Multiple disasters management: Lessons from the Fukushima triple events
In: Economic Analysis and Policy, Band 53, S. 114-122
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In: Economic Analysis and Policy, Band 53, S. 114-122
It has been five and a half years since the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) in March 2011. This study summarize management and policy lessons from the GEJE. The recovery efforts that followed the triple disasters: the earthquake, tsunami and meltdown of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant are in progress. The experience of the GEJE and tsunami prompted the building of embankments throughout the Pacific coastal side of the Tohoku region. The Cabinet's Reconstruction Headquarters used at least 19 trillion yen ($158 billion) for intensive reconstruction over five years through 2015. The local government of the affected area accelerated the decontamination of commercial land which is an important action for the recovery. The central government introduced the Electricity Business Act for implementing voluntary energy conservation measures for peak energy seasons. The GEJE has had an indirect effect on the health of the disaster victims via job uncertainty as well. Decontamination is crucial in bringing people and businesses back to the affected area and promoting sustainable economic recovery because it reduces uncertainty about the short and long-term health risks. An efficient health and occupation plan for the victims is essential for the integrated approach to multiple disaster management.
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In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, Band 18, Heft 2, S. 201-211
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In: Futures, Band 39, Heft 9, S. 1084-1096
In: Futures: the journal of policy, planning and futures studies, Band 39, Heft 9, S. 1084-1096
ISSN: 0016-3287
World Affairs Online
In: Futures: the journal of policy, planning and futures studies, Band 39, Heft 9, S. 1084-1096
In: SpringerBriefs in Economics Series
Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Table -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Theoretical and Methodological Background -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Applications of Standard IO Analysis to Disasters -- 2.2.1 Supply IO Model: The Ghosh Model -- 2.2.2 Reinterpretation as a Price Model -- 2.2.3 Hypothetical Extraction -- 2.2.4 Applications to Disasters -- 2.3 Economic-Ecological IO Model -- 2.4 Multiregional and Interregional IO -- 2.4.1 Interregional IO Model (IRIO) -- 2.4.2 Multiregional IO (MRIO) Model -- 2.4.2.1 The Basic Model -- 2.4.2.2 Applications to Disasters -- 2.5 IO Approach for Disaster Impact Analysis: Indirect Cost Appraisal -- 2.5.1 Modelling the Risks -- 2.5.2 Time-Dynamic Extensions -- 2.5.3 Modelling Imbalances -- 2.5.4 Recent Developments -- Chapter 3: The Flood Footprint Analysis: A Proposal -- 3.1 Flood Footprint for a Single Region -- 3.1.1 Sources of Post-disaster Inequalities -- 3.1.1.1 Labour Productivity Constraints -- 3.1.1.2 Capital Productivity Constraints -- 3.1.1.3 Post-disaster Final Demand -- 3.1.2 Post-disaster Recovery Process -- 3.1.2.1 Rationing Scheme -- 3.1.2.2 Imports -- 3.1.2.3 Recovery Process -- 3.1.3 Flood Footprint Modelling Outcomes -- 3.1.3.1 Direct and Indirect Costs -- 3.1.3.2 Flowchart for Flood Footprint Modelling -- 3.1.4 Regionalisation of IO Technical Coefficients -- 3.2 Methodology for the Multiregional Flood Footprint Analysis (MFFA) -- 3.2.1 The Model -- 3.2.2 Main Constraints -- 3.2.2.1 Production Constraints -- 3.2.2.2 Labour Productivity Constraints -- 3.2.3 Production Constraints by Capital -- 3.2.4 Changes in Final Demand -- 3.2.5 Post-disaster Recovery Process -- 3.3 Final Remarks -- Chapter 4: Case Applications -- 4.1 Single-Region FFA: The Case of the 2007 Floods in Yorkshire and the Humber, UK -- 4.1.1 The Floods.
In: SpringerBriefs in Economics
The climate is changing, bringing with it increasing natural disasters around the world. The progress of societies lies in their ability to adapt to the new climatic conditions. Effective climate-adaptation strategies must be based in the sound analysis of the costs of the disasters, as well as the potential benefits and beneficiaries of adaptation strategies. This book offers an appraisal method to capture the total economic costs of flooding events: the Multiregional Flood Footprint Analysis. It captures the economic costs directly caused by physical destruction, and disruptive implications in production propagated through inter-industrial linkages in the current context of a global economy. The proposed method uses the fundamentals of the Input-Output analysis (IOA) in a multiregional dimension. It concludes that damages from natural disasters in one part of the globe may affect many economic sectors in the rest of the world, increasing the need for global adaptation strategies.
In: Structural change and economic dynamics, Band 62, S. 399-406
ISSN: 1873-6017
In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, Band 20, Heft 3, S. 547-558
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The use of water resources has traditionally been studied by accounting for the volume of water removed from sources for specific uses. This approach focuses on surface and groundwater only and it ignores that international trade of products with substantial amounts of embodied water can have an impact on domestic water resources. Using current economic and environmental data, we conduct a consumption-based assessment of virtual water flows in the European Union (EU27). We find that the total water footprint (WF) of 2,280 cubic meters (m3) per capita for the EU27 mostly consists of green water use (precipitation stored as soil moisture), which is omitted in the conventional water accounting. Blue water (surface and groundwater.) and gray water use (the volume of freshwater needed to dilute pollutants to meet the applicable water quality standards), which are targeted by current EU water policies, only make up 32% of the total WF. We also find that Europeans imported 585 cubic kilometers (km3) (109 m3) of virtual water, or around 28% of global virtual water trade flows, in 2009. Within Europe, Germany is a key net importer of water through the trade of products in agriculture, the food industry, the chemical sector, and electricity generation. Countries in Southern and Eastern Europe have specialized in water-intensive agriculture and are key exporters of virtual water despite experiencing physical scarcity of water. Our results suggest that there is a need to reconsider water policy in the EU to address water transfers occurring through trade and to grasp the interlinkages between green, blue, and gray water—which are likely to become more important in water-scarce parts of Europe, with a changing climate.
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In: Risk analysis: an international journal, Band 33, Heft 10, S. 1908-1923
ISSN: 1539-6924
Input‐output analysis is frequently used in studies of large‐scale weather‐related (e.g., Hurricanes and flooding) disruption of a regional economy. The economy after a sudden catastrophe shows a multitude of imbalances with respect to demand and production and may take months or years to recover. However, there is no consensus about how the economy recovers. This article presents a theoretical route map for imbalanced economic recovery called dynamic inequalities. Subsequently, it is applied to a hypothetical postdisaster economic scenario of flooding in London around the year 2020 to assess the influence of future shocks to a regional economy and suggest adaptation measures. Economic projections are produced by a macro econometric model and used as baseline conditions. The results suggest that London's economy would recover over approximately 70 months by applying a proportional rationing scheme under the assumption of initial 50% labor loss (with full recovery in six months), 40% initial loss to service sectors, and 10–30% initial loss to other sectors. The results also suggest that imbalance will be the norm during the postdisaster period of economic recovery even though balance may occur temporarily. Model sensitivity analysis suggests that a proportional rationing scheme may be an effective strategy to apply during postdisaster economic reconstruction, and that policies in transportation recovery and in health care are essential for effective postdisaster economic recovery.
In: Risk analysis: an international journal, Band 40, Heft 9, S. 1811-1830
ISSN: 1539-6924
AbstractDisasters often cause exogenous flow damage (i.e., the [hypothetical] difference in economic scale with and without a disaster in a certain period) to production ("supply constraint"). However, input‐output (IO) analysis (IOA) cannot usually consider it, because the Leontief quantity model (LQM) assumes that production is endogenous; the Ghosh quantity model (GQM) is considered implausible; and the Leontief price model (LPM) and the Ghosh price model (GPM) assume that quantity is fixed. This study proposes to consider a supply constraint in the LPM, introducing the price elasticity of demand. This study uses the loss of social surplus (SS) as a damage estimation because production (sales) is less informative as a damage index than profit (margin); that is, production can be any amount if without considering profit, and it does not tell exactly how much profit is lost for each supplier (upstream sector) and buyer (downstream sector). As a model application, this study examines Japan's largest five earthquakes from 1995 to 2017 and the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) in March 2011. The worst earthquake at the peak tends to increase price by 10–20% and decrease SS by 20–30%, when compared with the initial month's prices/production. The worst damage tends to last eight months at most, accumulating 0.5‐month‐production damage (i.e., the sum of [hypothetical] differences in SS with and without an earthquake [for eight months] is 50% of the initial month production). Meanwhile, the GEJE in the five prefectures had cumulatively, a 25‐month‐production damage until the temporal recovery at the 37th month.
In: Journal of Industrial Ecology, Band 20, Heft 3, S. 506-514
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Demand for hydropower is increasing, yet the water footprints (WFs) of reservoirs and hydropower, and their contributions to water scarcity, are poorly understood. Here, we calculate reservoir WFs (freshwater that evaporates from reservoirs) and hydropower WFs (the WF of hydroelectricity) in China based on data from 875 representative reservoirs (209 with power plants). In 2010, the reservoir WF totaled 27.9 × 109 m3 (Gm3), or 22% of China's total water consumption. Ignoring the reservoir WF seriously underestimates human water appropriation. The reservoir WF associated with industrial, domestic and agricultural WFs caused water scarcity in 6 of the 10 major Chinese river basins from 2 to 12 months annually. The hydropower WF was 6.6 Gm3 yr−1 or 3.6 m3 of water to produce a GJ (109 J) of electricity. Hydropower is a water intensive energy carrier. As a response to global climate change, the Chinese government has promoted a further increase in hydropower energy by 70% by 2020 compared to 2012. This energy policy imposes pressure on available freshwater resources and increases water scarcity. The water-energy nexus requires strategic and coordinated implementations of hydropower development among geographical regions, as well as trade-off analysis between rising energy demand and water use sustainability.
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