Suchergebnisse

Civil-military relations as a phenomenon invited a greater attention of academic community only after World War II, as the first attempts to define the best way of civil-military cooperation emerged. The collapse of the socialistic block resulted in the decrease in importance of military roles. The changing global security environment influenced some recognizable changes in modern societies (including Lithuanian) of the democratic world as well. Traditional normative civil-military relations theories could not properly describe the changing manner in communication between society and the armed forces, since the ongoing processes go beyond the framework of the classical understanding about civil-military relations: democratic civilian control and the autonomous military,,professionalism" thus, the attempt was made to look for new ways and methods to identify the prevailing change tendencies in societies and the armed forces. Lithuanian civil society and the armed forces are not an exception in this respect, thus, the main issue of this research was to discuss the blurring boundaries between Lithuanian civil society and the armed forces. This research paper attempts to prove that Lithuanian armed forces are going through the convergence processes, such as professionalization and civilinization. The process of coalescence of social values into the military sphere results in the decreased autonomy of the armed forces as well as change in traditional civil-military relations. The comparative analysis and a case study of typical civil-military relations provided by C. Moskos and J. Williams was a great background for further analysis of the tendencies of changing civil-military relations. This MA thesis provides the discussion on civil-military relations in respect of the changes in Lithuanian military organization and their probable impact on civil society. What is more, this research aimed at identifying and analyzing the ongoing processes in Lithuanian armed forces in comparison with other NATO member states, discussing the development prospects as well as their relationship with civil society. The research is based on the adopted euristic model which helps to analyze civil-military relations in consideration of functional and socio-political aspects. The main objective of the research is to examine the prevailing tendencies and fundamental prospects in the changing civil-military relations in Lithuania in the context of defense reform and transformation of the armed forces (after 2001). The first chapter describes the theoretical presumptions of the research, also presents the fundamental theoretical background for the analysis of civil-military relations as well as attempts to explain the problems arising because of the change in these relations. Moreover, the chapter provides the analysis of the evolution of military organizations in accordance with significant changes to the international security environment. The second chapter presents the ideal type model for the analysis of the changing armed forces and their relations with civil society in consideration of functional and socio-political aspects. The third part reports on the qualitative inductive research. Referring to the variables defined in the research model, this chapter continues with the analysis of the ongoing processes in Lithuanian armed forces in the context of defense reform and transformation of the armed forces; moreover, the chapter identifies the problematic issues in civil-military relations and analyzes the prospects of cooperation. The Lithuanian case showed some common international tendencies to change in civil-military relations. Society and armed forces have been changed since 1990, because of external factors and participation in international organizations. The convergence process is countinuig and it reveals completely new era in civil - military relations

Civil-military relations as a phenomenon invited a greater attention of academic community only after World War II, as the first attempts to define the best way of civil-military cooperation emerged. The collapse of the socialistic block resulted in the decrease in importance of military roles. The changing global security environment influenced some recognizable changes in modern societies (including Lithuanian) of the democratic world as well. Traditional normative civil-military relations theories could not properly describe the changing manner in communication between society and the armed forces, since the ongoing processes go beyond the framework of the classical understanding about civil-military relations: democratic civilian control and the autonomous military,,professionalism" thus, the attempt was made to look for new ways and methods to identify the prevailing change tendencies in societies and the armed forces. Lithuanian civil society and the armed forces are not an exception in this respect, thus, the main issue of this research was to discuss the blurring boundaries between Lithuanian civil society and the armed forces. This research paper attempts to prove that Lithuanian armed forces are going through the convergence processes, such as professionalization and civilinization. The process of coalescence of social values into the military sphere results in the decreased autonomy of the armed forces as well as change in traditional civil-military relations. The comparative analysis and a case study of typical civil-military relations provided by C. Moskos and J. Williams was a great background for further analysis of the tendencies of changing civil-military relations. This MA thesis provides the discussion on civil-military relations in respect of the changes in Lithuanian military organization and their probable impact on civil society. What is more, this research aimed at identifying and analyzing the ongoing processes in Lithuanian armed forces in comparison with other NATO member states, discussing the development prospects as well as their relationship with civil society. The research is based on the adopted euristic model which helps to analyze civil-military relations in consideration of functional and socio-political aspects. The main objective of the research is to examine the prevailing tendencies and fundamental prospects in the changing civil-military relations in Lithuania in the context of defense reform and transformation of the armed forces (after 2001). The first chapter describes the theoretical presumptions of the research, also presents the fundamental theoretical background for the analysis of civil-military relations as well as attempts to explain the problems arising because of the change in these relations. Moreover, the chapter provides the analysis of the evolution of military organizations in accordance with significant changes to the international security environment. The second chapter presents the ideal type model for the analysis of the changing armed forces and their relations with civil society in consideration of functional and socio-political aspects. The third part reports on the qualitative inductive research. Referring to the variables defined in the research model, this chapter continues with the analysis of the ongoing processes in Lithuanian armed forces in the context of defense reform and transformation of the armed forces; moreover, the chapter identifies the problematic issues in civil-military relations and analyzes the prospects of cooperation. The Lithuanian case showed some common international tendencies to change in civil-military relations. Society and armed forces have been changed since 1990, because of external factors and participation in international organizations. The convergence process is countinuig and it reveals completely new era in civil - military relations

China's transition into a market economy has exerted some influence on the health sector in terms of a significant growth of facilities, but it has also produced a range of destabilizing social costs. This thesis analyzes the relations between healthcare pricing and payment reforms and the different delivery aspects such as the exemption program for the poor, public health programs for tuberculosis control and the provision of hospital services. A health economics and systems conceptual framework is used for analyzing aspects of the health systems in terms of market failures and the institutional response from governments and regulators. In study I, the exemption programs for hospitals where the poor are relieved of paying the price or user charges are analyzed. The study is a case study where patient records from nine hospitals were reviewed, together with interviews with key informants and community representatives. The study showed that the discount offered was limited, where only a minority of indigents received discounts and the hospitals lacked incentives for efficiently carrying out the programs. Study II investigates the effect of the new urban health insurance system on hospital charges. The study uses two tracers, acute appendicitis and normal childbirth, at six hospitals from two cities with different insurance systems. The result showed a lower rate of increase in hospitals charges in the city implementing the urban health insurance reform. Regression analysis showed contracting mechanisms and length of stay to be the main determinants for hospital charges. Study III analyzes the operation of TB control programs in a decentralized financial system. A case study was conducted in four counties with different economic developments in the Shandong province. Data was collected from a review of documents and interviews with patients and key informants. The study showed weak government support to the TB control program and less developed DOT (directly observed therapy) programs in the poorer counties. TB patients suffered heavy financial burdens. The decentralized financing system had negatively affected the provision of public health programs such as TB control programs. In study IV, the impact of retail price control of drugs on hospital drug expenditures was examined. The study is a case study at two hospitals. Total drug expenditures were analyzed based on financial records and a tracer, cerebral infarction, was used for an in-depth examination of prices, volume, expenditures and rationality of drug use. Findings showed that after the implementation of the drug pricing policy, total drug expenditures increased as rapidly as before. Drug expenditure per patient for cerebral infarction showed indistinct results, indicating that the regulation was not effective. Utilization rather than price was more determinative for drug expenditures. Study V investigates the development of revenues, costs and performance in the hospital sector. In a sample of 41 hospitals in two cities, the use of inputs, investments and productivity was estimated. The findings showed that hospitals had expanded their staff and invested in new medical equipment. The corresponding change of outputs in terms of outpatient and inpatient performance showed a slower increasing rate, resulting in a diminishing productivity rate over time. The market-oriented health care system in China is faced with different 'market failures' problems such as limited access to health services for the poor and the inaccuracy in relying on market mechanisms for services characterized by positive externalities, such as the public health programs. Financial autonomy has given health providers the incentives to maximize revenues. Government interventions to contain costs and improve efficiency show that a sole reliance on the price mechanism is insufficient and must be combined with other tools set by regulators and insurers.

The report looks into the status, impact and preventive actions taken by some of the partner universities and colleges in Africa of Agricultural University of Norway (NLH) against the spread of HIV/AIDS. Countries included in the study are Botswana, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Malawi and Tanzania. Overall it showed that there is a growing recognition of the problem on campus, most universities have established special HIV/AIDS Committees and have information campaigns to new students. However, little is included in research and curriculum development. Neither are anyone making projections of what future losses of staff and students will mean for the university or the agricultural sector. Successful institutional and societal responses to HIV/AIDS require leadership. Universities play a role in the leadership of their communities. The key findings from the study are as follows: Status of and impact of HIV/AIDS: No one knows the status due to the nature of the pandemic and the structure of reporting and health systems. The perceived trend points to females as a vulnerable group. The impact is felt but the magnitude is hard to know due to the fact that no one knows the status except for some universities in Kenya. Overall, the study revealed that there is an impact, in varying degrees, amongst students and staff. The impact is felt either through leave of absence, effect on teaching quality, dropping out to take care of sick relatives, or students' output being affected. Loss of skilled labour is proving to be a problem for the universities, as it would take more time to train new staff. Assessment of Present Programs by Agricultural Universities and Colleges: Most government programs in the study are promoted by the Ministry of Health, are in the start phase, targeting mainly students, with an emphasis on the biological-medical aspect. The social and psychological aspect is currently being included through peer education. The feedback on peer education is positive in that it is a powerful tool with a more holistic approach. A critique of the available information campaigns is that it is mostly from the top and western in its approach, neglecting important cultural elements. Ethical issues came up with keywords such as: discrimination, secrecy and denial, behaviour change, gender relations, exclusion from PhD grants, access to expensive medicines etc. Another issue was the role and responsibilities of the professors are important - especially in how they treat young vulnerable female students. Most universities are officially following a non-discrimination policy and most of the countries signed the UN Convention, but in practise this is a challenge. Based on the study we came up with the following recommendations: Expressed Needs from Universities and Colleges: The needs expressed by most universities are curriculum development and regional networking. Due to the nature of the problem, the universities were concerned in having interdisciplinary and multilevel research. NORAD on the other hand has a key role in helping to fight the pandemic. The involvement is basically facilitating, coordination and support of current and future programs through: integration of HIV/AIDS dimension in institutional collaboration agreements; contribute to research development by facilitating an interdisciplinary collaboration between Norwegian institutions and the African counterparts; support curriculum development initiatives, student peer education and outreaches, maintain current university operations through filling projected decrease in staff in students and lastly being instrumental in creating a node in Norway that coordinates and acts as a clearinghouse for HIV/AIDS and agriculture.

1. Contextual outline of the PhD Research Climate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition. The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today's world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society. The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change. In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called "mechanistic reductionism". The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics. Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent. 2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics "share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising. The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies. The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of 'multi-level selection'. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties. More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past "lock-in" stories. Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through "habits" and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of 'technological lock-in' in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the 'behavioural' part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective. As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the 'no-regret' emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy. An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments , it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as "barriers" and partly relate to the 'bounded rationality' of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents. Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become "counter-intentional", it then follows that people may often display "locked-in" practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed. In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits). Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive. ; De nos jours, la science économique est devenue une discipline incontournable dans le domaine de l'analyse politique. Les politiques environnementales, et notamment la politique de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, n'échappent pas à la règle. Or, la théorie économique traditionnelle repose sur des postulats fortement contestés par de nombreux auteurs, tant du point de vue théorique que du point de vue empirique. Dans ce contexte, l'idée de la thèse est de voir quelles seraient les implications de l'adoption d'une grille de lecture économique alternative sur le processus de décision dans le domaine de la politique climatique. Le choix d'un autre modèle s'est porté logiquement sur l'économie évolutionniste dans la mesure où, d'une part, ce courant s'est construit sur l'idée qu'il fallait réconcilier la caractérisation de l'agent économique avec l'abondante littérature empirique et, d'autre part, il a opté pour la logique biologique, plus en phase les rythmes écologiques, comme métaphore inspiratrice. De par la nature même de la réflexion sous-tendant ses fondements théoriques, l'économie évolutionniste s'intéresse aux dynamiques économiques résultant des processus d'innovation, sélection et accumulation. En fait, ce qui est considéré comme exogène dans le modèle traditionnel, constitue le « cœur conceptuel » du modèle évolutionniste. Le choix de cette nouvelle grille de lecture a inévitablement comme conséquence d'envisager d'une autre manière l'économie politique portant sur les questions environnementales. La première partie de la recherche est consacrée à une analyse approfondie des critiques formulées à l'encontre du modèle économique traditionnel. Cette analyse, dont l'objectif est de contribuer à l'élaboration du cadre conceptuel de la thèse, consiste en l'exploration parallèle du champ de recherche concernant le fonctionnement des agents économiques et de la philosophie évolutionniste en général. Cette investigation conjointe, doublée d'un cadrage portant sur l'histoire et l'évolution de la science économique, permet d'aborder de front les deux faiblesses principales du modèle traditionnel, à savoir l'irréalisme empirique du paradigme de l'Homo Oeconomicus et le problème de la simple agrégation sous la forme de l'agent représentatif. Cette phase aboutit à la formulation d'un schéma analytique alternatif fondé sur le concept de « rationalité limitée » articulé dans un cadre reposant sur la notion d'évolution, définie comme un processus à causalité cumulative, double (ascendante et descendante) et interactive illustrant l'importance jouée par le niveau de groupe pour expliquer le fonctionnement des individus. Ce cadre et les préceptes qui en découlent seront utilisés d'une part, pour tenter d'apporter un éclairage différent sur la question du « paradoxe énergétique » et, d'autre part, pour analyser l'évolution technologique, élément central de la problématique du climat. Par exemple, la notion de causalité cumulative et interactive appliquée à la question de l'évolution technologique met lumière celle de « dépendance du sentier » qui exprime l'idée selon laquelle des évènements aléatoires insignifiants influencent fortement la direction et l'orientation d'une trajectoire technologique. De même, l'importance de la contingence historique et des interdépendances systémiques, qui découlent de notre choix d'adopter une approche évolutionniste, servent à expliquer le processus via lequel on a abouti à ce que l'on peut appeler le « carbon lock-in », selon lequel notre économie serait enfermée dans un régime sociotechnique « carbone » tant nos habitudes, nos institutions et nos réseaux technologiques sont adaptés à l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles (principale cause du problème de l'effet de serre). Cette notion d'enfermement technologique à laquelle notre analyse a mené est importante dans le sens où elle requiert des décideurs politiques de mettre en œuvre des mesures propres à déverrouiller nos trajectoires technologiques, si on veut respecter les engagements pris dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto. En conclusion, l'adoption d'une approche évolutionniste est susceptible de faire évoluer sensiblement le type de politiques et instrument utilisés pour lutter contre le problème du réchauffement. Notamment, elle questionne la pertinence des instruments économiques actuels, comme l'échange de quotas d'émissions, qui proviennent du modèle traditionnel (mettant l'accent sur l'efficience et reposant sur la parfaite rationalité des acteurs), dans la mesure où ils ne traitent pas des barrières structurelles responsables de l'enfermement technologique dans la filière fossile. Comme le souligne notre recherche, les politiques climatiques devraient plutôt créer un environnement permettant d'utiliser la nature cumulative et auto-renforçante de l'évolution des technologies.

Suvremeni pristupi određenju zdravlja već su dugo pod utjecajem shvaćanja koji ga opisuju kao stanje potpunog tjelesnog, duševnog i socijalnog blagostanja, a ne samo odsustva bolesti. Naročito osjetljive društvene skupine poput obitelji, djece i mladih, ali i brojne specifične kategorije stanovništva poput izbjeglica, siromašnih, etničkih, seksualnih ili rasnih manjinskih skupina pogođene su dodatno u zajednicama u kojima žive upravo putem utjecaja koji prema njima vrše članovi te iste zajednice. Zbog toga su se tijekom posljednjih desetljeća u teoriji i praksi različitih profesija koje se bave zdravljem stanovništva (kao što su to medicina, socijalni rad, psihologija i druge) razvili pristupi i modeli koji zdravlju pristupaju unutar paradigme razvoja zajednice i promocije zdravlja. Time su na neki način zajednica i koncept zdravlja postali nerazdvojivo povezani. Zdravlje u zajednici predstavlja sposobnost zajednice da stvori i uspješno koristi resurse s ciljem podrške dobrobiti i kvalitete života zajednice. Razvoj zajednice odnosi se na proces njegovanja osjećaja zajednice, jačanja socijalnih veza među ljudima, podizanja kohezije s ciljem postizanja harmonične, podržavajuće, i za život poticajne i zanimljive okoline ljudima. On se zasniva na razvoju resursa u zajednici koji se mogu između ostalog pronaći u grupama za samopomoć, sustavu socijalne podrške ili razvoju sustava koji jačaju sudjelovanje građana u usmjeravanju i oblikovanju zdravstvenih prioriteta. Promocija zdravlja u zajednici predstavlja konceptualni okvir koji naglašava primarnu prevenciju i perspektivu utemeljenu na suradnji sa stanovništvom, a na nju se može gledati kao na filozofiju, proces, projekt ili ishod. Razvoj zajednice i promocija zdravlja u zajednici sadrže fundamentalno vjerovanje da ljudi mogu identificirati i rješavati svoje probleme. S tim ciljem razvijeni su brojni modeli rada u zajednici od kojih su neki postavljeni ideal-tipski, a neki su proizašli iz prakse rada stručnjaka diljem svijeta. U radu su prikazane neke ključne odrednice koncepata razvoja zajednice i promocije zdravlja, obilježja konteksta u kojima se procesi razvoja zajednice i promocije zdravlja odvijaju, specifičnosti pojedinih modela rada, njihovih ključnih vrijednosnih odrednica i njihovi ciljevi. Zaključno, istaknuto je kako razvoj zajednice i promocija zdravlja u zajednici predstavljaju suštinski aspekt suvremene prakse i politike zdravlja te kako se koristeći zajednicu kao ishodišnu točku svojih intervencija mogu postići značajni uspjesi u unapređenju položaja različitih, osobito ranjivih, društvenih skupina te ujedno utjecati na smanjenje financijskih troškova povezanih s postizanjem tog cilja. ; Modern approaches to health determination have been influenced since long time ago by the notions that describe it as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,and not just the absence of illness. Particularly vulnerable social groups such as families, children and young people, as well as many specific categories of the population such as refugees, poor people, ethnic, sexual or racial minority groups are additionally affected in the communities in which they live by the influence exerted on them by members of that same community. As a result, approaches and models have evolved in the theory and practice of different professions dealing with population health (such as medicine, social work, psychology, etc.) within the last decades, within the paradigm of community development and health promotion. In this way, the community and the concept of health became inseparable. Community health is the ability of a community to create and successfully use resources to support the well-being and quality of life of the community. Community development refers to the process of fostering a sense of community, strengthening social ties between people, raising cohesion with the aim of achieving a harmonious, supportive, and stimulating and engaging environment for people. It builds on the development of community resources that can be found, among other things, in self-help groups, the social support system, or the development of systems that enhance citizen participation in directing and shaping health priorities. Community health promotion is a conceptual framework that emphasizes primary prevention and a community-based perspective, and can be viewed as a philosophy, process, project or outcome. Community development and community health promotion contain the fundamental belief that people can identify and solve their problems. To this end, a number of community-based work models have been developed, some of which are ideally-typed and some derived from the practice of professionals around the world. The paper presents some key determinants of the concepts of community development and health promotion, the characteristics of the contexts in which the processes of community development and health promotion take place, the specifics of particular models of work, their key values and their goals. In conclusion, it was emphasized that community development and promotion of community health are an essential aspect of contemporary health practices and policies, and that using the community as a starting point for their interventions can achieve significant success in promoting the position of diverse, especially vulnerable, social groups and at the same time reducing financial costs associated with achieving that goal.

Ponencia presentada en el 53rd IFLA World Congress International Federation of Landscape Architects, Torino, Italia, 2016 ; This paper presents an applied research studying a sector urban edge of the city of Cordoba, Argentina, which shows a series of imbalances and environmental and landscape problems unsustainable causing a transformation of its territory, manifestation of the interaction between the physical environment and social actors to settle and develop their activities on it. Factors such as urban development not legislated creates an unstable environment that increases the vulnerability of urban space and landscapes, compromising the quality of life of its inhabitants.Research was approached from the theory of complex systems (GARCIA, 2006) considering the interrelationship of the various levels of analysis and processes that guide the changes in the physical environment, methods of production, living conditions and in socio-economic relations, associated with the production of the region and on another level to national development policies, and / or the international market. In order to provide a method of reading the territory, recognizing the relationship culture / nature, logical and possible emerging as instruments to operate in these landscapes on alert.Urban areas are experiencing major changes in both its internal structure and in its own definition and boundaries, reflecting both the deep economic, political, social, ecological contemporary transformations that are reflected in the territory, its landscape, with repercussions on the dimensions life crisis and putting the principles of sustainability (social equity, economic efficiency, ecological balance).After this process of transformation standardized global scenarios and banal landscapes, which crystallize into increasingly homogeneous neighborhoods, overshadowing the ecological, economic and cultural diversity of urban territories (MUÑOZ, 2006) arise. In these areas a landscape emerges with a high natural and cultural value with innovative instruments to enhance that value the landscape as a resource and guidelines raised against different real situations and different problems and possible unwanted (collective imaginary) situations.We understand the landscape as the image of an inclusive and container unit of all structures and all processes that allow the existence of human beings. This concept of landscape, aesthetic and environmental, involving cultural, social, economic, and natural, ecological aspects. The landscape is recognized as an emerging joint between man and his natural environment, understanding and interpretation is key to improving the quality of life, and ensuring environmental conservation as a basis for the development of citizens against the paradigmatic changes XXI century in Latin American cities.The proposals developed aim to recover those disturbed landscapes, with an image of their own idiosyncrasies, environmentally balanced, making possible adequate, rational and adapted to the economic, technological possibilities, and functional requirements of local society responses to it which proposes:? Strengthening the identity and the importance of the density of regional cultural legacy, for a balance between the local and the global, addressing environmental, social, physical functional imbalances present in this present world, which affects the dynamics of territory affecting natural support.? Incorporation of the environmental dimension in the landscape in the formation of new looks to achieve sustainable-development based on a balanced and harmonious relationship between social needs, economic activity and the environment where the landscape is a resource for ordering and regional planning.? Recognition of the landscape and infrastructure as an emerging topical lap joint between man and his natural environment where understanding and interpretation is key to improving the quality of life, and ensuring environmental conservation as a basis for the development of citizenship paradigm shifts compared to the XXI Century.? Recognition of peri-urban territories edges and infrastructural landscapes situations subject to high impact and scenarios for environmental management and restoration of the landscape to enhance its ability to re muted defensive and proactive projects? Approach urban rereading from an environmental look to act on the resilient landscapes and ecosystems on their capabilities, to return to its initial state, recovering their values and positive attributes, not their weaknesses and disorders.It?s necessary a way to reflect on a management and land use planning, consider the landscape as an emerging resource for sustainable development and on the other hand consider strengthening the infrastructure (that make up the open spaces vacant, ecological corridors, courses water, etc. and / or post landscapes-industrial, mining, landfills obsolete) as a green / hybrid network interconnecting environmental value landscapes, forming a basic, ecological and complex structure that can address threats to biodiversity, integrated territorial-urban policies and increase the resilience of ecosystems in the territories of edges subjected to impacts of some sort to return to its initial state. ; Fil: Castellán, Walter. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentina ; Fil: Ávarez, Teresita. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentina ; Diseño Arquitectónico

In recent decades, Asia has emerged as one of the most contested sites for the increasingly powerful international human rights movement. Most notably, the heavily politicized Asian-values debate called into question the universal pretensions of the international human rights regime. More fundamentally, the experiences of Asian states over the last five decades challenged two widely held if somewhat inconsistent views: first, that democracy was the key to economic growth, or, reversing the causal direction, that economic growth would inevitably lead to political reforms, democratization and better protection of human rights. Many Asian states experienced their periods of rapid growth under authoritarian governments. Moreover, while some Asian states have made the transition to multiple-party, competitive-election democracy, others have not. Still others exist in a limbo state variously described as soft authoritarianism, semi-dictatorships, semi-democracy or nonliberal electoral democracy. Even those states that have most fully embraced democracy continue to interpret and implement human rights in ways that differ in important respects from some Western liberal democracies, thus calling into question the extent to which they should be described as liberal democracies. Past discussions about human rights and values in Asia have been hampered by the lack of reference to empirical studies to back up the strong theoretical, and in some cases polemical, claims being made on both sides about the differences or lack thereof in fundamental values. Numerous multiple-country quantitative studies have demonstrated significant regional effects with respect to democratization, labor rights, women's rights, personal integrity rights, freedom from government intrusions, rule of law and good governance, and cultural values that in turn affect rights performance. Although invaluable in locating Asian countries within a larger comparative context, the studies generally define Asia very broadly and deal with rights in a very general way. They generally do not measure the degree of variance in rights performance within Asia, or attempt to explain the variation within Asia or why Asia as a region might differ from other regions. In Part I, I provide an empirical overview of the performance of twelve Asian countries with respect to physical integrity rights, civil and political rights, social and economic rights and other indicia of quality of life including poverty, infant mortality, life expectancy, primary school enrollment, government expenditures on education, health and military, quality of governance measured in terms of regulatory effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption, and law and order and social stability as reflected in crime rates and the number of drug users, suicides, divorces and young mothers. I also include several other countries from different parts of the world for comparison points. The empirical overview demonstrates a wide variation in Asia with respect to rights performance. At the same time, patterns emerge with respect to lower scores for civil and political freedoms among East Asian countries and higher scores for social and economic rights as well as good governance, law and order, and crime control and social stability. These patterns are consistent with aspects of the "Asian values" platform that emphasize the importance, if not the priority, of social and economic rights relative to civil and political rights. Similarly, the studies suggest that even in Asian democracies the liberal emphasis on the individual will often take a back seat to collective interests and social stability. However, the wide variation within Asia still requires an explanation. Accordingly, Part II examines several possible explanations for the wide variation among Asian countries. Clearly the story is complicated. A number of factors come into play, with some factors more important for different types of rights or playing a different role in different countries or at different times within a country. War, political regime type, the nature and level of development of legal institutions, population size, colonial history, religion and cultural factors all play a role. In several countries, ethnic diversity, religious tensions and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism or separatist movements have had a major impact on rights policies and performances. However, consistent with the empirical evidence globally, in the subtle and complex interplay of economics, politics, culture, law and institutions in determining rights performance, what matters most is wealth. While money may not be able to buy happiness, it does seem to buy a longer life, better education, more health care, and even civil and political rights. The implications are twofold. First, put bluntly if somewhat too simply, if you want better performance across a range of rights and indicators of human well-being, show me the money. Second, given the importance of wealth to rights performance, comparisons are best made between countries in the same income categories. Comparing a lower middle-income country like China to a rich country like the U.S. makes about as much sense as comparing a piano to a duck.

The novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has been spreading through all the world fastly leading to a massive public reaction. The knowledge and attitude toward measures for prevention are essential in the control of pandemic infection. Pandemics may contribute to intensified levels of stress, and anxiety is a natural reaction to any stressful situation. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes towards, anxiety and perceive mental health care among Brazilian Population from Goiás State during COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted, and a total of 251 responses were received. The participants were older than 18 years, with an average of 33.95. The participants demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge about the COVID-19 infection and its preventive aspects with more than 92% believing that social distance is essential to stop the virus spread and 93.2% agreeing to quarantine or isolate themselves if they present symptoms. Sleep difficulties and distress related to social media were reported in 20.8% and 48.6% of participants, respectively. Most agreed on the need for mental healthcare and assistance from professionals during the pandemic. Our results reflect the need to raise awareness and discuss people's mental health concerns and highlights the urgent need for the government and professional associations be prepared to deal with the psychological effects of the pandemic. ; La COVID-19 es la enfermedad infecciosa causada por el coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) que se ha estado extendiendo por todo el mundo y ha llevado a una reacción pública masiva. El conocimiento y la actitud hacia las medidas de prevención son esenciales para el control de la infección pandémica. Las pandemias pueden contribuir a aumentar los niveles de estrés, y la ansiedad es una reacción natural a cualquier situación estresante. Este estudio tenía por objeto evaluar los conocimientos, actitudes, ansiedad y percepción de la atención de salud mental entre la población brasileña del estado de Goiás durante la pandemia COVID-19. Se realizó una encuesta en línea y se recibió un total de 251 respuestas. Los participantes eran mayores de 18 años, con un promedio de 33,95. Los participantes demostraron un nivel moderado de conocimiento sobre la infección por COVID-19 y sus aspectos preventivos, con más del 92% de la convicción de que la distancia social es esencial para detener la propagación del virus y el 93,2% de la misma aceptó someterse a cuarentena o aislarse si presentaban síntomas. Las dificultades de sueño y la angustia relacionada con las medias sociales fueron reportadas en 20,8% y el 48,6% de los participantes, respectivamente. La mayoría estuvo de acuerdo en la necesidad de atención de la salud mental y de la asistencia de los profesionales durante la pandemia. Nuestros resultados reflejan la necesidad de crear conciencia y debatir los problemas de salud mental de las personas y resaltan la urgente necesidad de que el gobierno y las asociaciones profesionales estén preparados para enfrentar a los efectos psicológicos de la pandemia. ; O novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2), causador da doença COVID-19, tem se propagado mundialmente de forma devastadora, causando diversos impactos na sociedade. O conhecimento e atitudes em relação às medidas de prevenção são essenciais para o controle da doença. Além disso, com a pandemia os sintomas de stress e ansiedade tem sido intensificado. Este estudo buscou avaliar o conhecimento, as atitudes e questões relacionadas com nível de ansiedade e percepção dos cuidados com a saúde mental durante a pandemia entre a população do estado de Goiás, Brasil. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa online, e um total de 251 respostas foram recebidas e analisadas. Os participantes demonstraram um nível moderado de conhecimento sobre a doença e seus aspectos preventivos. Mais de 92% dos participantes responderam que o distanciamento social é essencial para impedir a propagação do vírus e 93,2% concordaram em isolar-se caso apresentem sintomas. Dificuldades para dormir e sentimentos de angústia foram relatados em 20,8% e 48,6% dos participantes, respectivamente. A maioria dos participantes concordaram com a necessidade de cuidados em saúde mental e assistência profissional durante a pandemia. Nossos resultados refletem a necessidade de ações de sensibilização sobre saúde mental durante a pandemia e reforça a necessidade urgente do governo na efetivação de políticas públicas direcionadas à esta questão.

A critical body of literature has emerged focusing on the spectrum of resistance against impositions engendered by the modus operandum of western capitalism, including the nuances of the productive patterns considering the environment as a device attached to the triple bottom line of the traditional view of sustainable development. Regarding the theory, solidarity economy (economic pillar), social movements (social pillar), political ecology (environmental pillar), and cultural roots (cultural pillar) are important apparatus that cannot be left behind if an alternative concept of sustainable development is to be structured. This article considers such apparatus as having elements of resistance, since they have different characteristics when compared to the standard features of the pillars that form the base of the criticized conception of sustainable development. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to conceive alternative elements to the standard concept of sustainable development, considering aspects of the grassroots approach. This study is relevant as it offers alternative and complementary elements in order to provide an understanding of the updated conjectures. The prospects of grassroots development, involving less developed communities worldwide, are being used as practical guidelines in local development actions. They have rarely been conjectured as conceptual elements to offer a new format for the conception of sustainable development. This article concludes that the traditional version of sustainable development can be upgraded with the alternative elements emerging from the grassroots approach. ; En contrapartida a las especificidades impositivas del modelo de producción capitalista, incluyendo en dicho modelo los meandros de los arreglos productivos que encuadran al medioambiente como alineado con la versión triple de la concepción tradicional de desarrollo sostenible, ha surgido una masa crítica de literatura que enfoca la resistencia en relación con el modo de funcionamiento del capitalismo occidental. Con relación a la teoría, economía solidaria (pilar económico), movimientos sociales (pilar social), ecología política (pilar ambiental) y raíces culturales (pilar cultural) son instrumentos importantes que no deben dejarse al margen en la estructuración de una concepción alternativa de desarrollo sostenible. Tales instrumentos son considerados elementos de resistencia, por tener características diferenciadas al compararlos con las características tradicionales de los pilares de la criticada concepción de desarrollo sostenible. Así, el objetivo del presente ensayo teórico es concebir alternativas a la concepción estándar de desarrollo sostenible, considerando aspectos del enfoque grassroots significativos para este propósito. La contribución es relevante teniendo en cuenta la consideración de aspectos alternativos y complementarios involucrados en la lectura de la actualización conjeturada. Los prospectos del desarrollo grassroots se usaron como guía práctica en acciones de desarrollo local que involucraron comunidades menos desarrolladas en varias partes del mundo, sin la conjetura que apunta hacia elementos conceptuales que pueden ofrecer una conformación alternativa a la concepción de desarrollo sostenible. Se concluye que la versión tradicional de desarrollo sostenible puede actualizarse con elementos alternativos derivados del enfoque grassroots. ; Em contrapartida às especificidades impositivas do modelo de produção capitalista – incluindo-se nesse modelo os meandros de arranjos produtivos que inserem o meio ambiente enquanto alinhado à versão tríplice da concepção tradicional de desenvolvimento sustentável –, tem surgido uma massa crítica de literatura focada na resistência ao modo de funcionamento do capitalismo ocidental. Em relação à teoria, economia solidária (pilar econômico), movimentos sociais (pilar social), ecologia política (pilar ambiental) e raízes culturais (pilar cultural) são aparatos importantes que não devem ficar à margem na estruturação de uma concepção alternativa do desenvolvimento sustentável. Tais aparatos são considerados elementos de resistência, visto terem fatores diferenciados quando comparados com as características tradicionais dos pilares da criticada concepção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o objetivo do presente ensaio teórico é conceber alternativas à concepção padrão do desenvolvimento sustentável, considerando aspectos da abordagem grassroots importantes para esse propósito. A contribuição é relevante tendo em vista a consideração de aspectos alternativos e complementares envolvidos na leitura da atualização conjecturada. Os prospectos do desenvolvimento grassroots têm sido usados como guia prático em ações de desenvolvimento local envolvendo comunidades menos desenvolvidas em várias partes do mundo, sem a conjectura que sinaliza para elementos conceituais que podem oferecer uma conformação alternativa à concepção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Conclui-se que a versão tradicional do desenvolvimento sustentável pode ser atualizada com elementos alternativos advindos da abordagem grassroots.

This dissertation examines the changes in intra household asset ownership induced by external events. The immediate coping mechanisms and long term adaptation strategies in response to climatic and non-climatic shocks and the impact of the actions on livelihood outcomes are also investigated. Therefore, a unique and detailed country representing household survey panel data is used, known as 'Bangladesh Climate Change Adaptation Survey' of 2010 and 2012. The first part of the investigation deals with the dynamics of assets owned by the household head, his spouse, or jointly by both in response to diverse shocks in rural agricultural households in Bangladesh, one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Accumulating assets is an important means of coping with adverse events in developing countries, but the role of gendered ownership is not yet fully understood. Building on existing research, this study adds to the understanding of the responsiveness of asset holdings to shocks by providing a more comprehensive definition of asset ownership as well as a broader range of shocks than previous analyses. Looking at changes within rather than between households, the research shows that land is owned mostly by men, who are also wealthier than their spouses, but relative ownership varies by assets types. By constructing a comprehensive index including all types of asset holdings, the overall effect on wealth is investigated, which does not exist in the literature yet. The results suggest that husband's and wife's asset holdings respond differently depending on the type of shocks. Weather shocks such as cyclones adversely affect the asset holdings of household heads in general, while predicted external events such as seasonal droughts and dowry payments reduce assets of both spouses. The focus of the research, however, lies in perceiving changes in ownership of disaggregated asset holdings. This allows getting a detailed understanding as well as identifying substitution effects. The results suggest that jointly owned assets are not sold in response to shocks; either due to these assets being actively protected or due to the difficulty of agreeing on this coping strategy. Women's asset holdings and associated choices of substituting assets are shaped by their lesser involvement in agriculture. To know the changes of behavioral patterns in response to these shocks, the factors determining farmers' perception of climate change, immediate coping mechanisms and long term adaptation strategies to the adverse effects of shocks are analyzed. The factors constraining the ability to adopt different strategies are also examined. The results suggest that households are more likely to adopt short-term coping mechanisms in response to non-climatic negative shocks rather than to climatic shocks, whereas households are more likely engage in adaptation strategies in response to the latter. Furthermore, adaptation strategies are often combined complementary efforts, whereas coping mechanisms are mutually independent across the study. In particular, group participation in general is associated with crop adaptation strategies and perceptions of climate change among women. Social capital attributed to women and political capital to both men and women are associated with crop adaptation strategies. Social capital is likely to discourage the adoption of immediate coping mechanisms which often have negative long term consequences. Such immediate coping mechanisms may include the reduction of school attendance or a reduced food intake. Political capital is positively associated with some coping mechanisms such as taking informal loans and pursuing migrant labor options. Finally, the research seeks to explore the potential of group based approaches which is receiving a growing attention due to their possible role in securing household welfare in the presence of adverse events. Apart from examining the factors associated with men's and women's participation in different types of groups, the relationship between various forms of group based approaches including social and political capital and welfare are investigated. The inherent endogeneity is addressed by using instrumental variables. The results suggest that household heads mainly participate in groups that are welfare augmenting and income enhancing, while their spouses are mainly active in credit groups due to less personal wealth which are more strongly negatively affected by shocks. Furthermore, evidence is found for a positive association of social and political capital with household-level welfare and with asset holdings of the household head. Interestingly, it seems that this effect is not driven by mere participation in groups, but also by other aspects of social capital, for example informal networks, of both household heads and spouses.

In recent decades, among the public debates about the future trends in the society, the Economy of Happiness and the Felicitary Policy (felicity from Latin means happiness) have been widely discussed. Felicitary policy is considered as the tool of the implementation of the economy of happiness. This policy is based on happiness, subjective well-being, satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life and various human life aspects. The researches devoted to those issues are rather general and summarizing. When changing the direction of the development of the society, the paradigm of knowledge is in the process of inevitable change. The selection of new indicators properly reflecting society's economic and social status is becoming more and more important. Lithuanian official statistics do not provide the statistical data on the levels of happiness in Lithuanian society as a whole, nor for specific social groups. Thus, it is becoming more important to explore society's attitudes and perceptions towards the indicators reflecting the true reality and achieving the proper balance between them. For this purpose, one can apply the simulation models of reality in order to find the proper set of indicators. The choice of balanced indicators can be justified for the societal needs analysis and for the future development of felicitary policy, as the use of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) systems is becomig more and more applicable in public and business life. One of the proposed balanced socrecard frameworks for the happiness and felicitary policies includes economic, employment, social, environmental, political, physical and mental well-being indicators. The latter balanced set of indicators of felicitary policy was chosen as the basis for the simulation game "Towards the happier Lithuania 2020". The purpose of this article is to analyze and to present the findings on the attitudes towards the felicitary policy in Lithuania obtained through the simulation game mehods. The simulation game was conducted in January – February, 2014 in Lithuania. Sixty five participants attended the simulation, becoming an active part of the research. The outcomes of the simulation game "Towards the happier Lithuania 2020" confirmed that the simulation games can be successfully used as the tools for a proper analysis of social issues. The results also revealed that a happier future concept in Lithuanian society was primarily concerned with economic growth, employment and positive social changes. The participants of the simulation game identified and considered the society's mental and physical health as a basis of their personal development rather than the political solution. The environment and its impact on the levels of public happiness were evaluated with some controversy. In addition, the simulation game participants did not associate political matters and freedom rights with the levels of public happiness. ; Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais diskutuojant dėl visuomenės raidos krypčių vis dažniau aptariama laimės ekonomikos ir jos tikslus realizuojančios felicitarinės (lot. felicitas – laimė) politikos perspektyvos. Felicitarinė politika remiasi laimės, subjektyvios gerovės, pasitenkinimo / nepasitenkinimo gyvenu bei atskiromis jo sferomis tyrimais, kurie, nors ir pakankamai tikslūs, bet ir ganėtinai apibendrinti. Keičiantis visuomenės raidos krypties sampratai neišvengiamai kinta ir jos pažinimo paradigmos, pripažįstama, kad vis aktualesnis tampa ir naujų visuomenės ekonominės ir socialinės būklės rodiklių pasirinkimas. Lietuvos valstybinė statistika neteikia duomenų nei apie visos visuomenės, nei apie atskirų socialinių grupių laimės lygį, todėl aktualu išsiaiškinti nuostatas į tokius rodiklius, jų svarbą ir subalansavimą. Šiam tikslui galima panaudoti įvairius realybės simuliacijos modelius. Toks pasirinkimas yra pakankamai pagrįstas, nes analizuojant ir planuojant felicitarinę politiką vis dažniau taikomos subalansuotos rodiklių sistemos. Viena iš jų apima ekonominės, darbo, socialinės aplinkos, gamtinės aplinkos, politinės, fizinės ir psichinės gerovės rodiklius. Ši subalansuotų rodiklių sistema buvo pasirinkta simuliaciniam žaidimui "Laimingesnė Lietuva 2020" Straipsnio tikslas ‒ pristatyti nuostatų į felicitarinę politiką tyrimo rezultatus, gautus vykdant simuliacinį žaidimą "Laimingesnė Lietuva 2020". Žaidimai buvo organizuoti 2014 m. sausio–vasario mėn. Juose dalyvavo 65 asmenys. Simuliacinio žaidimo "Laimingesnė Lietuva 2020" rezultatai patvirtino, kad simuliaciniai žaidimai gali būti sėkmingai panaudoti socialinėms problemoms tirti. Jo rezultatai taip pat atskleidė, kad laimingesnės ateities Lietuvos visuomenės samprata visų pirma siejama su ekonomikos augimu, pozityviais darbo ir socialiniais pokyčiais. Visuomenės psichinė ir fizinė sveikata žaidimo dalyvių labiau sieta su asmeniniu tobulėjimu, o ne su politiniais sprendimais. Aplinkos, jos apsaugos įtaką visuomenės laimei žaidimų dalyviai įvertino prieštaringai, o politinių santykių ir laisvių nesiejo su visuomenės laimės lygiu.

This paper investigates the monetary autonomy of Central Eastern and South Eastern European countries with the Euro area. These countries are European Union Member States that have not adopted yet the Euro single currency. Despite high degree of convergence as measured by Maastricht criteria, four of them do no plan to enter the Euro area soon. We therefore assess monetary autonomy of these countries over the long run through the use of a multivariate cointegration methodology with structural breaks (Johansen et al., 2000). This methodology allows us to capture the multidimensional aspects of monetary autonomy in the context of nominal convergence in the Economic and Monetary Union, by including both domestic and Euro area variables into the system (policy rates, inflation rates, exchange rate). It also enables us to exploit all information contained in the macroeconomic series of these countries, for which broken economic history translates into non-stationary time series with breaks. Our empirical results suggest that modelling structural breaks changes the number and/or nature of cointegrating relations between our variables compared to the standard error correction model without breaks. With this modelling, we find monetary policy spillover from the Euro area to Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania. The inclusion of Euro area inflation to our baseline model enriches the cointegrating relations for the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. Poland is found to be the most monetary-independent country of our study across the various models estimated. On the other hand, Romania's monetary interdependence with Euro area is better modelled without taking into account any structural break. ; La motivation de ce papier est de comprendre les interdépendances existant entre les politiques monétaires conventionnelles menées par les pays CESEE membres de l'Union Européenne et par la zone Euro. Elles sont théoriquement renforcées par la convergence nominale à l'œuvre dans ces pays (et telle que mesurée par certains ...

This paper investigates the monetary autonomy of Central Eastern and South Eastern European countries with the Euro area. These countries are European Union Member States that have not adopted yet the Euro single currency. Despite high degree of convergence as measured by Maastricht criteria, four of them do no plan to enter the Euro area soon. We therefore assess monetary autonomy of these countries over the long run through the use of a multivariate cointegration methodology with structural breaks (Johansen et al., 2000). This methodology allows us to capture the multidimensional aspects of monetary autonomy in the context of nominal convergence in the Economic and Monetary Union, by including both domestic and Euro area variables into the system (policy rates, inflation rates, exchange rate). It also enables us to exploit all information contained in the macroeconomic series of these countries, for which broken economic history translates into non-stationary time series with breaks. Our empirical results suggest that modelling structural breaks changes the number and/or nature of cointegrating relations between our variables compared to the standard error correction model without breaks. With this modelling, we find monetary policy spillover from the Euro area to Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania. The inclusion of Euro area inflation to our baseline model enriches the cointegrating relations for the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. Poland is found to be the most monetary-independent country of our study across the various models estimated. On the other hand, Romania's monetary interdependence with Euro area is better modelled without taking into account any structural break. ; La motivation de ce papier est de comprendre les interdépendances existant entre les politiques monétaires conventionnelles menées par les pays CESEE membres de l'Union Européenne et par la zone Euro. Elles sont théoriquement renforcées par la convergence nominale à l'œuvre dans ces pays (et telle que mesurée par certains ...

This report aims at identifying the particular needs and constraints faced by the poorest women and men when accessing the judicial system. Similarly to the Judicial Functional Review,6 the scope of this report focuses primarily on the courts because they are the main vehicle for justice service delivery and the primary institutions of justice in Serbia. The scope includes all types of services and covers litigious and non-litigious aspects of civil, commercial, administrative, and criminal justice. The focus is on the actual implementation and day-to-day functioning of the sector institutions that deliver justice to people, rather than the law on the books . The scope includes other institutions in the sector to the extent that they enable or impede service delivery by the courts, including: the Ministry of Justice (MOJ), the High Judicial Council (HJC), the State Prosecutorial Council (SPC), the courts, the Public Prosecutor Offices (PPOs), the Judicial Academy, the Ombudsperson s Office, the police, prisons, and justice sector professional organizations (such as the Bar, notaries, bailiffs, and mediators). The focus of this report is on access to justice services, including relevant financial, informational, and geographic barriers to such access.