Suchergebnisse

Territorial control is a central variable for civil war research – yet, we lack sufficiently detailed data to capture subnational dynamics and offer cross-country coverage. This article advances a new measurement strategy for territorial control in asymmetric civil wars. Territorial control is conceptualized as an unobserved latent variable that can be estimated via observed variation in rebel tactics. The strategy builds on a theoretical model of rebel tactics, by which rebels use terrorism less when they control a given area – preferring conventional tactics, which require higher levels of territorial control. The latent variable, territorial control, is estimated via a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). As an observable indicator for rebel tactics, I leverage geo-coded event data and a function of the relative frequency of terrorist attacks and conventional war acts, weighted by time and distance. The model yields estimates of territorial control for asymmetric civil wars at a resolution of 0.25 decimal degree minimum diameter hexagonal grid cells. Validation of estimates for the Colombian and Nigerian civil wars suggests HMMs as a fruitful avenue to estimate spatiotemporal variation in territorial control.

"What does "honesty" mean? It's more than just not telling lies. Honesty is about truthful actions as well as truthful words. It's about living with integrity. These can be challenging ideas for little citizens to understand. The goal of this book is to demystify the abstract concept of honesty and give readers the tools they need to apply what they've learned in real-life situations. Friendly, accessible language and bright photographs appeal to young readers, bringing the material to life in a memorable way"--

A process, not a place -- Clues in the Constitution -- How many electors? -- The early Electoral College -- Electing the electors -- Casting and counting the votes -- How they vote -- Popular vote vs. electoral vote -- The future of the Electoral College -- Glossary.

"Bogs, marshes, swamps-what's the difference? They're all kinds of wetlands, fascinating ecosystems that are home to myriad species of plants, animals, and microbes. These organisms are adapted to both dry and watery conditions. In this valuable volume, the most interesting and informative facts about wetlands are presented through accessible text and colorful photographs. Essential concepts of the elementary science classroom, such as adaptations and habitats, are given special attention. Graphic organizers help clarify and review key ideas for budding ecologists"--

"As the COVID-19 pandemic has swept around the globe, people have looked to the past for other examples of deadly disease outbreaks. In the mid-14th century, an outbreak of bubonic plague, or the "Black Death," killed more than 25 million Europeans within a five-year span. Through informative maps, critical-thinking questions, and in-depth sidebars, readers learn the similarities and the vast differences between the Black Death, the 2020 pandemic, and other disease outbreaks in history. Understanding past pandemics enables readers to keep a level head when evaluating current and future outbreaks, reducing panic and leading to positive, effective solutions"--

The definition of bullying -- Different bullying, different bullies -- Harmful behaviors, harmful effects -- Inside a clique -- How cliques bully -- Combatting a clique -- Getting help -- Know yourself, be yourself -- Battling bullies in school -- It's about respect.

"Some bullies might not even think they're bullies. Instead, they might believe they're fighting back against someone who has hurt them. They also might be acting out because of a difficult situation in another part of their lives. In this indispensable book, readers learn what bullying is and how to avoid taking part in bullying situations. They'll discover a bit about bullies' motivations and how peers can stop harmful bullying behaviors before they escalate and do lasting harm. Tips and life skills are included throughout the accessible text, which includes helpful fact boxes and full-color photographs"--

The Medieval Iberian Treasury in the Context of Cultural Interchange—expanded beyond the special issue of Medieval Encounters from which it was drawn—centers on the magnificent treasury of San Isidoro de León to address wider questions about the meanings of cross-cultural luxury goods in royal-ecclesiastical settings during the central Middle Ages. Now fully open access and with an updated introduction to ongoing research, an additional chapter, composite bibliographies, and indices, this multidisciplinary volume opens fresh ways into the investigation of medieval objects and textiles through historical, art historical, and technical analyses. Carbon-14 dating, iconography, and social history are among the methods applied to material and textual evidence, together shining new light on the display of rulership in medieval Iberia. Readership: From students to advanced specialists interested in medieval history, art history, women's history, social history, rulership, material culture, Muslim-Christian interchange, Viking art, Iberia during the central Middle Ages.

"Online bullying, also called cyberbullying, is an epidemic today. This form of bullying-through email, instant messaging, texting, and social-networking sites-can be just as harmful as bullying in schools and other public places. In this valuable volume, readers will learn how to spot cyberbullying behaviors, how to protect themselves from cyberbullies, and who can help them. They'll learn how to be advocates for themselves and others with the accessible text in this reassuring book"--

Bullying is sometimes disguised as teasing, joking, and just "kids being kids." However, bullying has become such a problem that the United States government has defined it in an effort to combat these aggressive behaviors and deter bullies from harming others. This beneficial book helps readers identify different bullying behaviors, such as bullying with words and bullying on the Internet. It provides them with steps they can take if they or a friend believe they're being bullied.