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Eschatology is a religious doctrine about the coming end of the world and the coming of a new age. Beginning with the French Revolution, eschatology acquired a political content. This review article features a recommended bibliography of academic works about the French Revolution and other revolutions between 1768-1815. The bibliographical list is divided into thematical groups and contains the author's commentaries thus allowing those interested in the topic to easily navigate through the suggested literature.

The present text is a continuation of the article "Psychological Roots of Neo-Kantian Anti-Psychologism. Problem Statement" published in Voprosy Filosofii (No. 4, 2024). The named article examined the theoretical and conceptual inte­gration of early Neo-Kantianism (represented by H. Cohen) with the psychologi­cal program of philosophy. The subject of the present article is the critical recep­tion of Cohen's conclusions by B. Russell. An important historical-philosophical basis for such an analysis appears to be §2 of "The Method of the Principle of Infinitesimals", as well as the reaction to these conclusions expressed by B. Russell in "The Principles of Mathematics". We believe that his critique is important not only because it shows the essential relationship between the posi­tions of Cohen and Fechner, but also because it offers an independent philoso­phical alternative. Thus, important for the present topic, the difference be­tween the concepts of "stretch" and "distance" has direct relevance to Fechner's dichotomy of stimulus and sensation and precedes a productive transition to sets (stretches) from simple scalar quantities. The elegant solution contained in the works of A. Meinong becomes an important intermediary for understand­ing Russell's position on the "reality" of the infinitesimal without regard to whether this reality is expressed by means of psychophysics or Cohenian tran­scendentalism. The insensitivity of Cohen's epistemology to important aspects of mathematical theory, as well as the study of these aspects, is an undeservedly neglected circumstance, the recourse to which will enrich our understanding of the psychological program of philosophy and the evolution of scientific dis­course at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

The article is devoted to the analysis and development of A.F. Losev's philosophy of number. A review of existing research on this issue is provided. Definitions of arrhythmology, eidetic and hyletic numbers are given according to the early works of the philosopher of the 1920s. The roots of the term "hyletics" in E. Husserl and the change in its meaning in Losev are noted. The subject of the philosophy of number as a separate discipline is considered. The difference between number and numbering, between hyletic and real number is revealed. Examples are given of the irreducibility of numbers and the non-commutativity of operations with numbers, which can only be interpreted through a dialectical approach to mathematics. The early Losev's philosophy of mathematics is considered in the light of Gödel's theorem formulated later. An introductory sketch of possible non-classical mathematics (a paradigm similar to quantum physics) based on correlation calculus is given. The difference between functional and correlation dependence is considered. The reductionism that is characteristic of modern mathematics is criticized. In this regard, a new view of the ancient cosmology of the Pythagoreans and Platonists and the resulting conclusions about the nature of space and time are interpreted. The final part of the study characterizes the connection between A.F. Losev's philosophy of music with the understanding of time in the general cosmological worldview.

Introduction. The article examines the population of the Kargopolsky Uyezd (the Onega River basin) at the beginning of the 18th century (numbers, social structure, population migrations, and marital relations). Methods and materials. Methods of historical research are used: analysis, synthesis. The source base consisted of census books. Analysis. At the beginning of the 18th century, the population of 25 volosts and the Oshevenskaya settlement of the Kargopolsky Uyezd consisted of 95% of tax-paying peasants and only 5% of other categories of the population (the clergy of a parish, beggars, sharecroppers, batches, farmsteaders, and Cossacks). A large number of monasteries (11 monasteries and pustyns) and the presence of a city with a townsman population – owners of land plots in the county – led to the formation of large and medium-sized landowners represented by individual monasteries and townspeople. In turn, this created a need for labor. As a result, the author came to the conclusion that the existing structure of land ownership was the reason for the activity of migration processes. There are a significant number of newcomers in the monastery and township courtyards; these were mainly immigrants from the Olonetsky Uyezd. Marriage ties were between representatives of neighboring volosts, often within the same volost and village.

The present text is a supplement to the article "Hermann Cohen's Philosophy of Mathematics, or What is Wrong with the Marburg Method" published in "Vo­prosy filosofii" (Vol. 2, 2023). That article examined a special form of interpreta­tion of mathematical functions formulated in Herbart's mathematical psychology and Fechner's psychophysics and their adjustment as transcendental dominants in Cohen's epistemology. The purpose of this article is to provide a more rigor­ous justification for the hypothesis that Cohen's infinitesimal is not a collective notion of natural-scientific construction, but an adaptation of precisely that form of mathematical inference that was briefly fundamental to the philosophical pro­gram of psychology. The way we propose to work with the text is to model the epistemological mechanics, and to analyze the theoretical result to which it leads. The author is not trying to present Cohen's philosophy as a strictly psy­chological concept or as a complement to Fechner's psychophysics. Neverthe­less, it seems to be important to achieve clear understanding of precisely at what theoretical level and time span the psychological foundations of Neo-Kantianism are indisputable and at what time span they are not. The author's research posi­tion is that convergence with psychological theory is typical of the entire Neo-Kantian movement at its early stage of development, and the value of the failed result of Cohen is to demonstrate the fact that the dereification of substantiality must be followed by the denaturalization of the means by which it is carried out.

The article discusses the mechanisms for implementing territorial marketing for the strategic development of regions. The relevance of this topic is due to the spatial imbalance in the economic situation of urban and more developed territories, while rural areas are in decline, which allows talking about the need to implement territo-rial marketing for a particular region. It is emphasized that as part of the economy globalization and increased competition between territories for resources, tourist flows, entrepreneurial initiatives, the principle "think global-ly – act locally" is the most effective. It is revealed that territorial marketing, aimed at the strategic development of the region, includes integrated resource management, promotion of economic development of the region, ensuring social well-being and stakeholder satisfaction, determination of business attraction strategies, and interaction with the local population. Both foreign and Russian experience of territorial marketing in the sphere of strategic development of regions is analyzed. The mechanisms of its realization are presented: regional marketing management, formation of an effective system of sales market, demand and supply, creation of a positive image and brand development. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the mechanisms of territorial marketing, taking into account the interests of all parties, comprehensively affect the development of the re-gion.

The article delves into the study of theoretical aspects of analyzing and developing a strategy for entering the international FMCG market by a wholesale trade enterprise. The methodology is based on theoretical research methods, bibliographic description and SWOT analysis. The work identifies the current state, problems and prospects for the development of the international FMCG market. Approaches to the classification of strategies for entering international (external) markets are identified and disclosed, the applicability of trading strategies, their advantages and disadvantages in the context of a wholesale trading enterprise in the FMCG market are assessed. The peculiarities of the strategy of entry of a wholesale trading company into the international FMCG market with a focus on multilateralism with a simultaneous uniform structure of the stages of strategy prepara-tion regardless of its type have been clarified. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the need to clarify the cause-and-effect relationships between the state of a particular wholesale trading com-pany, the chosen strategies and the results of entering the international FMCG market.

The emergence of humanity into the digital age has led to transformations in societal consciousness and socio-cultural space, thus highlighting the relevance of studying issues of social interaction in virtual reality. Due to pervasive digitization, the phenomenon of social manipulation has also taken on a pervasive character, espe-cially concerning the younger generation, whose life orientations and values are still in the process of for-mation. The article provides a sociological analysis of the concept of youth in the internet space as an object of social manipulation. It identifies the characteristics of the internet space that contribute to the spread of covert control practices in virtual reality. The author develops a theoretical-conceptual model of social manipulation in the internet space, based on which its subjects, goals, channels, and methods are described. The distinctive features of the application of modern technologies for social manipulation of youth in Russia and the USA are revealed.

This article provides archival information about Tatar girls who studied at Russian universities at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It informs about the educational institutions they attended, admission to schools and the learning environment conditions. During that period, women received education mainly in St. Petersburg. Raziya Kutluyarova was the first among Tatar ladies to study at higher medical courses. It is also known that Amina Batyrshina studied at that school, who later became famous as a doctor and public figure in the city of Baku. In addition, young Tatar women studied specialties related to various sectors of the national economy – polytechnics, trade, literary history, and natural sciences. Higher courses open to women were financed by private donations and from students' income. Therefore, not everyone could study there. It is known that in 1906–1918 twelve Tatar ladies studied at the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan Higher Courses. The article also touches on the issue of social activities of Tatar girls who received higher education. Among the girls who completed the courses, there are those who continued to receive higher education and engage in science. One of them, Maryam Gubaidullina, studied at the Kazan North-Eastern Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, gave lectures on the topic "Ethnography of the Kazan Tatars." As an appendix to the article, a list of Tatar ladies who studied at women's higher courses before the October Revolution is presented.

The article examines the relationship between philosophy and science, as well as the possible role of general systems theory in the formation of the field of consolidated philosophical and scientific knowledge. It is argued that the existing arguments concerning the incompatibility of philosophy with the criteria of scientificity only point to the existence of differences between philosophical knowledge and knowledge within the framework of private sciences. At the same time, philosophy is the methodological and paradigmatic basis of all sciences. It is suggested that it is expedient to return to the natural-philosophical concept of cognition, according to which the core of science is philosophy, and private sciences act as tools of cognition of separate subject areas. The methodological basis for the realization of the natural-philosophical concept today can be the general theory of systems, supplemented by the ontological component. In the article the idea of a common field of knowledge formed by philosophy and all private sciences is put forward. This field of cognition is formed by areas of three types: metaphysical knowledge, private sciences, and areas of generalized or universal knowledge, the cogni-tion of which can be carried out only by means of the general theory of systems. An extended version of the general theory of systems is proposed – the empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems, which, in the author's opinion, possesses the necessary capabilities for the realization of philosophical cognition. The pro-posed general theory of systems includes an epistemological component (metaphysics of material being) as well as an ontological component. А cognition of complex non-deterministic objects within the framework of empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems is realized by a wide set of tools: collections of patterns and primitives of systems, secondary laws and properties of objects, evolutionary way of cognition and laws of evo-lutionary growth of complexity of systems, as well as methodology of formation of reliable knowledge.

In the context of constant changes and the need to quickly respond to challenges from the outside world, the need for constant corporate training of personnel becomes mandatory for Russian business. Identification of basic directions for the development of corporate training systems and consolidation of best practices in this area is the goal of the work. As part of the research, in-depth interviews with the heads of corporate training functions of domestic large manufacturing companies were conducted, cases and documents were analyzed. According to the results, the corporate training system within the company, its representation and place in the organization's system largely depends on the personal attitude, vision basic attitudes regarding these areas of the CEO or HR director. Training is not a priority area for working with personnel; in the vast majority of cases, the corporate training function is a service function, the customer of which is the HR director.

The fact of existence of the limit of divisibility of matter, established earlier by the author, has an inevitable con-sequence of permanent loss by interacting matter of its motion. Since "heat death" due to this loss of motion has not occurred, therefore, there is a law providing restoration of motion. This law is the law of motion-position of matter. As an analog of the law of motion-position of matter, the article considers the law of conservation of mechanical energy, according to which kinetic energy (reflecting the motion of matter) can be reversibly trans-formed into potential energy (reflecting the mutual position of matter). The fundamental incompatibility of, on the one hand, the law of conservation of energy, corresponding to the relative description of being, and, on the other hand, the fact that motion is not irretrievably lost, corresponding to the absolute description of being close to absolute, is stated. The law of motion-position of matter in the assumption of birth of motion in the state of the greatest convergence of matter agrees with the existing cosmological ideas about the Big Bang and expan-sion of the Universe. The Universe in this case can be represented as an "energy independent" system. As the main problem, the study examines the determination of the mechanism of the growth of the velocity of material structures. The probable sought mechanism is the increase of (circumferential) rotational velocity at decreasing radius of rotation of material bodies, which can be rather complex material structures.