing on the ways in which states have or have not worked to the advancement of their citizens' interests. Key topics include: - Colonialism and its legacy - Ethnicity and nation building - Governance, corruption and the role of the state - Poverty and the political economy of development - Aid and outside influence Drawing on a range of case studies from around the world, Politics in Developing Countries looks at the consistencies and variations between developing countries, examining why some have forestalled political change by liberalising their economies, and others have actively stifled calls for change. Wide-ranging and engagingly written, this introductory textbook is perfect for students of politics and international development, as well as for those with a general interest in the challenges faced by countries in the Global South"--

Cover -- Title page -- Acknowledgements -- Copyright page -- About the Authors -- Contents -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SECONDARY URBANIZATION IN NAMIBIA -- 2.1 Namibia's Urban Hierarchy -- 2.2 History of Urbanization in Northern Namibia -- 2.3 Urban Geography of Oshakati-Ongwediva-Ondangwa -- 2.4 Rural-Urban Migration -- 2.5 Municipal Governance -- 3. METHODOLOGY -- 4. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS -- 4.1 Household Size -- 4.2 Age and Sex of Household Members -- 4.3 Migration from Rural Areas -- 4.4 Level of Education -- 4.5 Types of Household -- 5. POVERTY AND LIVELIHOODS -- 5.1 Income Inequality in Namibia -- 5.2 Housing Type -- 5.3 Household Income -- 5.4 Household Expenditure -- 5.5 Lived Poverty -- 6. HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY -- 6.1 Measuring Household Food Insecurity -- 6.2 Household Food Insecurity Access -- 6.3 Household Food Insecurity Access Prevalence -- 6.4 Household Dietary Diversity -- 6.5 Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning -- 6.6 Impact of Food Price Increases -- 6.7 Food Shocks -- 6.8 Food Insecurity and Household Income -- 6.9 Food Insecurity and Household Type -- 7. HOUSEHOLD FOOD SOURCES -- 7.1 Market Sources -- 7.2 Food Sourcing and Food Insecurity -- 7.3 Reasons for Supermarket Patronage -- 7.4 Purchasing of Different Food Items -- 8. HOUSEHOLD AGRICULTURE -- 8.1 Urban Agriculture -- 8.2 Rural Agriculture -- 8.3 Rural-Urban Food Transfers -- 8.4 Indigenous Food Consumption -- 9. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Back cover.

Urban population growth is extremely rapid across Africa and this book places urban food and nutrition security firmly on the development and policy agenda. It shows that current efforts to address food poverty in Africa that focus entirely on small-scale farmers, to the exclusion of broader socio-economic and infrastructural approaches, are misplaced and will remain largely ineffective in ameliorating food and nutrition insecurity for the majority of Africans. Using original data from the African Food Security Urban Network's (AFSUN) extensive database it is demonstrated that the primary food security challenge for urban households is access to food. Already linked into global food systems and value chains, Africa's supply of food is not necessarily in jeopardy. Rather, the widespread poverty and informal urban fabric that characterizes Africa's emerging cities impinge directly on households' capacity to access food that is readily available. Through the analysis of empirical data collected from 6,500 households in eleven cities in nine countries in Southern Africa, the authors identify the complexity of factors and dynamics that create the circumstances of widespread food and nutrition insecurity under which urban citizens live. They also provide useful policy approaches to address these conditions that currently thwart the latent development potential of Africa's expanding urban population.

"While cities often act as the engines of economic growth for developing countries, they are alsofrequently the site of growing violence, poverty, and inequality. Yet, social theory, largely developed and tested in the Global North, is often inadequate in tackling the realities of life in the dangerous parts of cities in the Global South. Drawing on the findings of an ambitious five-year, 15-project research programme, Social Theories of Urban Violence in the Global South offers a uniquely Southern perspective on the violencepovertyinequalities dynamics in cities of the Global South.Through their research, urban violence experts based in low- and middle-income countries demonstrate how "urban violence" means different things to different people in different places. While some researchers adopt or adapt existing theoretical and conceptual frameworks, others develop and test new theories, each interpreting and operationalizing the concept of urban violence in the particular context in which they work. In particular, the book highlights the links between urban violence, poverty, and inequalities based on income, class, gender, and other social cleavages.Providing important new perspectives from the Global South, this book will be of interest to policymakers, academics, and students with an interest in violence and exclusion in the cities of developing countries."--Provided by publisher.

This report marks the first stage of AFSUN's goal of expanding knowledge about urban food systems and experiences of household food insecurity in secondary African cities. It contributes to an understanding of poverty and sustainability in Mzuzu, Malawi, through the lens of household food security. The focus on food as an urban issue not only speaks to the development challenges presented by urbanization, but it also brings a fresh perspective to debates about food security in Malawi. The urban setting highlights the changing food system in Malawi where people in rural and urban areas are increasingly reliant on cash income to buy food. The report's key findings include that the most vulnerable households are those without a formal wage income, households headed by older people, especially older women, and households that are not able to produce food in the rural areas. The research also shows that the food system is dynamic and diverse, with households accessing food from a variety of formal and informal food sources and relying on rural-urban linkages for urban survival. Urban and rural agriculture are important features of the food system, but there is little evidence that these are the "self-help" responses to poverty that advocates for urban agriculture in Africa sometimes imply.

New initiatives recognize that resource wealth can provide a means, when properly used, for poorer nations to decisively break with poverty by diversifying economies and funding development spending. Extractive Industries: The Management of Resources as a Driver of Sustainable Development explores the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries in using oil, gas, and mining to achieve inclusive change. While resource wealth can yield prosperity it can also, when mismanaged, cause acute social inequality, deep poverty, environmental damage, and political instability. There is a new determination to improve the benefits of extractive industries to their host countries, and to strengthen the sector's governance. Extractive Industries provides a comprehensive contribution to what must be done in this sector to deliver development, protect often fragile environments from damage, enhance the rights of affected communities, and support climate change action. It brings together international experts to offer ideas and recommendations in the main policy areas. With a breadth of collective insight and experience, it argues that more attention must be given to the development role of extractive industries, and looks to the future to explain how action on climate change will profoundly shape the sector's prospects.

In 2017, the Royal Government of Cambodia published a new Social Protection Policy Framework (SPPF), providing an ambitious vision for a social protection system in which a comprehensive set of policies and institutions operate in sync with each other to sustainably reduce poverty and vulnerability.The Social Protection System Review of Cambodia prompts and answers a series of questions that are crucial for the implementation ofthe framework : How will emerging trends affect the needs for social protection, now and into the future? To what extent are Cambodia's social protection instruments able – or likely – to address current and future livelihood challenges? How does fiscal policy affect social protection objectives? This review provides a contribution to the ongoing policy dialogue on social protection, sustainable growth and poverty reduction. It includes four chapters. Chapter 1 is a forward-looking assessment of Cambodia's social protection needs. Chapter 2 maps the social protection sector and examines its adequacy. An investigation of the distributive impact of social protection and tax policy is undertaken in Chapter 3. The last chapter concludes with recommendations for policy strategies that could support the establishment of an inclusive social protection system in Cambodia, as envisaged by the SPPF.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction and overview -- Part 1: Ethical concepts and principles -- 1.1 Altruism, efficiency and justice: ethical challenges to the welfare state -- 1.2 The ethics and the normgiving: the example of rehabilitation -- 1.3 Crossing frontiers: migration and social security -- 1.4 Alternative measures of national poverty: perspectives and assessment -- 1.5 The measurement of absolute poverty -- Part 2: Ethics and attitudes -- 2.1 Popularity and participation: social security reform in Australia -- 2.2 Coping with risk: attitudes towards private unemployment insurance in Britain and Germany -- Part 3: Ethics and the evaluation of concrete institutions -- 3.1 The pre-market phase: the transition from a state-controlled to a market-based social security system -- 3.2 Public programs create private incentives and disincentives toward work -- 3.3 Social security, intergovernmental fiscal relations and efficiency: the case of the two systems of public assistance for the unemployed in Germany -- 3.4 Skills, gender equality and the distributional impact of female labour market participation in the three worlds of welfare capitalism -- 3.5 What determines work resumption from long sickness spells? - an analysis of six countries -- 3.6 Demographic change and partial funding: is the Swedish pension reform a role model for Germany? -- List of contributors