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Introduction XV. - Part I. Setting the Context. - 1. A History of the Conflict in Western Sahara / Osama Abi-Mershed and Adam Farrar 3. - 2. The Identity Question: Who are the Sahrawis and What is Their 'Home'? / Joshua Castellino and Elvira Domínguez-Redondo 29. - Part II. The Background for the Current Impasse. - 3. Moroccan Saharan Policy / I William Zartman 55. - 4. The Emergence and Politics of the Polisario Front / Stephen J. King 71. - 5. The Algerian Foreign Policy on Western Sahara / Laurence Aïda Ammour 91. - 6. The Evolving Role of the United Nations: The Impossible Dual Track? / Jacques Roussellier 119. - 7. Diplomatic struggle in Africa and Europe over the Western Sahara Conflict / Antonin Tisseron 141. - 8. The Evolution of US and Moroccan Policy on Western Sahara: From Conflict to Cooperation / Ambassador Edward M. Gabriel & Robert M. Holley 163. - Part III. Dynamics of Optimal Solutions. - 9. Dynamics of Intergroup Conflicts in the Western Sahara / Anouar Boukhars187. - 10. Self-Determination for Western Sahara: The Evolution of a Concept / Samuel J. Spector 209. - 11. The Use and Development of Natural Resources in Non-Self-Governing Territories / Glynn Torres-Spelliscy 235. - 12. Refugees, Humanitarian Aid, and the Displacement Impasse in Sahrawi Camps / Aomar Boum 261. - 13. Western Sahara: a Conflict on the Fringes of New Regional Dynamics / Dr. Khadija Mohsen-Finan 277. - 14. Conclusion / Dr. J. Peter Pham 297

Pressures from within (Islam) and without (globalization and European integration) have made Germans and the French feel apprehensive about their national identity and culture. Both countries are visibly struggling to defuse the potentially explosive mix of nationalism and fear of the Muslim "stranger," while defining citizenship for their marginalized and disenfranchised immigrants. The issue is no longer the building of "defensive citadels" of "Frenchness" or "Germanness," particularly since Germany has finally come to grips with the reality that the Gastarbeiter (guest workers) are there to stay. The challenge for Germany and France today is to define what kinds of values are essential for their countries' secular model of society and what kinds are negotiable.