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Economic literacy measures the extent to which people can appreciate the forces that significantly influence the quality of their lives. Economically literate citizens may be able to make rational choices, understand and even form opinions on policies, and are likely to feel completely part of any public debate about the economy of a country. There have not been many studies on economic literacy, especially at the tertiary level in Ghana. It is in light of this that this paper seeks to investigate the factors influencing economic literacy among undergraduate students in the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The study addresses two research questions: 1) What is the level of economic literacy among tertiary students in Ghana? and 2) What factors influence undergraduate students' understanding of economic issues?The study employed a regression model on data collected from a sample survey of 1,366 undergraduate students in the University of Cape Coast. The results indicate that economic literacy is positively influenced by the level of the tertiary student, their SHS elective courses taken, their Cumulative Grade Point Average, interest in politics, and attendance of business/economics conferences. The study recommends that the fundamentals of economics could be introduced into the Social Studies discipline at the SHS so that all students benefit from this knowledge. The youth must be encouraged to be involved in business and politics, while Colleges and Universities should make business/economic seminars part of their curriculum.

In the article, the authors show that the main institutions of scientific efficiency are the institutions that publish scientific articles in Russian and international journals as well as monographs, scientific conference abstracts, pre-prints, reviews, reports, and also the institutions that register patents. The purpose of the research is the development of the indicator for the evaluation of the dysfunction of the institutions of scientific efficiency depending on different types of transaction coasts; and verification of the authors' indicator of scientific efficiency by the empirical study of the scientific organizations' activities. In the research, we applied the methods of the system, logical and economic analysis. The empirical information was processed using the methods of statistical analysis and correlation analysis. On the basis of different scientific efficiency of the central and regional institutions confirmed by Scopus data, the authors have proved that the scientific efficiency of regional scientific institutions and central ones need to be analysed separately. We have determined the dysfunctions of these institutions depending on different types of transaction coasts. We have developed the indicator for the assessment of the dysfunction of scientific efficiency institutions depending on different types of transaction coasts. The authors have introduced the indicator of scientific efficiency equal to the ratio of the dynamics of the increment of scientific results to the dynamics of the increase of transaction coasts. Depending on a type of the analyzed transaction coasts, the indicator of scientific efficiency illustrates the efficiency of various economic institutions. On the basis of the analysis of the research findings of the middle Urals' scientific organizations, we have arrived at the conclusion that the institutions that publish articles in the Russian and foreign scientific journals are efficient. We defined the dysfunctions of the institutions that publish articles in the Russian and foreign scientific journals depending on different types of transaction coasts. The authors conclude that it is efficient to increase certain types of transaction coasts. The received results can be applied by regional scientific institutions to increase the efficiency of their scientific activity. ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–36–00097 ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–36–00369, 17–06– 00537, 15–06–090994 ; Russian Humanitarian Foundation, RHF: 16–12–34015 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–32–01081 ; Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: RFMEFI57216X0004 ; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation: MK-2752.2015.4 ; The research has been supported by the Grant of the Russian Science Foundation (the Project № 14–18–00574 "The information-analytical system "Anticrisis:" diagnostics of the regions, threat assessment and scenario forecasting for the preservation and strengthening of economic security and well-being of Russia). ; The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 16–36–00097 «Economic and mathematical modelling of the regional metallurgical complex repositioning process in the conditions of new industrialization of the economy». ; The research has been supported by the Grant of Russian Science Foundation (Project № 14–18–00574 "Information and analytical "Anticrisis" system: diagnostics of regions, threat assessments and scenario forecasting for the purpose to preserve and strengthen the economic security and improve the well-being of Russia"). ; The article has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 15–06–090994, 16–36–00369, 17–06– 00537. ; The article has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (Project № 16–12–34015). ; The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Project № 16–32–01081. ; The article has been supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 211 of 16 March, 2013), Agreement No. 02.A03.21.0011. ; The article has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the project «Development of a set of measures and mechanisms for the increase in the efficiency of the international cooperation in new production technologies» (the unique identifier of the project RFMEFI57216X0004). ; The authors of the articles thank for the support the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation for the state support of the young Russian PhD scientists (Grant No MK-2752.2015.4).

For the first time in the last century,the article describes the main varieties of traditional Pomeranian carbases of the Karelian, Pomeranian and Summer shores of the middle of the XIX —beginning of the XXI centuries. They included a whole line of navigational facilities from completely seaworthy, which made it possible to reach Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard, to the smallest coastal voyages. Carbases had both structural features common to all of them, and specific ones related to the use for a specific fishery, transport specification, less often shipping features off their own shores. Traditions developed during the construction and use of carbases by pomors had a significant impact on boat building within the continental territories connected with the White Sea by large rivers.

AbstractPonnāni was a port in southwestern India that resisted the Portuguese incursions in the sixteenth century through the active involvement of religious, mercantile and military elites. In the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Ponnāni was the only place where the Dutch East India Company had commercial access into the kingdom of the Zamorins of Calicut. When the Dutch gained prominence in the coastal belt, this port town became the main centre for their commercial, diplomatic, and political transactions. But as a religious centre it began to recede into oblivion in the larger Indian Ocean and Islamic scholarly networks. The present article examines this dual process and suggests important reasons for the transformations. It argues that the port town became crucial for diplomatic and economic interests of the Dutch East India Company and the Zamorins, whereas its Muslim population became more parochial as they engaged with themselves than with the larger socio-political and scholarly networks.

A few soil types were studied at the south-west coast of West Spitsbergen Island during 2004–2018. The article discusses the morphological features and properties of the most common soil types in the surveyed area, including Folic Sceletic Umbrisols, Sceletic Umbrisols of the polygonal complexes, Histic Gleysols and Folic Gleysols of tussock bog, and Sceletic Dystric Regosols.

9Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Restrictive theory of sovereign immunity — Commercial transactions — Contract for the delivery of fishing vessel to be used for training purposes — Whether commercial — Whether Court bound by decision of Department of State — Pre-judgment attachment of property — The law of the United States