The effective signs of contemporary conservative US Protestantism are found in the early nineteenth-century emergence of evangelicalism. This outlook, both theological & moral, dominated until after the Civil War, when forces of immigration, urbanization, & education challenged at least the theological domination. By the early twentieth century, Protestantism had split into factions: a liberal wing, which, by accommodating theologically to the forces of modernity, remained dominant; & a conservative wing, which seemed, by the 1920s, to have submerged from public life. To understand conservative Protestantism & its unusual political turn requires consideration of moral -- not just theological -- factors peculiar to the US since the 1960s. HA
The "spatialization of thought & experience" -- ie, the condensation of time relations into spatial ones -- is analyzed as a recent but universally accepted component of contemporary culture. Philosophical separation & blurring of time & space categories by Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant, Gottfried Leibniz, Henri Bergson, & Georg Lukacs are summarized. Possible causes of spatialization, eg, urbanization, technological expansion, TV, & the culture industry, are also reviewed, along with important repercussions, including heightened immediacy, altered identity/correspondence perceptions, & loss of historical consciousness. The uses of spatialization by advanced industrial societies & controlling elites are noted, & the sociopolitical necessity of "recapturing duration" is stressed. L. Whittemore.
In a discussion of factors affecting the distinctive sociocultural status of Mexican Americans, the multidimensional character of this group is stressed, noting both its long-term presence in the geographical US & its status as one of the fastest-growing immigrant groups. Demographic characteristics are summarized, focusing on concentration in the Southwest, high urbanization, & disproportionate representation of the young, blue-collar, & poor. Vulnerability to economic fluctuations, language barriers, & restricted access to education are cited as factors perpetuating low Mexican-American SES. Potential & actual political mobilization is emphasized as critical to the future status of this group. 6 Tables. Modified HA.
Most of the nations of Africa and Asia remain predominantly rural and agricultural. However, more than half the people in most Latin American countries are no longer rural, and a fifth to a third live in cities of 100,000 or more. In Asia and North Africa, Lebanon, the U.A.R., and the Philippines are also substantially urbanized, and Morocco, Syria, Turkey, South Korea, and Taiwan are not far behind. Moreover, virtually everywhere in the developing world, regardless of the extent of urbanization already achieved, cities are growing at rates of 5 to 8 percent annually. That is, they are doubling their populations every ten to fifteen years.
Almost without exception, Latin American countries have experienced rapid urbanization during recent decades. The population living in urban areas, mainly that in large cities, has been growing much faster than the rural population. There is, of course, a wide range of variation between different countries. Venezuela's urban population grew during the fifties at a rate ten times that of the rural population while Costa Rica's rates of urban and rural growth were approximately equal. Internal migration accounts for a large part of the increase in the urban population and especially for the difference between urban and rural rates of growth.
Urban footprint refers to the proportion of paved surface (built up, roads, etc.) with the reduction of other land use types in a region. Rapid increase in the urban areas is the major driver in landscape dynamics with the significant erosion in the quality and quantity of the natural ecosystems. The urban expansion process hence needs to be monitored, quantified and understood for effective planning and the sustainable management of natural resources. Cities and towns have been experiencing considerable growth in urban area, population size, social aspects, negative environmental and geographical influence, and complexity. Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, has experienced a spurt in infrastructural and industrial activities with globalization and opening up of Indian markets. Unplanned urbanization has resulted in dispersed growth inperi-urban pockets due to socio-economic aspects with the burgeoning population of the city. Consequent to this, there has been an uneven growth pattern apart from the increase in slums in and around the city. This has necessitated the understanding of the urbanization pattern and process focusing especially on the expanding geographical area, its geometry and the spatial pattern of its development. This communication discusses the urban footprint dynamics of Mumbai using multi-temporal remote sensing data with spatial metrics. Land use analysis indicated a decrease of vegetation by 20% with an increase in urban extent by 155% during the last three decades. Landscape metrics aided in assessing the spatial structure and composition of the urban footprints through the zonal analysis by dividing the region into four zones with concentric circles of 1 km incrementing radius from the city centre. The study reveals a significant variation in the composition of the urban patch dynamics with increasing complexity and aggregation of urban area at the centre and sprawl at the outskirts. Shannon's entropy further confirms of sprawl with time. Further zoning with the circular gradients aided in understanding the transition process of land use categories into urban patch.
I conduct a cross-country analysis of the human development index (HDI) components, income, life expectancy, literacy and gross enrolment ratios, using Gray and Purser's 1970-2005 quinquennial database for 111 countries. 1) A descriptive analysis uncovers a complex pattern of divergence and convergence for these components' evolution. Development is not a smooth process but consists of a series of superposed transitions each taking off with increasing divergence and then converging. 2) Absolute divergence/convergence for the HDI components is decomposed using simultaneous growth regressions including a full set of quadratic interactions between the HDI components, and indicators of urbanization, trade, institutions, foreign direct investment and physical geography. These are implemented, first, using three stage least squares, all of the nonexogenous independent variables fully instrumented, and second, as independent regressions with errors clustered by countries, again all nonexogenous variables instrumented. 3) A set of quantile regressions is run for the HDI component levels on the same variables (just the linear terms), again fully instrumented. Urbanization is a leading significant variable for human development indicators in both sets of estimates, stronger than trade, FDI and institutional indicators. These indicators act with ambiguous signs that may result from their distributive impacts, reducing their effectiveness. The results indicate that improving markets will have smaller returns than complementing them with institutions that can coordinate urbanization as well as investment in human capital. Urbanization itself can provide a concrete agenda for development involving all aspects of economic, political and social life as well as human development. ; Utilizando la base de datos quinquenal para 111 países de Gray y Purser para el periodo 1970-2005, se llevan a cabo varios análisis comparativos entre países de la dinámica de los componentes del índice de desarrollo humano (IDH): ingresos, esperanza de vida, alfabetización y tasa bruta de escolarización. 1) Un análisis descriptivo revela un complejo patrón de divergencia y convergencia para la evolución de dichos componentes. El desarrollo no es un proceso suave, sino que consiste de una serie de transiciones superpuestas, cada una despegando con divergencia creciente y luego convergiendo. 2) Se descompone la divergencia/convergencia de los componentes del IDH utilizando regresiones de crecimiento simultáneas que incluyen todas las interacciones entre cada componente del IDH e indicadores de urbanización, comercio, instituciones, inversión extranjera directa (IED) y geografía física. Estas regresiones se implementan, en primer lugar, utilizando mínimos cuadrados en tres etapas, instrumentando todas las variables independientes no exógenas, y en segundo lugar, como regresiones independientes con errores agrupados por países, de nuevo instrumentando todas las variables exógenas. 3) Se estima un conjunto de regresiones por cuantiles para los componentes del IDH, con las mismas variables independientes (solamente términos lineales), de nuevo plenamente instrumentadas. En ambos conjuntos de estimaciones, la urbanización resulta una de las variables explicativas más significativas para los componentes del desarrollo humano, más importante que comercio, IED e indicadores institucionales. Estos últimos indicadores actúan con signos ambiguos que pueden deberse a sus efectos distributivos, lo que reduce su eficacia. Los resultados indican que mejorar mercados tendrá impactos más pequeños que complementarlos con instituciones que puedan coordinar la urbanización así como la inversión en capital humano. En sí misma, la urbanización puede ofrecer una agenda concreta para el desarrollo que involucra todos los aspectos de la vida económica, política y social, así como del desarrollo humano.
"Developing countries worldwide have been embarking on 'smart cities' programmes using new technology solutions to improve public services. Faced with severe problems of the digital divide, poverty, unemployment, inequality, and financial and social exclusion, these cities have to negotiate hard in order to reach their goals. This book examines urban governance, digital divide, poverty, unemployment, financial and social exclusion and presents a theoretical perspective on inclusive cities, urbanization, migration, slums and affordable housing. The book aims at formulating and implementing an agenda for inclusive, equitable, and sustainable urban development in tune with the UN-SDGs, the New Urban Agenda of Habitat III, and India's new national urban missions. It probes into the scope of adopting inclusionary urban planning, zoning, and housing, financing inclusive city development and poverty alleviation through municipal finance reforms using findings and lessons from detailed field studies of Indian cities. It also suggests an Agenda for Slum-free and Poverty-free cities in an attempt to make these cities more people-focused, humane and inclusionary. This book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of political science, policy studies, public administration, urban studies, urban planning and management, urban sociology and geography, besides being of interest to policy researchers, community workers, grass roots researchers, policy makers, and sociologists"--
This article explores the process and causes of the emerging consciousness of citizens' rights in China. Using data from a nationally representative survey on the current state of fairness and justice in China in 2014, it presents an empirical study on the features of the generational variation of Chinese citizens' emerging rights consciousness as well as the factors that contribute to the variation. Previous research has attributed the rise of citizens' rights consciousness in China to democratization and political liberalization. In the absence of full democracy in China, however, findings from this article demonstrate that the forces of marketization can directly lead to the awakening of the rights consciousness among Chinese citizens. The article also finds that China's urbanization process has promoted the generational variation of the citizens' rights consciousness. (J Contemp China/GIGA)
This book about the urban agenda in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is timely as the world economy embraces the region with accelerated growth. An important element of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economic Community, the GMS is expected to catch up with the rest of Asia by 2050. With urbanization levels still averaging about 30%, gross domestic product contributions of towns and cities have moved ahead to 50%–60%. By 2050, when urban areas in the GMS reach 64%–74%, urban gross domestic product will grow to an estimated 70%–80%. The challenge lies in consolidating and deepening development along the existing corridors and improving the environmental conditions to prepare for future green growth developments.
Peri-urbane Gebiete als Übergangsräume zwischen Stand und Land erfahren in jüngster Zeit aufgrund der Ausdehnung urbaner Aktivitäten einen tiefgreifenden Wandel. Das rapide Wachstum städtischer Siedlungsgebiete und die damit einhergehenden Veränderungen sozio-ökonomischer Strukturen führt dazu, dass diese Gebiete zu umkämpften Räumen werden. Es zeigt sich, dass periphere Räume vielfältige Möglichkeiten für die Ansiedlung städtischer Funktionen bieten. In der Folge verändert die steigende Zuwanderung die Flächennutzung, die ökonomischen Strukturen, die traditionelle Kultur und das Nachbarschaftsleben. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit untersucht den Zusammenhang dieser Phänomene am Fallbeispiel von Yogyakarta als eine der am schnellsten wachsenden Metropolen Indonesiens. Es wird die Entwicklung des städtischen Wachstums und der Urbanisierung im Zusammenhang mit 3 Phänomenen untersucht: (1) die Veränderungen in der Landnutzung und den sozialräumlichen Strukturen, (2) die ökonomische Umstrukturierung, soziale Transformation und Diversifizierung der Lebensbedingungen in lokalen Gemeinschaften und (3) die Rolle lokaler Regierungsinstitutionen und insbesondere der Planungspolitik bei der Steuerung räumlicher Entwicklung. Die Datengrundlagen basieren auf verschiedenen Quellen bzw. wurden mithilfe unterschiedlicher Methoden erhoben: räumliche Daten von IKONOS Satelliten-Aufnahmen und Luftbildern, Umfragen mit Fragebögen, direkte Beobachtung sowie Tiefeninterviews. Umfragen wurden mit Haushalten in 10 Dörfern in den Gemeinden Sleman und Bantul durchgeführt. Tiefeninterviews wurden mit verschiedenen Expertengruppen, wie z.B. Akademikern, Regierungsmitarbeitern, Planern, Projektentwicklern oder Unternehmern geführt. Die Feldforschung dauerte von April bis Juli 2009. Basierend auf der Analyse der zwei untersuchten Fallstudien stellt diese Arbeit im Ergebnis fest, dass Peri-Urbanisierung in Yogyakarta in verschiedener Hinsicht charakterisiert ist. Erstens ist sie durch Investitionen getrieben - insbesondere durch die Entwicklung von Wohnsiedlungen und Ansiedlung höherer Bildungsinstitutionen. Zweitens wird die Intensität der Urbanisierung (bezogen auf den Anteil der Haushalte mit nicht-landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen) nicht durch Marktmechanismen beeinflusst, sondern vielmehr durch die von der lokalen Regierungsebene umgesetzte regionale Entwicklungspolitik. Drittens hat der aktuelle sozio-ökonomische Transformationsprozess zur Folge, dass sich die multi-ethnische Bevölkerung in Bezug auf Beschäftigung, sozialen Status und Einkommensniveau in einer Dualität zwischen urbanen und ruralen Lebensstilen befindet, die sich in einer Pseudo-Urbanität ausdrückt. Viertens zeigt der Fall Sleman, dass Arbeit im informellen Sektor als Überlebensstrategie in die Marginalisierung führt, währenddessen der Fall Bantul belegt, dass die für die rurale Wirtschaft typischen Kleinunternehmen als Treiber für lokales Unternehmertum fungieren. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit können keine allgemeingültigen Schlussfolgerungen aus diesen beiden Fallstudien gezogen werden. Vielmehr ist es das Ziel, empirische Erkenntnisse über spezifische Situationen von Peri-Urbanisierung und die damit zusammenhängenden Dynamiken und Entwicklungsmuster zu liefern. Die Kenntnis der Dynamiken des räumlichen und sozio-ökonomischen Wandels ist wichtig für städtische Governance und ein effektives Wachstumsmanagement sowie für die zukünftige Forschung. Gedruckte Version im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin (www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de) erschienen. ISBN 978-3-7983-2430-5 ; Peri-urban areas as the interface between urban and rural regions are currently experiencing enormous changes due to the extension of urban activities. The rapid growth of newly built environment and the apparent transformations of socioeconomic structure reveal how these areas become contested regions. It is recognized that peripheral areas have many advantages to accommodate the agglomeration of urban functions. As a result, the rapid pace of in-migration has been reshaping land-use patterns, economic structures, traditional culture, and neighborhood life. This research attempts to address these issues. By focusing on the case of Yogyakarta as one of the fast growing metropolises in Indonesia, at the theoretical level, this study is concerned with urban growth, urbanization, and the expansion of urbanism. These concerns are then explored through an investigation on three related phenomena: (1) land-use and space-use changes and the resulting socio-spatial patterns; (2) economic restructuring and the diversification of rural livelihood that leads to social transformation; (3) the role of local government and planning policy in driving development. Data was collected through a combination of methods including spatial data from IKONOS satellite images and aerial photographs, survey's questionnaires, direct observation, and in-depth interviews. Questionnaires were distributed to households of ten villages located in two regencies, Sleman and Bantul. In-depth interviews involved several groups of expert respondents including academics, government officials, planners, and developers or business actors. Field research was carried out between April and July 2009. Based on two case studies, this work finds that peri-urbanization in Yogyakarta could be characterized in several ways. First, it is generated by property investment, particularly for the development of residential estates and institutions of higher education. Second, the level of urbanization, with reference to the percentage of households engaging in non-farm activities, is not influenced by the market mechanism but by regional development policy implemented by local government. Third, the emerging socioeconomic transformation presents a particular feature of which the multi-ethnic community and neighborhood based on occupation, social status and economic class characterize the dualism between urban and rural ways of life and express pseudo-urbanism. Fourth, working in the informal economic sector as survival strategy leads the peasant into marginality, as exemplified by the situation in Sleman, whereas pervasive small industry as the rural economy's agent of development stimulates the emergence of local entrepreneurship, the situation in Bantul. This study makes no attempt to draw a general conclusion from these two cases. Rather it aims to provide live evidence of particular situational dynamics and resulting development patterns of peri-urbanization. Understanding the impact of development policy on spatial and socioeconomic change has implications for urban governance and growth management, as well as for future research. Printed Version published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin (www.univerlag.tu-berlin.de), ISBN 978-3-7983-2430-5
International audience ; Limiting land consumption is an undisputed priority today. In France, numerous laws, regulations and space protection measures (under the town planning and environment codes) govern territorial development to protect land resources and the environment. Yet urbanization at the expense of natural and agricultural areas remains critical, particularly in coastal areas. This article proposes an analysis of spatial planning practices at local level in the French Mediterranean, considering the implementation of spatial planning over time as a marker of the will to manage urban development. After examining features specific to coastal planning legislation and regulations in France, it identifies past and present trajectories of urban planning practices and the development of environmental protection. Four French Mediterranean areas are assessed: the Marseille coast, the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes and the Corsican sites of Balagne and Biguglia.
International audience ; Limiting land consumption is an undisputed priority today. In France, numerous laws, regulations and space protection measures (under the town planning and environment codes) govern territorial development to protect land resources and the environment. Yet urbanization at the expense of natural and agricultural areas remains critical, particularly in coastal areas. This article proposes an analysis of spatial planning practices at local level in the French Mediterranean, considering the implementation of spatial planning over time as a marker of the will to manage urban development. After examining features specific to coastal planning legislation and regulations in France, it identifies past and present trajectories of urban planning practices and the development of environmental protection. Four French Mediterranean areas are assessed: the Marseille coast, the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes and the Corsican sites of Balagne and Biguglia.
International audience ; Limiting land consumption is an undisputed priority today. In France, numerous laws, regulations and space protection measures (under the town planning and environment codes) govern territorial development to protect land resources and the environment. Yet urbanization at the expense of natural and agricultural areas remains critical, particularly in coastal areas. This article proposes an analysis of spatial planning practices at local level in the French Mediterranean, considering the implementation of spatial planning over time as a marker of the will to manage urban development. After examining features specific to coastal planning legislation and regulations in France, it identifies past and present trajectories of urban planning practices and the development of environmental protection. Four French Mediterranean areas are assessed: the Marseille coast, the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes and the Corsican sites of Balagne and Biguglia.
