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ABSTRACTWho gets what, why and how, when Chinese villagers' land is enclosed? Focusing specifically on changes in women's property rights and drawing on data from Zhejiang province, this article shows that state, village and household institutions interact to produce significant gender disparities in both the compensation paid to expropriated villagers and the registration of ownership of household assets. Yet it would be incorrect to conclude that, dispossessed, women thereby lack agency. Analysis of women's responses to expropriation suggests that by selectively deploying laws, rules and norms in different settings, women are influencing not only compensation distribution, but also the terms under which the state compensates villagers for their expropriation and the gender relations in which property is embedded.

Looks at the intersecting dynamics of power and identity as they relate to the struggles for women's empowerment with special reference to the Muslim world, and the experience of the international network for information, solidarity and support, called 'Women living under Muslim laws'. (Original abstract - amended)

Explores intersecting dynamics of power & identity as they relate to the struggles for women's empowerment, with special reference to the Muslim world, & the experience of the international network for information, solidarity, & support: Women Living under Muslim Laws. 14 References. Adapted from the source document.

Preliminary Materials /A. Heidle and J.A.M. Snoek -- Introduction /Jan A.M. Snoek -- The Relationships Of Androgynous Secret Orders With Freemasonry. Documents On Theordre Des Hermites De Bonne Humeur In Sachsen-Gotha (1739-1758) /Bärbel Raschke -- The Grand Lodge Of Adoption, La Loge De Juste, The Hague, 1751: A Short-Lived Experiment In Mixed Freemasonry Or A Victim Of Elegant Exploitation? /Malcolm Davies -- Maçonnerie Des Dames The Plans Of The Strict Observance To Establish A Female Branch /Andreas Önnerfors -- Freemason Feminists: Masonic Reform And The Women'S Movement In France, 1840-1914 /James Smith Allen -- The 'Women's Question'. The Discussion, Especially In The Nineteenth Century, About Opening Membership Of The Dutch Grand Lodge To Women /Anton Van De Sande -- Women And The Hermetic Order Of The Golden Dawn: Nineteenth Century Occultistic Initiation From A Gender Perspective /Henrik Bogdan -- Stretton's 'Operative' Masonry: Legacy Or Forgery? By Bernard Dat Translated /Michael Taylor -- Freemasonry And Suffrage: The Manifestation Of Social Conscience /Ann Pilcher-Dayton -- 'Builders Of The Temple Of The New Civilisation': Annie Besant And Freemasonry /Andrew Prescott -- Diversity In Unity? The Masonic Traditions In Use In The Dutch Federation Of 'Le Droit Humain' /Anne Van Marion-Weijer -- Index Of Orders And Lodges /A. Heidle and J.A.M. Snoek -- Index Of Names /A. Heidle and J.A.M. Snoek.

Contemporary debates about collective action in civil society have given prominent place to the connections between voluntary associations and social capital. Social capital research, however, commonly over-emphasises the role of associations in generating societal-level outcomes, to the neglect of the specific contexts in which associations reside and the different opportunities individuals and groups have to access resources for and through collective action. Also largely ignored are considerations of gender. This thesis addresses these issues, presenting evidence from a case study of a large women s service organisation the VIEW Clubs of Australia to examine how social capital and women s agency intersect. The thesis adopts a social-structural approach to social capital, highlighting its role as a resource brokered through networks that both enable and constrain action. This approach attends to the inter-relations of particular types of social capital, such as bonding and bridging; specific elements of social capital, such as reciprocity, trust, and shared values, identities and purposes; and addresses the broader socio-historical context in which social capital networks are located. The thesis employs a model of agency that encompasses three core fields of agency individual, social and political. These fields of agency encapsulate the capacity for women to act and exercise choice and change in their own lives, in the community, and in the polity, and to do this through collective action. The thesis applies these ideas using an embedded case study model combining documentary analysis, participant observation and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal agency and social capital to be in tension. Activities that feed the agential capacity of the organisation and its members are more successfully realised in areas closest to women s past experiences than in those addressing the public sphere. The research nevertheless shows that a voluntary association such as VIEW can foster women s agency. Indeed, building ...

The article discusses the agency of four influential women in conjunction with Finnish population policies represented by the Population and Family Welfare Federation in Finland (founded 1941). The policies pursued by Rakel Jalas (1892-1955), a doctor of medicine and MP for the National Coalition Party, Elsa Enäjärvi-Haavio (1901-1951), academic researcher and activist, Martta Salmela-Järvinen (1892-1987), a writer, activist and MP for the Social Democratic Party, and Leena Valvanne (1920-) a midwife and trade union activist, can be characterized as maternalist. The Finnish Abortion Law (in 1971) is interpreted as an expression of the change of the era and the emphasis of the Finnish women's movement. ; The article discusses the agency of four influential women in conjunction with Finnish population policies represented by the Population and Family Welfare Federation in Finland (founded 1941). The policies pursued by Rakel Jalas (1892-1955), a doctor of medicine and MP for the National Coalition Party, Elsa Enäjärvi-Haavio (1901-1951), academic researcher and activist, Martta Salmela-Järvinen (1892-1987), a writer, activist and MP for the Social Democratic Party, and Leena Valvanne (1920-) a midwife and trade union activist, can be characterized as maternalist. The Finnish Abortion Law (in 1971) is interpreted as an expression of the change of the era and the emphasis of the Finnish women's movement.

Male authority and dynamics of power and privilege, and women's 'structural mutedness' seem apparent. However, it is also accepted that wherever there is power there is resistance. In the light of the above issues, the paper explores women's exclusive domain of childbirth in rural Rajasthan in Northern India. It adopts the pro-cessual, life cycle and household development approach to constitute women's fertility career. It highlights the significance of women's agency in their efforts at monouevering their own fertility outcomes without overthrowing mothering or patriarchy.

This article examines the construction of female subjectivity in emulation campaign materials of early Maoist China. Through critical examination of 'nüjie diyi' (the first female) model workers, I argue that Maoist proletarian subjectivity reflects a situated agency produced through empowerment and salvationist impulses. As the first women to engage in traditionally male professions like tractor driving, 'nüjie diyi' models can be read as objects of CCP policies and ideology. At the same time, however, their public presence challenged gendered conceptualisations of workplace, technological competence and proletarian identity. Moreover, their close ties to Soviet experts located these women within a geopolitical structure that occasioned alternative sites of female agency. As icons of socialist China and representatives of state‐sponsored feminism, 'diyi' women embodied historical progress and social change. Through these women multiple contending subjectivities emerged which simultaneously promised and delimited national feminist rhetoric and agency.