Suchergebnisse

"Henry Kissinger, consummate diplomat and statesman, examines the strategies of six great twentieth-century figures and brings to life a unifying theory of leadership and diplomacy "Leaders," writes Henry Kissinger in this compelling book, "think and act at the intersection of two axes: the first, between the past and the future; the second, between the abiding values and aspirations of those they lead. They must balance what they know, which is necessarily drawn from the past, with what they intuit about the future, which is inherently conjectural and uncertain. It is this intuitive grasp of direction that enables leaders to set objectives and lay down a strategy." In Leadership, Kissinger analyses the lives of six extraordinary leaders through the distinctive strategies of statecraft, which he believes they embodied. After the Second World War, Konrad Adenauer brought defeated and morally bankrupt Germany back into the community of nations by what Kissinger calls "the strategy of humility." Charles de Gaulle set France beside the victorious Allies and renewed its historic grandeur by "the strategy of will." During the Cold War, Richard Nixon gave geostrategic advantage to the United States by "the strategy of equilibrium." After twenty-five years of conflict, Anwar Sadat brought a vision of peace to the Middle East by a "strategy of transcendence." Against the odds, Lee Kuan Yew created a powerhouse city-state, Singapore, by "the strategy of excellence." And, though Britain was known as "the sick man of Europe" when Margaret Thatcher came to power, she renewed her country's morale and international position by "the strategy of conviction." To each of these studies, Kissinger brings historical perception, public experience and-because he knew each of the subjects and participated in many of the events he describes-personal knowledge. Leadership is enriched by insights and judgements that only Kissinger could make and concludes with his reflections on world order and the indispensability of leadership today"--

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Praise for A Brief History of Now -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction: Setting the Frame -- Now -- Economic Globalization -- World Hegemony -- Democracy -- Socioeconomic Inequality Within and Between Societies -- Technological Innovations -- Climate Change -- Now and then: Trajectories in Global History -- 2 We Were All Brits (1851-1914) -- Hegemony, What Is It? -- Industrial Revolution -- Which Pyramid? -- The Industrial "Gradualution" -- Democratic Revolution -- The Synergic Revolutions -- Non-Identical Twins -- An Experiment with Synergy -- Another Set of Twins: Free Tradeand Comparative Advantage -- Two Sets of Twins on a World Tour: At Home in Western Europe -- Two Sets of Twins on a World Tour: Playing "Catch-22" with Gunpowder Empires -- Two Sets of Twins on a World Tour and the American Divergence -- Two Sets of Twins on a World Tour: The Scramble for Africa -- First Globalization and Britannization -- Spoiling the Hegemonic Party: The Exceptional Outliers -- All Aboard! Welcome to the Global Train -- 3 Until the "Big Brexit" (1914-1945) -- A Globally Convoluted Interplay -- Contested Hegemony, Head-On -- A Bigger Brother -- A Strange Couple -- A Global Communist Revolution -- Surprising Success -- By Reaction Against -- Directly Guided -- By Imitation -- Failure, the Mother of Improvisation -- The Carousel of Revolution -- The Other Carousel: Reaction -- A World Safe for Democracy -- It's the Economy, Stupid! -- A Game Changer -- Second Round -- So Long to the Global Train! -- 4 When We Became Americans (1946-1973) -- The World Series -- Hegemony and Empire: Great Britain -- Hegemony and Empire: The United States -- Two Centuries at Odds-And Counting -- A Fourfold Big Stick -- A Huge Carrot Named the U.S. Economy -- An Alluring Dream Named the American Dream.

Part I. Political Crises and the Legitimacy of Public Debts (1770s-1860s) -- 1. An Empire of Debts? Spain and Its Colonial Realm -- 2. Publicity, Debt, and Politics: The Old Regime and the French Revolution -- 3. Politics of Credit: Government Borrowing and Political Regimes in Sweden -- 4. Public Debt and Democratic Statecraft in Nineteenth-Century France -- Part II. Global Capital, Imperial Expansions, and Changing Sovereignties (1860s-1914) -- 5. The Entanglements of Domestic Polities: Public Debt and European Interventions in Latin America -- 6. Leveraging Foreign Control: Reform in the Ottoman Empire -- 7. The Unforeseen Path of Debt Imperialism: Local Struggles, Transnational Knowledge, and Colonialism in Egypt -- 8. Trading Sovereignty for Capital? Public Debt in West Africa, 1871-1914 -- 9. The Domestic Effects of Foreign Capital: Public Debt and Regional Inequalities in Late Qing China -- 10. Fiscal Federalism: Local Debt and the Construction of the Modern State in the United States and France -- Part III. The Great Transformation of Public Debts (1914-1970s) -- 11. The Financial Challenges of Total War: Britain, France, and Their Empires in the First World War -- 12. Beyond Democracy or Dictatorship: Structuring Sovereign Debt in Germany from Weimar to the Postwar Period -- 13. The Communist World of Public Debt (1917-1991): The Failure of a Countermodel? -- 14. Debt Without Taxation: Iraq, Syria, and the Crisis of Empires from the Mandates to the Cold War Era -- Part IV. The Political Roads to Financial Markets and Global Debt Crisis (1970s) -- 15. From Debt Dirigisme to Debt Markets in France and India -- 16. The Political Economy of Debt Crisis: State, Banks, and the Financialization of Public Debt in Italy since the 1970s -- 17. From a Multilateral Broker to the National Judge: The Law and Governance of Sovereign Debt Restructuring, 1980-2015 -- 18. Of Bond Vigilantes, Central Bankers, and the Crisis of 2008 -- Part V. Conclusion: On the Historical Uses of Numbers and Words -- 19. The History and Politics of Public Debt Accounting -- 20. The Words of Public Debts: A Political Repertoire. .