Suchergebnisse

В даній статті утoчненo змicт i нaпpями лoгicтичнoї дiяльнocтi пiдпpиємcтвa тopгiвлi. Пpoaнaлiзoвaнo метoдичнi пiдхoди дo визнaчення cутнocтi ефективнocтi лoгicтичнoї дiяльнocтi тopгoвельнoгo пiдпpиємcтвa тa її вимipювaння. Опрацьовано ряд цікавих моментів, що до діяльності транспортних компаній та розглянуто особливості їх управлінських рішень. Oбґpунтoвaнa неoбхiднicть oцiнювaння ефективнocтi cиcтеми лoгicтики з викopиcтaнням aдaптoвaних дo cпецифiки лoгicтичнoї дiяльнocтi в тopгiвлi пoкaзникiв. Шляхом дослідницької роботи та опрацюванню різних джерел інформації щодо даної тематики було виділено ряд цікавих моментів, які описують процес логістичної діяльності на підприємствах. Також у статті описані різні способи оцінки ефективності тої чи іншої системи, що застосовується підприємством задля забезпечення логістичних потреб. Зaпpoпoнoвaнo метoдичний пiдхiд дo вимipювaння ефективнocтi лoгicтичнoї дiяльнocтi пiдпpиємcтв тopгiвлi тa упpaвлiння нею зa cиcтемoю iндикaтopiв. Приведено приклади для наочного зображення того чи іншого процесу, та зроблені посилання на відповідні дослідження, що були вже зроблені до цього.Загалом, метою написання статті стало, трохи ближче познайомити фахівців з складною темою: «оцінки ефективності систем логістики підприємства торгівлі та транспортних компаній» також в ній приведені деякі критерії оцінювання, оскільки інформації щодо цих тематик практично відсутні у науковій літературі. Логістика і процеси, що пов'язані із її ефективним застосування – стають ключовим інструментом для досягнення процвітання будь-якого потужного підприємства, тому знання в цій сфері потрібно постійно удосконалювати і доповнювати. ; In this article, the contraction is determined by the logic of the logical action of the power of the text. A systematic methodological approach to the recognition of the cognitive function of an effective political activity of the supportive power and its wiping. A number of interesting points have been worked out about the activity of transport companies and the peculiarities of their managerial decisions are considered. It is necessary to refrain from guaranteeing the effectiveness of the system of logistics with the development of ad hoc protocols for the linguistic activity of the teachers. Through research work and the development of various sources of information on this topic, a number of interesting points were highlighted, which describe the process of logistics activities at enterprises. Also, the article describes various ways to assess the effectiveness of a system that is used by the enterprise to provide logistics needs. The methdocentric approach to optimizing the effective logic function of the effects of storing and typing it on the basis of identical indexes is considered appropriate. Examples are given for a visual representation of a process, and links have been made to relevant studies that have already been done before.In general, the purpose of writing the article was to get a little closer to the experts with a complex subject: "assessing the efficiency of the logistics systems of the trade and transport companies", as well as some criteria for evaluation, since information on these topics is practically absent in the scientific literature. Logistics and processes related to its effective application are becoming a key tool for the prosperity of any powerful enterprise, so knowledge in this area needs to be continuously improved and supplemented.

Exploring the peculiarities and trends in innovation development in modern conditions is based on defining its new characteristics caused by postindustrial transformations. The aim of writing this article is to study the main elements of open national innovation systems and trends of their integration into international innovation cooperation. In the course of performing the set tasks, we used methods of system and structural–functional analysis to substantiate the main components of open innovation systems and the trends in their formation and operation. It was stressed that the main characteristics of open innovation systems are innovation entrepreneurship, innovation networks, innovation cooperation and partnership, innovation clusters and ecosystems. The driving force of modern innovation process is the entrepreneurial innovation activity, covering all stages and areas of system innovation process, relying on innovations in technology, management, market, social and providing for innovative development of the society. It was discovered that the innovative collaboration involves its participants in the innovation process with the use of such forms as technology transfer, information exchange, research and educational programs, commercial exchange of innovative products. Innovation partnership combines innovation resources and activities of the participants - setting up innovative enterprises, joint implementation of innovative projects. In the modern period, innovation collaboration and partnership develop at the level of corporations, industries and sectors of national economy and on the international level. Development of innovative cooperation and partnership depends on the formation and status of innovation ecosystems as the medium of open innovations. Influenced by global factors, the development of innovation clusters is characterized by the trend of internationalization of innovation activities on the basis of international cooperation among clusters of different countries. Innovation development leads to certain transformations in the human capital, growth in the level of its innovativeness and innovation. Internationalization of human capital in innovation occurs on the basis of the development of international scientific and technical cooperation and implementation of social humanitarian programs. Directions of formation of open innovation systems are the development of innovation entrepreneurship, innovation networks, innovation cooperation and partnership, innovation ecosystems and clusters. The core of open innovation systems is the human capital of innovation development. The scientific novelty of this research made it possible to determine the conditions and factors for the innovation systems to reach various levels of open nature and substantiation of their components and areas of internationalization. The practical significance of the obtained results is application of the materials of this paper by the subjects of innovation activity for managing the innovation process based on the principles of open innovations. Further research into defined scientific problem will be focused on the substantiation of features of renewal of human capital of open innovation systems.

Introduction. Industry 4.0 is an innovative industrial production of the future, to which uncertainty is inherent that gives rise to various risks that need to be analyzed, modeled and managed. Currently, there are not enough fundamental scientific or practical works that would systematically investigate the problem of risks of Industry 4.0. However, there are foreign works which cover some aspects of risk management in the industry 4.0. There are practically no domestic works on the problem under investigation, therefore we would like to some extent to fill this gap of domestic scientific achievements. Purpose. The purpose is to identify the main risks of Industry 4.0, based on system analysis and refinement of their interpretations and to formulate our own vision of their classification. Materials. In the process of writing the work the available public Internet materials on various aspects of Industry 4.0 were used. Results. The current phase of Industry 4.0 can be considered preparatory to actually the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is characterized by the following risks: investment; innovation activity; industrial espionage and competitive intelligence; intellectual and human resources; administrative and legislative; standards; inconsistencies related to the discrepancy of the concept of Industry 4.0 to the existing information and communication tools and technologies. The next phase of Industry 4.0 implementation stipulates the actual production of prototypes. In case of successful implementation of this phase it can be considered that the Fourth Industrial Revolution has occurred. In this case, all the risks that already exist with some changes will be typical of Industry 4.0 as well. In addition a number of new risks will appear. That is, the risks of Industry 4.0 will be the following: risks of Cyber-Physical Systems, risks of the Internet of Things (or the Industrial Internet of Things), Smart Products risks, Big Data risks, risks of cloud or cloud computing, risk of management, risks of virtual reality and modeling, risks of additive production, risks of information security and cyber security, risks of intellectual and human resources, environmental risks, risks of resource provision of innovative production. In addition, the work also specifies other risk classifications of Industry 4.0. Originality. The authors define risks of Industry 4.0, provide author clarifications of their eesences and propose the author vision of risk classification of Industry 4.0 based on various properties and criteria. Conclusion. This work can be a starting point for further research on the risks inherent to the Industry 4.0 based on various areas, including Industry 4.0 risk modeling.

The agricultural sector plays an important role in the GDP of Ukraine. Prospects for the development of agriculture, compared with other countries, are explained by favourable climatic conditions and fertile black soils. However, slow adoption of new technologies and effective management systems in agrarian enterprises, as well as inconsistent actions of the government on implementation of agrarian reforms in Ukraine significantly slow down development of enterprises of above mentioned branches.The relevance of the chosen topic consists in the study of dynamics of the development of agrarian enterprises under conditions of market transformations and in identifying objective reasons of their quantitative condition in modern realities. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to carry out quantitative analysis of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. In the process of writing the article the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, graphic, comparison and abstraction.The article explains the essence of the concept «agricultural enterprises». It analyzes the dynamics of the number of agricultural enterprises in the past 10 years, as a result significant downward trend in their number was found. The tendencies of changes in their number, according to procedural and institutional types of management forms, were studied. Grouping of the agrarian units by area of agricultural lands was made; the dynamics of their number were highlighted.The essence of the concept «agricultural holdings» is revealed, the analysis of their development in Ukraine is carried out. According to the study, the most numerous are farm enterprises, the least – government enterprises. It was also proved that, along with the above mentioned procedural and institutional types of management forms agricultural holding companies are important players on the modern agrarian market.

The subject of the research is the infrastructure objects of the settlements of Ukraine, namely the energy supply systems (heat, gas and electricity supply) both traditional and alternative. The purpose of the study is to determine the priority of the use of various fuels: traditional and alternative, as well as the impact of their combustion products on the environment to justify the ways and tools of renovation of housing and communal services of Ukraine. Research methods. When writing the article, general scientific and special methods of research of physical and economic phenomena concerning the functioning and strategy of development of the fuel and energy complex of the state were used. Results of work. Replacement of the main fuel – natural gas – for the needs of heat sources, electricity alternative gives imaginary savings of local budgets in terms of decentralization of public administration (due to the difference in prices of natural gas and other fossil fuels). At the same time, only such measures pose a number of other problems. Increasing environmental pollution is one of them. Legislative support, tariff policy, requirements of current regulations in Ukraine on environmental safety, production, supply of heat and electricity to end users are analyzed. In accordance with them, the replacement of natural gas with alternative fuels is considered. The projected cost of energy received, emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere are calculated. The values of emission indicators are obtained, which are based on data on the physicochemical composition and consumption of each of the fuels, taking into account the characteristics of combustion processes and measures to reduce emissions of a particular ingredient. A comparative analysis of fuels in relation to the environmental impact of combustion products, as well as directly the cost of the fuels themselves. Field of application of results. Ecology, housing and communal services, fuel and energy complex. Conclusions. In rural areas, ...

The article analyzes the issues of the patient's will in medical relations, it is proved that it is due to the expression of will to the proposed treatment (consent or refusal) that the patient is a full active participant in this relationship. However, his inability to express his will, temporary or irreversible, caused by the development of the disease, the peculiarity of its course may be an obstacle to determining his real desire for future treatment, medical intervention and jeopardize the violation or inability to exercise the patient's right to consent or refuse medical intervention. To avoid this, there is a certain legal institution in the legislation of a number of countries around the world, through which it is possible to plan your treatment in advance, to refuse it, in case of inability to do so in the future. In some legal systems, this institution has different names – "wishes made earlier", "medical will", "patient's will", "power of attorney to make decisions on health care", "patient orders" and so on. The paper analyzes the content of this institute, considers the views of scholars on it, made a comparative analysis with the legal construction of the "testament" and concluded that there are significant differences between these constructions, which makes it impossible, from the author's point of view, to call this will "testament". It is proposed to consider such a will as one of the patient's rights – "patient order", which is made in writing by an adult – the patient, regardless of the type and stage of the disease in case of possible future inability to consent to medical examination, intervention or treatment. The patient has at his disposal not only his will for the future (list of medical procedures that are allowed to be performed in relation to his health, which are not), but also the case when it can be used (for example, coma, autonomic state). It is impossible to conclude it through a representative, because in this case the will of the patient is unknown. This order is executed by ...

The experience of professional training of future geography teachers in European countries such as France, Germany, Spain, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland has been studied. Perspective concepts have been found to be relevant for implementation in Ukraine in the conditions of transformation of education. Thus, the professional training of future geography teachers in France is determined by a certain conservatism and originality, which gives students the opportunity to freely choose both individual disciplines and specialization. A key type of professional training is seminars. The professional training of future geography teachers in Germany is characterized by a variety of coverage of the subject area and the specific role of the academic staff. Among innovations we should note project seminars and internship abroad for one semester. Regarding the professional training of future geography teachers in Italy, it is worth noting that it is characterized by a special attention to the completion of a graduation thesis, on which one semester is given. In Spain there are three areas – physical, socio-economic and regional geography. Among the compulsory disciplines, cartography and geographic information systems occupy a special place. The professional training of future geography teachers in the UK is characterized by the use of tutor technology and mentoring and the long duration of pedagogical practice (from 25 to 32 weeks). At the same time, to teach geography in state educational institutions it is necessary to have the status of a qualified teacher. In Sweden, the professional training of future geography teachers is characterized by a great part of the courses of choice (15-45 credits) and a good deal of time for writing a graduation thesis (30-60 credits). The experience of long-distance practices in foreign countries is interesting. In Finland, education is very democratic, innovative and free for both citizens of the country and for foreigners. The student is practically not limited to a fixed schedule. A characteristic feature of the higher education institution in Finland is the use of the e-learning environment. Т Consequently, in European countries, students are given the opportunity to freely choose both individual disciplines and specialization. Among the compulsory disciplines, cartography and geographic information systems occupy a special place. The student is practically not limited to a fixed schedule. A characteristic feature is the use of the e-learning environment. Among the innovations in teaching methods, the project seminars and internship abroad during one semester, the use of tutor technology and mentoring, and long duration of pedagogical practice should be noted. The experience of long-distance practices in foreign countries is interesting. ; У статті вивчено досвід професійної підготовки майбутніх вчителів географії в таких європейських країнах як Франція, Німеччина, Іспанія, Великобританія, Швеція,Фінляндія. Виявлено перспективні концепти актуальні для впровадження в Україні в умовах трансформації освіти. ; В статьє изучен опыт профессиональной подготовки будущих учителей географии в таких европейских странах как Франция, Германия, Испания, Англия, Швеция, Финляндия. Выявлены перспективные концепты актуальные для внедрения в Украине в условиях трансформации образования.

The article is devoted to the study of the process of the emergence of rights in the primitive society of the period of savagery and barbarism. The time frame expands from the beginning of the birth of life (about 4.1 – 3.7 billion years ago) to the invention of methods of cultivation of land and the primary division of labor and the invention of ancient civilization of Sumerians of writing (respectively 6,500 years - 3,100 years BC). The social and anthropological reasons for the emergence of law (needs of common habitation, normative consciousness), the world-view basis, the nature of the binding character of the original rules, their interrelation with morality, are substantiated. The original rules of conduct in the form of prohibitions (taboos), custom, rite, worship and ritual were alloy, a mixture of divine and natural, magical and psychological. These mono norms formed the core of primitive law as the form of proper, necessary behavior, the most significant factor of the force of which was the joint residence and the mutual benefit of acting concertedly.In the absence of political power in the primitive society, they also supported the authority of tribal leaders, elders, healers, healers and sorcerers. With the emergence of religion and systems of morality, these norms receive a new religious and value justification and differentiate from those norms of morality that do not require more stringent, compared with them, sanctions. Thus, the social interaction in the process of living together and the elaboration of the rules of this residence, the improvement of the methods of resolving conflicts and disputes provided the ground on which the archaic right of the primitive society has grown, which in the form reached us in the relevant earliest historical sources, according to the constant scientific tradition, is called customary law.Article received 20.11.2018 ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню процесу виникнення права у первісному суспільстві періоду дикості і варварства у часових рамках історії людства з початку зародження життя (близько 4,1 – 3,7 млрд рр. тому) до винайдення методів обробітку землі та первинного поділу праці та винайдення давньою цивілізацією шумерів письма (відповідно 6500–3100 рр. до н. е.). Обґрунтовано соціальні й антропологічні причини виникнення права (потреби спільного проживання, нормативність свідомості), світоглядна основа, природа зобов'язувального характеру первісних правил, їхній взаємозв'язок із мораллю.Матеріал надійшов 20.11.2018

The article is devoted to the study of the process of the emergence of rights in the primitive society of the period of savagery and barbarism. The time frame expands from the beginning of the birth of life (about 4.1 – 3.7 billion years ago) to the invention of methods of cultivation of land and the primary division of labor and the invention of ancient civilization of Sumerians of writing (respectively 6,500 years - 3,100 years BC). The social and anthropological reasons for the emergence of law (needs of common habitation, normative consciousness), the world-view basis, the nature of the binding character of the original rules, their interrelation with morality, are substantiated. The original rules of conduct in the form of prohibitions (taboos), custom, rite, worship and ritual were alloy, a mixture of divine and natural, magical and psychological. These mono norms formed the core of primitive law as the form of proper, necessary behavior, the most significant factor of the force of which was the joint residence and the mutual benefit of acting concertedly.In the absence of political power in the primitive society, they also supported the authority of tribal leaders, elders, healers, healers and sorcerers. With the emergence of religion and systems of morality, these norms receive a new religious and value justification and differentiate from those norms of morality that do not require more stringent, compared with them, sanctions. Thus, the social interaction in the process of living together and the elaboration of the rules of this residence, the improvement of the methods of resolving conflicts and disputes provided the ground on which the archaic right of the primitive society has grown, which in the form reached us in the relevant earliest historical sources, according to the constant scientific tradition, is called customary law.Article received 20.11.2018 ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню процесу виникнення права у первісному суспільстві періоду дикості і варварства у часових рамках історії людства з початку зародження життя (близько 4,1 – 3,7 млрд рр. тому) до винайдення методів обробітку землі та первинного поділу праці та винайдення давньою цивілізацією шумерів письма (відповідно 6500–3100 рр. до н. е.). Обґрунтовано соціальні й антропологічні причини виникнення права (потреби спільного проживання, нормативність свідомості), світоглядна основа, природа зобов'язувального характеру первісних правил, їхній взаємозв'язок із мораллю.Матеріал надійшов 20.11.2018

The article is devoted to the study of the process of the emergence of rights in the primitive society of the period of savagery and barbarism. The time frame expands from the beginning of the birth of life (about 4.1 – 3.7 billion years ago) to the invention of methods of cultivation of land and the primary division of labor and the invention of ancient civilization of Sumerians of writing (respectively 6,500 years - 3,100 years BC). The social and anthropological reasons for the emergence of law (needs of common habitation, normative consciousness), the world-view basis, the nature of the binding character of the original rules, their interrelation with morality, are substantiated. The original rules of conduct in the form of prohibitions (taboos), custom, rite, worship and ritual were alloy, a mixture of divine and natural, magical and psychological. These mono norms formed the core of primitive law as the form of proper, necessary behavior, the most significant factor of the force of which was the joint residence and the mutual benefit of acting concertedly.In the absence of political power in the primitive society, they also supported the authority of tribal leaders, elders, healers, healers and sorcerers. With the emergence of religion and systems of morality, these norms receive a new religious and value justification and differentiate from those norms of morality that do not require more stringent, compared with them, sanctions. Thus, the social interaction in the process of living together and the elaboration of the rules of this residence, the improvement of the methods of resolving conflicts and disputes provided the ground on which the archaic right of the primitive society has grown, which in the form reached us in the relevant earliest historical sources, according to the constant scientific tradition, is called customary law.Article received 20.11.2018 ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню процесу виникнення права у первісному суспільстві періоду дикості і варварства у часових рамках історії людства з початку зародження життя (близько 4,1 – 3,7 млрд рр. тому) до винайдення методів обробітку землі та первинного поділу праці та винайдення давньою цивілізацією шумерів письма (відповідно 6500–3100 рр. до н. е.). Обґрунтовано соціальні й антропологічні причини виникнення права (потреби спільного проживання, нормативність свідомості), світоглядна основа, природа зобов'язувального характеру первісних правил, їхній взаємозв'язок із мораллю.Матеріал надійшов 20.11.2018

У статті проаналізовано науково-педагогічні розвідки, у яких досліджується питання модернізації змісту вищої педагогічної освіти в Республіці Польща за умов її входження у європейський освітній простір. У своїх працях вітчизняні та зарубіжні педагоги звертаються до проблеми пошуку нових підходів у підготовці педагогічних кадрів, конкурентоздатних на європейському та міжнародному ринках праці. Аналіз наукових праць, присвячених вивченню цієї проблеми, дав змогу простежити загальні тенденції модернізації змісту вищої педагогічної освіти в Польщі, що може бути використаним у процесі реформування педагогічної освіти в Україні. ; The article analyzes the scientific and educational researches connected with the questions of modernization of higher pedagogical education in Poland in terms of joining the European educational space. In his writings, native and foreign educators are turning to the issue of new approaches in the preparation of specialists, competitive in the European and international labor markets. The reform of higher education in Europe has been on the agenda of European cooperation for a long time. The challenge of «modernising higher education» was presented forcefully by the European Commission in 2006. The current process of modernization of higher education in Poland as a field of social practice and constructive factor in the evolution started in the late 90th century. The legislation defines meaning, purpose and strategic direction of reform and modernization of all educational links to its democratization, humanization, according to world standards. Modernization of education is a priority in today's social development, reflects the development of the country and is an important part of its national security. The study of scientific sources indicates that, making integration into the common European education space Polish educators continue to actively work to ensure the quality of training in Europe. Poland renews teacher education, content and methods of training, strengthens the relationship between the national systems of teacher training. In terms of active reform and renewal of educational content, the conceptual framework and assumptions of modernization of higher education became the subject of scientific studies of many local educators in Poland. The modernization of the content of higher pedagogical education is seen by many European and native scientists as one of the most effective ways for improving the education level of its output to a new, qualitatively higher stage of development. The analysis of scientific and pedagogical investigations made it possible to distinguish three stages of the development of problem.

This article presents and attempt at interpretation of how tropes as part of rhetoric are used in order to provide an explanation for complex phenomena within the framework of political discourse. This article also identifies different tropes in a number of examples of discourses related to domestic and foreign politics and policies in a general sense. The theories of how explanation work are based on the writings of Eugene Meehan and Paul Roth. E.Meehan developed a system paradigm of explanation in social science in which explanation is the application of a logical system to a description and, in turn, system is defined as formal logical structures, sets of variables and the rules governing interactions between them. Political discourse cannot be interpreted as strict logical systems, however the components of such discourse (that merely resemble the notion of "variable") can and should be identified. E.Meehan also claimed that explanation is in many respect analogous to a map since it records the results of observation, depends upon the standpoint of its author and must suit the needs of the user. P.Roth, on the other hand, developed a concept of narrative explanation and for him some explanations are essentially narrative, which means that narrative sentence in them servers as explandandum statement and meaning explained in them is non-detachable from its narrative form. P.Roth also claims that description serves as justification in narrative explanations, and narrative are also capable of developing contexts. Approaches of E.Meehan and P.Roth can be used to provide a lingvo-political interpretation of how tropes as means of rhetoric as used to explain complex political phenomena: they help to identify the components of discourse (as even their actors that can be marked indirectly to referring to them by using disphemisms) and illustrate the complexity of their interactions and interrelations, especially when complex tropes like metalepsis are used to show the transitions of meanings from abstract notions to facts and day-to-day examples of political practices, and in this article the extracts from writings of D.Satter and S.Korsunskyi illustrate these points. ; У статті розглядається використання тропів як риторичних прийомів на прикладі політичного дискурсу про історичний контекст і міжнародні відносини. Ідентифіковані на емпіричному матеріалі тропи ілюструють можливості пояснення в суспільствознавчих дисциплінах, з опертям на методологічні підходи до пояснення, розроблені Ю.Міганом і П.Ротом, за якими пояснення у соціальних науках можливе як системна парадигма, в якій ідентифіковані структурні елементи у вигляді змінних та зв'язків між ними, що регулюються певними принципами. Ю.Міган використовує метафору карти по відношенню до пояснення: масштаб і форма залежить від позиції дослідника, а її формат – від конкретних дослідницьких завдань. За П.Ротом, у суспільствознавстві є низка пояснень, які просто неможливі без наративного викладу, в яких наратив і є поясненням і які він називає «сутнісно наративні пояснення». Проведений аналіз на прикладі витягів з праць Д.Саттера і С.Корсунського демонструє, що складні тропи (приміром металепсис) дозволяють ідентифікувати складові дискурсу та відтворити зв'язки між ними, які практично неможливо передати за допомогою символьної чи «сухої» наукової мови. ; У статті розглядається використання тропів як риторичних прийомів на прикладі політичного дискурсу про історичний контекст і міжнародні відносини. Ідентифіковані на емпіричному матеріалі тропи ілюструють можливості пояснення в суспільствознавчих дисциплінах, з опертям на методологічні підходи до пояснення, розроблені Ю.Міганом і П.Ротом, за якими пояснення у соціальних науках можливе як системна парадигма, в якій ідентифіковані структурні елементи у вигляді змінних та зв'язків між ними, що регулюються певними принципами. Ю.Міган використовує метафору карти по відношенню до пояснення: масштаб і форма залежить від позиції дослідника, а її формат – від конкретних дослідницьких завдань. За П.Ротом, у суспільствознавстві є низка пояснень, які просто неможливі без наративного викладу, в яких наратив і є поясненням і які він називає «сутнісно наративні пояснення». Проведений аналіз на прикладі витягів з праць Д.Саттера і С.Корсунського демонструє, що складні тропи (приміром металепсис) дозволяють ідентифікувати складові дискурсу та відтворити зв'язки між ними, які практично неможливо передати за допомогою символьної чи «сухої» наукової мови.

У статті розглядаються дієві державні і недержавні інституціолізовані форми залучення молоді у процеси суспільно-політичної модернізації в країнах Вишеградської групи в умовах європейської інтеграції. Автор презентує компаративний аналіз досвіду громадської і політичної участі молоді країн Вишеградської групи. ; Youth is the potential which determines the future of the state. In the end of XXth beginning of XXI-st century Central and Eastern European countries experienced transformations of the political systems. Visegrad Group (V4 at present) was formed in 1991 to force Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary to the European Union. Despite the importance of a complex of socio-political and economic preconditions of socialist regimes' collapse, the article shows that it is also necessary to take youth factor into account. Modernization of the principles of relations between authority institutions and citizens required the increasing of the level of youth participation in social and political processes. Also period of 1989-1998 caused the destruction of previously structured, guaranteed by the state forms of the transition from childhood to young adulthood because of the reforms in education and economy. Youth policy principles in V4 countries were paternalistic, presented by a number of specifi laws designed to guarantee the social needs of young people.The article shows effective governmental and nongovernmental institutionalized forms of youth involvement into the processes of social and political modernization, which have been produced and successfully realized during EU-associated period and after the Association Agreement.Here we can mark positive impact of EU institutions on the formation of new youth policy and emphasize the practices of Youth Strategies formation. Also innovative became a new form ofcooperation between government and non-governmental umbrella youth organizations (Youth Councils) – Structured dialogue. Volunteering had become a new phenomenon for youth, and still low participation in volunteer events is noted in V4. Statistic shows that participation in elections among young people remains relatively low, although they have positively attitudes towards the EU than the older generation. New political activities, such as participation in debates, writing petitions and support NGOs entered the youth political culture.Thereby, modernization of political culture in the direction of democratic provided a wide range of opportunities for political participation of young people. ; В статье рассматриваются эффективные государственные и негосударственные институционализированные формы привлечения молодежи в процессы общественно-политической модернизации в странах Вышеградской группы в условиях европейской интеграции. Автор представляет компаративный анализ опыта общественной и политического участия молодежи стран Вышеградской группы.

The issue of safety culture is one of the most important in a modern medical facility because any problems during the provision of services may lead to irreversible consequences. Not only the patient may suffer, but the doctor who assisted. Unfortunately, very little attention to this issue is paid in Ukraine. Based on this, we can say that the topic is relevant and requires studying. The purpose of writing this article is the analysis of the ways of forming professional safety culture in clinical medicine. The methods by which we carried out scientific research are observation, analysis, evaluation, comparison, generalization. The work examined interpretation of the term "safety culture", types of innovation in which it belongs and the main methods of its creation in the medical field. Safety culture in the medical field involves the right of all health care workers to use measures to prevent actions that can harm a patient or a colleague. Different approaches were considered in the interpretation of the term "safety culture" and we proposed our own: safety culture is a system of values, objectives, knowledge and skills, rules and procedures, convictions shared by representatives of a certain medical profession and supported by patients, creating a favourable working climate, atmosphere of trust and becoming an efficient tool for achieving the goals of the organization. The main components of the safety culture were defined: responsibilities of managers, communication, performance, resources of safety, trust, the degree of job satisfaction, etc. Based on several studies, it was found that no country has a perfect medical system. Every system should be improved. We proposed measures to fix the situation with the safety culture in health care facilities. The correct management of safety can eliminate or fix many medical errors. That is why the need for a clear program of implementation, execution and control of SC in the medical establishment is necessary. Scientific novelty of this work lies in the interpretation of the term "safety culture" at medical institutions and in determining major steps towards its creation. Practical value of the work is the opportunity to implement these steps in medical institutions for improvement of the safety culture and, therefore, to reduce the risk of bad accidents during treatment. Further research can address safety culture management in medical institutions on the examples from the experience of countries with effective systems of health care.

Розкрито проблематику реалізації шлюбних відносин з іноземцями на території України та зарубіжних країн із різними правовими системами. Визначено процедуру укладення шлюбу між громадянами держави й окремі аспекти вступу до шлюбу з іноземцями. Окрему увагу приділено аналізу процедури укладення шлюбу з іноземним елементом у країнах з англосаксонською, романо-германською та мусульманською системами права. Зазначено, що шлюбно-сімейні відносини регламентуються окремими законодавчими актами та в деяких країнах релігійними нормами.Розкрито практичні аспекти реєстрації шлюбу, описано йй охарактеризовано умови, додержання яких є обов'язковим для реєстрації шлюбу, зокрема з іноземним елементом. ; Given that the right to marry is an inalienable right of everyone, guaranteed by international law and national legislation of different world countries, it is accordingly forbidden to interfere with the lawful marriage. At the same time, the marriage procedure in different countries has its own characteristics, which depend on such factors as culture, religion, features of the legal system, etc. The influence of these factors on the marriage with a foreign element and some problems that may arise during its conclusion were taken into account while writing this scientific article. Thus, since the current legislation and the legal system of different countries may significantly vary, there may be some problems in the implementation of marital relations with foreigners, which require more detailed study. The problematic issue of realization of marital relations with foreigners on the territory of Ukraine and in foreign countries with different legal systems has been revealed. The procedure of concluding marriage between citizens of the state and certain aspects of marriage with foreigners has been determined. Particular attention has been paid to the analysis of the procedure of marriage with a foreign element in countries with common law, Romano-Germanic and Islamic legal systems. It has been noted that marital and family relations are regulated by separate legislative acts and in some countries by religious norms. The practical aspects of marriage registration have been revealed, in particular, the conditions, the observance of which is obligatory for the registration of marriage with a foreign element have been described and characterized. It has been noted that marriage under current law of different countries can take place only if the established requirements are followed: conclusion of marriage contract, lack of close blood ties, compliance with the requirements of religion, reaching marriage age, mutual consent of both parties, equality, presence of witnesses while concluding a marriage contract and marriage, observance of folk traditions. The emphasis has been placed on the fact that a foreign element within international family law at the time of marriage is manifested in two aspects: as a subject of legal relations and as a legal fact. The authors have analyzed the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in regard to the protection of the rights of married women, which has answers to a wide range of problematic issues that arise in certain life circumstances regarding the conclusion of marriage, including with a foreign element. ; Раскрыта проблематика реализации брачных отношений с иностранцами на территории Украины и в зарубежных странах с различными правовыми системами. Определены процедура заключения брака между гражданами государства и отдельные аспекты вступления в брак с иностранцами. Особое внимание уделено анализу процедуры заключения брака с иностранным элементом в странах с англосаксонской, романо-германской и мусульманской системами права. Отмечено, что брачно-семейные отношения регламентируются отдельными законодательными актами и в некоторых странах религиозными нормами. Раскрыты практические аспекты регистрации брака, описаны и охарактеризованы условия, соблюдение которых является обязательным для регистрации брака, в частности с иностранным элементом.