Suchergebnisse

Una de las decisiones más importantes en el diseño de un cuestionario es la elección de la/s escala/s de medición. Una escala habitual en preguntas sobre valoraciones u opiniones es la escala tipo Likert, que oscila entre el 0 o el 1 (peor valoración/desacuerdo) y el 10 (máxima valoración/acuerdo). Es frecuente que los investigadores decidan recodificar esta escala. En este contexto, se presenta un protocolo que facilita esta tarea de simplificación. La secuenciación metodológica integrada por el análisis factorial y el análisis de clasificación presenta varias ventajas. Además de permitir el tratamiento de la escala original desde dos ópticas, proporciona una recodificación óptima con la mínima pérdida de información. La aplicación a una pregunta extraída del estudio n.º 3325 del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, relativa a las implicaciones de las relaciones por Internet respecto a las presenciales en tiempos de pandemia, pone de manifiesto la utilidad y versatilidad de la propuesta.

Resumen tomado de la revista ; En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar el currículo expreso de la escuela primaria en la etapa franquista con objeto de determinar los cambios que experimenta el aprendizaje escolar del código social, tradicionalmente vehiculado en la disciplina de urbanidad, al hilo de las transformaciones sociales, políticas y educativas producidas en este dilatado ciclo histórico. Para ello nos serviremos básicamente de dos fuentes, las legislativas, fiel expresión de las metas educativas en cada etapa política del régimen, y los libros de texto, fiel reflejo de los programas que rigen la práctica real en las escuelas. Del análisis realizado se infiere que los cambios más importantes que experimenta la enseñanza y aprendizaje del código social en la escuela franquista apuntan hacia una acusada feminización de la enseñanza de la urbanidad que afirma su presencia, más o menos soterrada bajo otras denominaciones, en el ámbito del currículo específico de las niñas, a la progresiva disolución de esta disciplina en otros campos afines vinculados a los conceptos modernos de educación cívica y social y a su tratamiento curricular en el ámbito de la habituación. ; Madrid ; ESP

Resumen tomado de la revista ; En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar el currículo expreso de la escuela primaria en la etapa franquista con objeto de determinar los cambios que experimenta el aprendizaje escolar del código social, tradicionalmente vehiculado en la disciplina de urbanidad, al hilo de las transformaciones sociales, políticas y educativas producidas en este dilatado ciclo histórico. Para ello nos serviremos básicamente de dos fuentes, las legislativas, fiel expresión de las metas educativas en cada etapa política del régimen, y los libros de texto, fiel reflejo de los programas que rigen la práctica real en las escuelas. Del análisis realizado se infiere que los cambios más importantes que experimenta la enseñanza y aprendizaje del código social en la escuela franquista apuntan hacia una acusada feminización de la enseñanza de la urbanidad que afirma su presencia, más o menos soterrada bajo otras denominaciones, en el ámbito del currículo específico de las niñas, a la progresiva disolución de esta disciplina en otros campos afines vinculados a los conceptos modernos de educación cívica y social y a su tratamiento curricular en el ámbito de la habituación. ; Madrid ; ESP

En la actualidad, la obesidad se considera un problema de salud pública mundial dado el aumento de su prevalencia, su continuidad en la edad adulta, los cambios en los estilos de vida de la población, la comorbilidad que se asocia y la baja percepción del riesgo por parte de la población. La prevalencia actual de obesidad infantojuvenil en nuestro país se estima en un 12,6%. Determinados sujetos pueden tener una mayor predisposición genética a aumentar de peso, y los genes pueden no expresarse totalmente hasta la etapa adulta. A continuación, se aborda: la etiopatogenia multifactorial, la comorbilidad, así como el abordaje diagnóstico, terapéutico y la prevención que debe iniciarse en edades precoces, ya que los hábitos de salud se establecen en la infancia y posteriormente será difícil modificarlos. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico. El tratamiento es multidisciplinar, actuando sobre el paciente y su entorno. El pediatra tiene un papel importante detectando los factores y poblaciones de riesgo, colaborando en el tratamiento y ejerciendo una acción preventiva educadora en los diferentes niveles: familiar, escolar, social y político ; Obesity is considered a worldwide public health problem given its increasing prevalence, its continuation into adulthood, society´s lifestyle changes, the associated comorbidities and society´s low perception of its risk. Spain´s current estimated prevalence among children and adolescents is 12.6%. Certain individuals have a higher genetic predisposition to gain weight, although the genes involved may not be fully expressed until adult age. This review includes the multifactorial pathogenesis, comorbidities, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and prevention strategies. The latter ought to be commenced in early ages as health habits are established during infancy, hence the difficulty in modifying these at a later stage. The diagnosis remains mainly clinical. The management requires a multidisciplinary intervention over the patient and their environment. The pediatrician has a significant role in identifying risk factors and at-risk individuals, participating in treatment and conducting preventive educational actions at different levels such as family, school, social and political

We address the coexistence of massless and massive topological edge states at the interface between two materials with different topological phases. We modify the well-known Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang model to introduce a smooth function describing the band inversion and the band bending due to electrostatic effects between the bulk of the quantum well and the vacuum. Within this minimal model we identify distinct parameter sets that can lead to the coexistence of the two types of edge states and that determine their number and characteristics. We propose several experimental setups that could demonstrate their presence in two-dimensional topological systems, as well as ways to regulate or tune the contribution of the massive edge states to the conductance of associated electronic devices. Our results suggest that such states may also be present in novel two-dimensional van der Waals topological materials. ; The work of T.L.v.d.B. and D.B. was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through Project No. FIS2014-55987-P, by Spanish Ministerio de Ciecia, Innovation y Universidades (MICINN) through Project No. FIS2017-82804-P, and by the Transnational Common Laboratory Quantum-ChemPhys. M.R.C. acknowledges funding from the Spanish Government through Project No. MAT2017-88377-C2-2-R (AEI/FEDER UE) and the Generalitat Valenciana through Grant No. Cidegent2018004.

We address the coexistence of massless and massive topological edge states at the interface between two materials with different topological phases. We modify the well-known Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang model to introduce a smooth function describing the band inversion and the band bending due to electrostatic effects between the bulk of the quantum well and the vacuum. Within this minimal model we identify distinct parameter sets that can lead to the coexistence of the two types of edge states and that determine their number and characteristics. We propose several experimental setups that could demonstrate their presence in two-dimensional topological systems, as well as ways to regulate or tune the contribution of the massive edge states to the conductance of associated electronic devices. Our results suggest that such states may also be present in novel two-dimensional van der Waals topological materials. ; The work of T.L.v.d.B. and D.B. was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through Project No. FIS2014-55987-P, by Spanish Ministerio de Ciecia, Innovation y Universidades (MICINN) through Project No. FIS2017-82804-P, and by the Transnational Common Laboratory Quantum-ChemPhys. M.R.C. acknowledges funding from the Spanish Government through Project No. MAT2017-88377-C2-2-R (AEI/FEDER UE) and the Generalitat Valenciana through Grant No. Cidegent2018004. ; Peer reviewed

In topological systems, a modulation in the gap onset near interfaces can lead to the appearance of massive edge states, as were first described by Volkov and Pankratov. In this work, we study graphene nanoribbons in the presence of intrinsic spin-orbit coupling smoothly modulated near the system edges. We show that this space modulation leads to the appearance of Volkov-Pankratov states, in addition to the topologically protected ones. We obtain this result by means of two complementary methods, one based on the effective low-energy Dirac equation description and the other on a fully numerical tight-binding approach, finding excellent agreement between the two. We then show how transport measurements might reveal the presence of Volkov-Pankratov states, and discuss possible graphenelike structures in which such states might be observed. ; The work of T.B. and D.B. was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovation y Universidades (MICINN) through Project No. FIS2017-82804-P, and by the Transnational Common Laboratory Quantum-ChemPhys. M.R.C. acknowledges funding from the Spanish Government through Project No. MAT2017-88377-C2-2-R (AEI/FEDER) and the Generalitat Valenciana through Grant No. Cidegent2018004.

Nondestructive in situ analysis of materials is highly desirable in cultural heritage studies, because it precludes the need for intensive sampling. The present study focused on the usability of Raman spectrometers, which can provide such analysis, in the identification of conservation treatments applied to stone materials forming part of the architectural heritage. Two products commonly used to conserve stone monuments, an ethylmethacrylate copolymer and an ethyl orthosilicate, were analyzed with a Raman spectrometer, both as supplied and after application to limestone. The main conclusion was that portable Raman analyzers can detect the presence and—in some cases—identify the nature of products on stone substrates. The latter is not always possible due to product-stone substrate interaction. The study clearly showed that a product and substrate database is needed for portable Raman spectroscopy to be usable in the analysis of conservation products, both before and after application to stone substrates. ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government's CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2007 (CSD2007-0058) project and GEOMATERIALES (S2009/MAT-1629/GEOMATERIALES), a project sponsored by the Regional Government of Madrid. ; Peer Reviewed

Our analysis of the contact formation processes undergone by Au, Ag, and Cu nanojunctions reveals that the distance at which the two closest atoms on a pair of opposing electrodes jump into contact is, on average, 2 times longer for Au than either Ag or Cu. This suggests the existence of a longer-range interaction between those two atoms in the case of Au, a result of the significant relativistic energy contributions to the electronic structure of this metal, as confirmed by ab initio calculations. Once in the contact regime, the differences between Au, Ag, and Cu are subtle, and the conductance of single-atom contacts for metals of similar chemical valence is mostly determined by geometry and coordination. ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Government through Grants No. FIS2013-47328 and No. MAT2016-78625 and the Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, PROMETEO/2017/139. C. S. gratefully acknowledges financial support from SEPE Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal. W. D. acknowledges funding from the National Research Foundation of South Africa through the Innovation Doctoral scholarship programme, Grant No. UID 102574.

The conductance across an atomically narrow metallic contact can be measured by using scanning tunneling microscopy. In certain situations, a jump in the conductance is observed right at the point of contact between the tip and the surface, which is known as "jump to contact" (JC). Such behavior provides a way to explore, at a fundamental level, how bonding between metallic atoms occurs dynamically. This phenomenon depends not only on the type of metal but also on the geometry of the two electrodes. For example, while some authors always find JC when approaching two atomically sharp tips of Cu, others find that a smooth transition occurs when approaching a Cu tip to an adatom on a flat surface of Cu. In an attempt to show that all these results are consistent, we make use of atomistic simulations; in particular, classical molecular dynamics together with density functional theory transport calculations to explore a number of possible scenarios. Simulations are performed for two different materials: Cu and Au in a [100] crystal orientation and at a temperature of 4.2 K. These simulations allow us to study the contribution of short- and long-range interactions to the process of bonding between metallic atoms, as well as to compare directly with experimental measurements of conductance, giving a plausible explanation for the different experimental observations. Moreover, we show a correlation between the cohesive energy of the metal, its Young's modulus, and the frequency of occurrence of a jump to contact ; W. Dednam thanks Dr. A. E. Botha for helpful discussions and acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa through the Scarce Skills Masters scholarship funding programme (Grant Unique Number 92138). This work is supported by the Generalitat Valenciana through Grant Reference PROMETEO2012/011 and MINECO under Grant No. FIS2013-47328, by European Union structural funds and the Comunidad de Madrid Programs S2013/MIT-3007 and P2013/MIT-2850. This work is also part of the research programme of the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)

This article reports on a compositional investigation of stone patinas: thin colored layers applied for protective and/or aesthetic purposes on architectural or sculptural substrates of cultural heritage. The analysis and classification of patinas provide important information of historic and artistic interest, as their composition reflects local practices, the availabilities of different materials, and the development of technological knowledge during specific historical periods. Model patinas fabricated according to traditional procedures and applied onto limestone, and a historic patina sample from the main façade of the San Blas Monastery in Lerma (a village in the province of Burgos, Spain), were analyzed by laser-induced fluorescence and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained demonstrate the ability of these two analytical techniques to identify the key components of each formulation and those of the reaction products which result from the chemical and mineralogical transformations that occur during aging, as well as to provide information that can aid the classification of different types of patinas. ; This work has been funded by the Madrid Regional Government project Geomateriales (S2009/Mat-1629) and by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under projects CTQ2010-15680 and CONSOLIDER CSD2007-00058. ; Peer Reviewed

The conductance across an atomically narrow metallic contact can be measured by using scanning tunneling microscopy. In certain situations, a jump in the conductance is observed right at the point of contact between the tip and the surface, which is known as "jump to contact" (JC). Such behavior provides a way to explore, at a fundamental level, how bonding between metallic atoms occurs dynamically. This phenomenon depends not only on the type of metal but also on the geometry of the two electrodes. For example, while some authors always find JC when approaching two atomically sharp tips of Cu, others find that a smooth transition occurs when approaching a Cu tip to an adatom on a flat surface of Cu. In an attempt to show that all these results are consistent, we make use of atomistic simulations; in particular, classical molecular dynamics together with density functional theory transport calculations to explore a number of possible scenarios. Simulations are performed for two different materials: Cu and Au in a [100] crystal orientation and at a temperature of 4.2 K. These simulations allow us to study the contribution of short- and long-range interactions to the process of bonding between metallic atoms, as well as to compare directly with experimental measurements of conductance, giving a plausible explanation for the different experimental observations. Moreover, we show a correlation between the cohesive energy of the metal, its Young's modulus, and the frequency of occurrence of a jump to contact. ; W. Dednam acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa through the Scarce Skills Masters scholarship funding programme (Grant Unique Number 92138). This work is supported by the Generalitat Valenciana through Grant Reference PROMETEO2012/011 and MINECO under Grant No. FIS2013-47328, by European Union structural funds and the Comunidad de Madrid Programs S2013/MIT-3007 and P2013/MIT-2850. This work is also part of the research programme of the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).

Atomic-sized contacts of iron, created in scanning tunneling microscope break junctions, present unusually high values of conductance compared to other metals. This result is counterintuitive since, at the nanoscale, body-centered-cubic metals are expected to exhibit lower coordination than face-centered-cubic metals. In this work we first perform classical molecular dynamics simulations of the contact rupture, using two different interatomic potentials. The first potential is isotropic, and produces mostly single-atom prerupture contacts. The second potential accounts for the directional bonding in the materials, and produces mostly highly coordinated prerupture structures, generally consisting of more than one atom in contact. To compare the two different types of structures with experiments, we use them as input to density functional theory electronic transport calculations of the conductance. We find that the highly coordinated structures, obtained from the anisotropic potential, yield higher conductances which are statistically in better agreement with those measured for body-centered-cubic iron. We thus conclude that the directional bonding plays an important role in body-centered-cubic metals. ; This work was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana through PROMETEO2017/139 and GENT (CDEIGENT2018/028), the Spanish government through Grants No. MAT2016-78625-C2-1-P and No. FIS2016-80434-P, and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, through the "María de Maeztu" Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (CEX2018-000805-M), by Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid through Grant No. S2018/NMT-4321 (NanomagCOST-CM), by the Fundación Ramón Areces, and by the European Union Graphene Flagship under Grant No. 604391.

Quantitative measurements of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in raw wastewater have been implemented worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic. Recent efforts are being made to evaluate different viral concentration methodologies to overcome supplier shortages during lockdowns. A set of 22-wastewater samples seeded with murine hepatitis virus (MHV), a member of the Coronaviridae family, and the bacteriophage MS2, were used to characterize and compare two ultrafiltration-based methods: a centrifugal ultrafiltration device (Centricon® Plus-70) and the automated concentrating pipette CP-Select™. Based on the recovery efficiencies, significant differences were observed for MHV, with Centricon® Plus-70 (24%) being the most efficient method. Nevertheless, concentrations of naturally occurring SARS-CoV-2, Human adenoviruses and JC polyomaviruses in these samples did not result in significant differences between methods suggesting that testing naturally occurring viruses may complement the evaluation of viral concentration methodologies. Based on the virus adsorption to solids and the necessity of a pre-centrifugation step to remove larger particles and avoid clogging when using ultrafiltration methods, we assessed the percentage of viruses not quantified after ultrafiltration. Around 23% of the detected SARS-CoV-2 would be discarded during the debris removal step. The CP-Select™ provided the highest concentration factor (up to 333×) and the lowest LoD (6.19 × 103 GC/l) for MHV and proved to be fast, automatic, highly reproducible and suitable to work under BSL-2 measures. ; This work was partially funded by the projects PCI2019-103643, RTI2018-097346-B-I00, and AGL2017-86797-C2-1-R projects, all funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. S. Bofill-Mas is a Serra-Hunter fellow at the University of Barcelona. This study is performed with partial support from the Water Research Institute of the University of Barcelona. Graphical abstract was created with Biorender.com. ICRA authors acknowledge the support from the Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through Consolidated Research Group (ICRA-ENV 2017 SGR 1124). ICRA is part of the CERCA program. We would like to thank Dr. Zammit for his critical revision of the manuscript. ; Peer reviewed