Suchergebnisse

Public water supply requirement and its measurement -- The organisation and financing of public water supplies -- Hydrology and surface supplies -- Groundwater supplies -- Dams, impounding reservoirs and river intakes -- Chemistry, microbiology and biology of water -- Storage, clarification and filtration of water -- Specialised and advanced water treatment processes -- Disinfection of water -- Hydraulics -- Service reservoirs -- Pumping plant : electrical, control and instrumentation systems -- Pipes, pipeline construction and valves -- Pipeline and distribution system design and analysis -- Distribution practice

"Supersedes TM 5-813-5/AFM 88-10, vol. 5, 31 January 1963"--2nd prelim. p. ; "November 1986." ; Shipping list no.: 87-433-P. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographies. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"20 September 1985." ; Shipping list no.: 85-1041-P. ; "This manual supersedes TM 5-813-4/AFM 88-10, Chap. 4, 2 July 1958"--P. i. ; Cover title. ; Bibliography: p. B-5. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 14

"This resource draws upon a team of internationally recognized experts selected for their extensive experience in the essential aspects of water supply systems." "Complete with case studies, the Urban Water Supply Handbook will prove to be an invaluable resource for consulting engineers, public works engineers and administrators, municipal engineers, and water managers worldwide involved with urban water systems."--Jacket.

This dissertation examines the development of Cape Town's water supply between 1840 and 1920. The thesis examines the effect that the augmentation water supply had on municipal politics and the development of the municipality of Cape Town. It is argued that the high cost of water supply, arising out of Cape Town's geographic situation, had a major impact on its municipal government. In the nineteenth century the dominant class was divided between merchants who wanted water and the rentier classes who had to pay for it. In the subsequent political struggle for control of the municipality, the working class, which supported the rentier class were alienated. As a result, they resisted municipal improvement, delaying a solution to the water problem until the twentieth century. Chapter One examines the period from 1840 to 1900 where water supply was related to attempts to bring about municipal and sanitation reform. While this succeeded, by the late 1890's ratepayers reacted against excessive municipal spending, ultimately to the detriment of planned water schemes in the hinterland. Chapter Two argues that in the period between 1900 and 1910 businessmen attempted to link water supply to the unification of the municipalities of the Cape Peninsula. This resulted in a struggle between the city and the suburbs for over the control of the water resources of the hinterland. Chapter Three examines municipal unification in 1913 and the repercussions it had for water supply. The focus falls on a municipal referendum in 1917 in which the class divisions of half a century were a factor in the choice of a hinterland water scheme. The dissertation concludes that water is important for explaining class divisions in municipal politics. It is suggested that the impact of water on municipal history is not unique, but in Cape Town's experience it was prolonged and intense. A further conclusion is that it affected the process of municipal unification between 1902 and 1913, shaping the form of the modern city. A wide range of sources were used including municipal archive material and government reports and commissions. Newspapers and cartoons have been used extensively as they were instruments in the struggle for reform. Comparisons are drawn with the experience of overseas cities in an attempt to provide a coherent model for understanding the place of water supply in urban history. The dissertation represents an attempt to provide a better understanding of Cape Town's history during this period and therefore relates municipal history to wider political, economic and social changes taking place. It also complements recent histories on sanitation, race and municipal politics which fall in this period.

This is a conference paper. ; If the estimated one billion people in developing countries who lack access to a safe and reliable water supply are to be provided with systems that they themselves have the capacity to manage by the year 2000 then the issue of partnership will be a crucial one in the years to come. Partnerships in rural water supply are not new as providers of improved water supplies have tried to form some sort of partnership with beneficiaries since colonial times. But the nature of these partnership arrangements have changed and evolved over the years and as communities are not static but are in a continuing process of change, partnerships will also be subject to evolution as the new millennium approaches. This paper will examine the ways in which partnerships have changed over the last 20 years or so with particular reference to rural water supply schemes undertaken by governments using external support.

This is a conference paper. ; Water has become an extremely precious commodity in the urban areas of the country. It has been in short supply in many cities for a number of years, but increasing pressure of population in cities and modern ways of living have increased the demand for water. Water is no longer a freely available renewable resource. It is now a scarce resource in the urban areas of the country and will become dearer in future. Local authorities are, according to the acts under which they are set up, supposed to supply water in most urban areas, although there are different institutional arrangements in many cities. The task of providing water is made tougher by the existing practices such as low tariff and infrequent revision, political interference, low efficiency etc. These factors coupled with the exhaustion of accessible sources of water have added to the woes of city dwellers. Cities today are investing huge amounts of money in developing new sources and conveying water to urban areas. The present paper briefly discusses the water supply situation in the urban areas of the country and recommends a new financing anal institutional option for financing new projects. The paper argues that with such new arrangements the supply situation would improve and local governments could confer the entire population to achieve the goal of reaching the unreached by the turn of the century.

This is a conference paper. ; In most developing countries, Government policies on water supply, if any, fail to take cognisance of the role of Private Water Vendors (PWVs). Often, political or social considerations constrain most public water corporations from charging appropriate water rates that will enable them to recover even operating costs. Thus, despite huge government investments over the years in the water sector, Public Water Corporations in Nigeria due mainly to low water tariffs that they charge, experience difficulty in maintaining and operating their systems. This situation has resulted in continued deterioration of treatment plants and distribution networks, leading to inadequate and poor service as enough funds could not be generated to replace broken down parts or expand existing systems. The current world wide economic recession has caused most developing countries particularly to experience, in differing degrees, deteriorating per capita income growth, stagnating if not declining government revenues and seri­ous balance of payments and debt servicing difficulties. These have led to drastic cut backs in investments and slow down in on-going projects. To deal with the problems of broken down plants and expansion of existing services, both Federal and State Governments in Nigeria resorted to external loans to finance water projects. Water tariff is too low in all State Water Agencies (SWAs) in Nigeria when compared with the high production costs of water. Water rate in metered residential areas has been found to vary widely from one state to another. It is as low as NO.44/m3 in Barno and Yobe States, slightly up to N2.6/ m3 in Kwara State, averaging NI.35/m3 for the whole country. In the case of unmetered residential areas, the change varies appreciably from N2.00/month in Edo State to NI52.4/month in Anambra and Enugu States, averaging N32.5/month for the whole country. The production cost of water on the other hand is estimated at N20.00/m3. In a recent study conducted by the author, private water vendors operating in towns and cities in the northern part of the country were found to charge an average of N45/m3, more than 33 time the tariff charged by SWAs for metered residential areas. The paper examines the poor state of water supply in most towns and cities in Nigeria which can be traced to inad­equate funding resulting from inability of SWAs to charge higher tariffs to maintain their services. Private water vendors who on the other hand are not licensed but free to fix their rates, make profits and expand their services to all towns and cities in the country. Other than the exorbitant rates charged by Private Water Vendors (PWVs), and that they sometimes obtain their supplies from unhy­gienic sources, nevertheless, their services go a long way towards supplementing government effort. If the services rendered by the water vendors can be taken into consideration, there will be greater participation by the private sector in water resources development includ­ing their eventual involvement in the manufacturing of water equipment, plants and chemicals.

This is a conference paper. ; Few rural communities in the developing world can have experienced such profound changes as have occured in Ethiopia since the revolution in 1974. The economy of the country is still based on agriculture but the former feudal structure has been transformed by sweeping land reform which put the means of production more in the hands of peasant farmers. Coupled with this development were radical changes in local government, with up to 25,000 Peasant Associations being formed. With the formation of other mass organizations, the rural population is now highly politicized. The Government, following a Marxist-­Leninist line, has always stressed the involvement of the community in their own development. This has included the development of rural water supplies. Ethiopia has been pre-eminent in the region in establishing a Community Participation Promotion Service within the agency responsible for the maintenance of rural water services. However, a recent survey in the Southern Region found that 30% of rural waterpoints were not functioning, and that only half of the communities with improved water supplies had a water committee to manage improved water systems (ref.1). This paper focuses on the situation in the Southern Region and will seek to explain why many rural water supply systems have not been sustainable, despite the emphasis that the government places on community involvement. Measures now being implemented to increase sustainability through more active and pragmatic community participation and through the use of appropriate technology will also be discussed.

This is a conference paper. ; The provision of safe water for the majority of the population living in rural communities is a major challenge to the Government of Ghana. In an effort to address this issue several rural water and sanitation programmes have been initiated by Government and non-government organisations. One of such projects is the Volta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (VRWSS) Project, which is a joint effort between the Ghana Government and DANIDA. The Project is being implemented in the Volta Region of Ghana which has a population of about 1.7 million (about ten per cent of the population of Ghana). About 80 per cent of the people of the Region live in rural communities with population less than 5000, which is the target number for the VRWSS Project. The Volta Region is divided into twelve administrative districts and the Project is being implemented in all twelve over a period of ten years (1992 - 2002). The Project aims at reaching the unreached communities in the Project area with potable water and improved sanitation facilities. The Project will also build the capacity of the communities to manage these facilities on their own to secure sustainability.

ABSTRACTThe Government's intention to abolish the rateable value system has made it urgent for the water industry to develop an alternative method of charging for its domestic customers. Metering is one option, and a description is given of the national programme of metering trials. These trials will provide better information on which to base future charging and metering decisions.One area of 53 000 properties and eleven smaller areas of 1000 properties will be included in the trials. The paper covers their design and objectives and the location of the selected sites. The various metering systems are described including the meters, the installation location, the reading and billing systems and the metered tariffs to be used.