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This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1987

Introduction / Barry Ames -- Continuity and change in public attitudes toward corruption / Kelly Senters, Rebecca Weitz-Shapiro, and Matthew S. Winters -- Political participation : conventional and contestatory / Julian Borba and Ednaldo Ribeiro -- The representation of women in Brazilian politics / Pedro A.G. dos Santos and Kristin N. Wylie -- The increasing saliency of race / Gladys Mitchell-Walthour -- Religion, politics, and the secular state / Amy Erica Smith -- Social movements and the state : conventional and contentious politics in Brazil / Rebecca Neaera Abers and Marisa von Bülow -- Democratic innovations in municipalities / Brian Wampler and Wagner Romão -- Interest articulation and lobbying / Manoel Leonardo Santos -- Money, elections, and candidates / George Avelino and Arthur Fisch -- Federalism, party politics, and coalition dynamics / André Borges -- Retrospective voting and democratic accountability / Daniela Campello -- Presidential voting : partisanship, economy, ideology / Yan S. Carreirão and Lucio R. Rennó -- Measuring ideology among voters / Matthew C. Kearney and Fabiana Machado -- The political right and party politics / Timothy J. Power and Rodrigo Rodrigues-Silveira -- Partisans, anti-partisans, and voter behavior / David Samuels and Cesar Zucco Jr. -- Cabinets and coalitional presidentialism in Brazil / Octavio Amorim Neto -- Coalition management in multiparty presidential regimes / Carlos Pereira and Frederico Bertholini -- Participatory institutions in Brazil : the production of institutional success and efficiency / Leonardo Avritzer -- Law, courts, and judicial politics / Luciano Da Ros and Matthew C. Ingram -- Political appointments, political parties, and bureaucracy in Brazil / Sérgio Praça and Felix Lopez -- The political economy of inequality in Brazil / Frances Hagopian -- Environmental politics and policy in Brazil / Kathryn Hochstetler -- The evolution of Brazilizan foreign policy studies : four perspectives / Guilherme Casarões -- The difficult balance between macro and micro : inflation, exchange rates, and industrial development in Brazil / Peter Kingstone and Luiz Felipe Kling -- Left government, business politics, and the revival of industrial policy in Brazil / Mansueto Almeida, Renato Lima-de-Oliveira, and Ben Ross Schneider -- Bolsa família : historical, popular, and electoral perspectives / Matthew L. Layton -- Transformations in social policy : progress toward social inclusion and human development / Natasha Borges Sugiyama -- The politics of human rights in Brazil / Juliana T. de S. Martins and Anthony W. Pereira.

Many countries have experimented with different electoral rules in order either to increase involvement in the political system or make it easier to form stable governments. Barry Ames explores this important topic in one of the world's most populous and important democracies, Brazil. This book locates one of the sources of Brazil's "crisis of governance" in the nation's unique electoral system, a system that produces a multiplicity of weak parties and individualistic, pork-oriented politicians with little accountability to citizens. It explains the government's difficulties in adopting innovative policies by examining electoral rules, cabinet formation, executive-legislative conflict, party discipline and legislative negotiation. The book combines extensive use of new sources of data, ranging from historical and demographic analysis in focused comparisons of individual states to unique sources of data for the exploration of legislative politics. The discussion of party discipline in the Chamber of Deputies is the first multivariate model of party cooperation or defection in Latin America that includes measures of such important phenomena as constituency effects, pork-barrel receipts, ideology, electoral insecurity, and intention to seek reelection. With a unique data set and a sophisticated application of rational choice theory, Barry Ames demonstrates the effect of different electoral rules for election to Brazil's legislature. The readership of this book includes anyone wanting to understand the crisis of democratic politics in Brazil. The book will be especially useful to scholars and students in the areas of comparative politics, Latin American politics, electoral analysis, and legislative studies. Barry Ames is the Andrew Mellon Professor of Comparative Politics and Chair, Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh

The current paper discloses a distinctive trait of the open-list proportional representation adopted in Brazil. In such a system, congressmen are in fact elected from four spatial patterns or constituencies: concentrated-dominant municipalities, shared municipalities, scattered-shared municipalities and dominant municipalities. Through the analysis of budgetary amendments made by congressmen the article sheds light on pork barrel practices that stem from our electoral system. The article also correlates variables of political career with spatial patterns of vote distribution, tries to discriminate safe seats in Brazil and, finally, the payoff of distributive and parochial attitudes. ; Este texto revela de forma inovadora traço distintivodo nosso sistema eleitoral proporcional de lista aberta, a saber, a existência de quatro modalidades de distribuição espacial do voto a partir das quais se elegem quatro tipos de representantes para nossas casas legislativas: deputados com votação concentrada e dominante, deputados com base fragmentada e dominante, deputados com votação concentrada e partilhada e deputados com votação fragmentada e partilhada. O texto aponta, por meio da análise de emendas ao orçamento, o incentivo ao distributivismo e a práticas clientelistas decorrentes de propriedades de nosso sistema eleitoral. Correlaciona dados de carreira política às modalidades diversas de distribuição do voto, discrimina as circunscrições eleitorais seguras e avalia, por fim, o retorno eleitoral de práticas distributivas.

Adapted from the source document.

Increasingly, it is said that the main determinants of electoral outcomes are class, ethnicity, and religion and that local political organizations occupy only marginal roles in national elections. I assess the effects of local party organizations in the presidential election of 1989 in Brazil. Given the long hiatus in competitive politics, the absence of any parties linked to the country's previous democratic experience, and the weakness of citizen identification with political parties, Brazil should be a textbook example of the collapse of local political organizations. The presidential candidates, however, acted as if party endorsements mattered, and in the context of Brazilian politics, it was rational for municipal mayors to trade blocs of votes for future local benefits. Applying a series of increasingly complex models to the vote shares of the leading candidates, I show that all candidates did significantly better in municipalities where the mayor represented their party. I also show that spatial factors affect the tactics of local politicians, and I distinguish charismatic from purely organizational components of support.

Die Rolle lokaler Parteiorganisationen in Brasilien ist angesichts des Mangels parteilich-institutioneller Tradition überraschend. Selbst in Ländern etablierter liberaler Demokratie wird angenommen, daß lokale Parteiorganisationen insgesamt bei allgemeinen Wahlen eine geringe Differenz ausmachten. Hierbei meint lokale Parteiorganisation, "the efforts of a community's political leaders to deliver blocs of votes to candidates the leadership prefers". Barry Ames versucht mit Hilfe eines neuen Modells, den Einfluß der lokalen Partei-Bosse zu bewerten. Hierzu präsentiert er einen Überblick über die allgemeinen Wahlen in Brasilien 1989, skizziert sein Modell und zeigt schließlich die enorme Bedeutung lokaler Politik im oben definierten Sinne. Als Konsequenz seiner Studie wird verlangt, die üblichen Meinungsumfragen in jedem Fall zu ergänzen. "Although public opinion research tells us a great deal about the motivations of individual voters, surveys sample from broad geographic areas. As a result, survey data inevitably mask such locality-specific effects as party organization. Because political context matters, analysis of aggregate data must remain an important part of public opinion research. Brazil can hardly be the only country where the political landscape shelters both the electronic media and local political organizations." (AuD-Nar)