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AbstractThis article recounts the stories of Afghan migrants who have returned from Iran to Afghanistan. I frame these accounts of ordinary Afghans' life experiences as "narratives of pride," juxtaposing these stories with narratives of victimhood that dominate the immigration discourse on Afghanistan and more generally. In these narratives, migrants are predominantly characterized as victims in need of being saved. This article instead asks: why do returnees from Iran focus mostly on the positive parts of their mobility while downplaying the difficulties of dealing with the Iranian state, which does not have a good track record of dealing with migrants? In telling stories of years of living and working in Iran or other countries, I find that my interlocutors characterize themselves as sophisticated men of the world with a deep understanding of social and political phenomena that give them the ability to navigate life in foreign lands—an image far from victimhood as it is commonly portrayed in the literature and media. The article argues that in order to better understand the agency of migrants, it is crucial to form long-term connections with them to gain a more nuanced understanding of their experiences, rather than simply reproducing stories of victimhood.

Comfortable management of menstruation is a fundamental need for all women of reproductive age, and its absence is a denial of their basic rights. Yet millions of women and girls do not have access to menstrual hygiene facilities. Through archival research and qualitative document analysis of reports from several multilateral organizations, this paper shows that the issue of menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) has been largely absent from the global development agenda, despite its significant impact on women's health, education, income, and well-being. It argues that three issue attributes—measurability, cultural sensitivity, and background characteristics of the affected population—have hindered the recognition and prioritization of MHH. The paper contributes to the interdisciplinary literature on agenda-setting, global health, and social movements, and to development studies more broadly. It draws attention to an under-researched subject and is the first, to my knowledge, to examine why MHH was not adopted as an issue of significance within global health. By doing so, this paper offers valuable insights for scholars and practitioners interested in advancing women's reproductive health and rights and gender equality.

Abstract. There are challenges resulting from the incorrect perceptions, Muslims, rulers or elites' wrong deeds that are rooted in the Islam world. The most important internal challenges of the Islam world, as put by Imam Khomeini, are the governments' being under the influence of superpowers, inadequacy of the Islamic countries' heads, lack of adherence to the Islamic instructions and sufficiency to words and slogans, the enforcement of tyrannical rules in lieu of the Islam's and the Islamic nations' misunderstandings. He believes that the Islam rules and verdicts are not at all old-fashioned and outdated rather they are left unenforced or, in other words, one challenge in the face of the Islamworld is the lack of the Islamic verdicts' enforcement. He is also of the belief that the Islamic countries have been inflicted with such a deploring situation due to the management practices' weakness and dependency. In the meantime, he believes that not all the Islam world's challenges are endogenous rather there are external factors involved such as poverty and misery stemming from the imperialism, promotion of colonial culture, described as the mother of all diseases by him, making efforts for fading the holy Quran in essence and the Islamic teachings as a plot by the colonial powers and domination of the foreigners over the Islamic territories and the self-alienation of the countries' heads. But, one of the most important challenges that has been imposed on Islam world from outside and it has been increasingly corroborated by some superpowers is the schism development in the Islamic communities that can be only cured, as put by his highness, through unification. Approaching the Islam world's diseases through the lens of a physician has sometimes been accompanied by prescriptions, including the followings: preservation of the Islamic originalities, Islamic privileges and withdrawingfrom matching them to the other schools that can be actualized through doing research and investigating the truths of Islam and the proper upbringing and education of the society only after establishing the human Islamic culture instead of the colonial culture. Paying attention to the Holy Quran's teachings is a solution because, in his ideas, Islamic states' distancing away from the Holy Quran has caused such a dark miserable situation to the Islamic nations; the othersolution is reaching mutual understandings by the states and the nations and preventing the foreigners from interfering in the countries' destiny.Keywords: contemporary challenges, Islam World, Imam Khomeini, Muslims' problems.

According to studies, global terrorism seen four periods, each based on its own set of political relations. This paper examines the factors and analyzes the relationship between religion-based ideologies in terrorism, crime, because of achieving prevention strategies by understanding the causes of its occurrence. In other words, the authors explain in the areas of influence of the religious motives of another form of terrorism. Today's motive only, in his mid-term well-known international crime, show as one of the leading wave with this new feature, distinguishing itself from the previous three periods. Investigating what caused this behavior characterized by secularism and the separation of religion from politics, today flavor to god somewhere that killing the innocent in order to please God done. At the end of this kind of terrorism prevention strategies and new theories proposed to provide security, psychology and criminology are followed. ; Según los estudios, el terrorismo global ha visto cuatro períodos, cada uno basado en su propio conjunto de relaciones políticas. Este documento examina los factores y analiza la relación entre religión e ideologías basadas en la religión en el terrorismo, la delincuencia, debido a la consecución de estrategias de prevención mediante la comprensión de las causas de su ocurrencia. En otras palabras, los autores explican en las áreas de influencia de los motivos religiosos de otra forma de terrorismo. El motivo de hoy, solo, en su conocido crimen internacional a mediano plazo, se muestra como una de las olas principales con esta nueva característica, que se distingue de los tres períodos anteriores. Investigando qué causó este comportamiento caracterizado por el secularismo y la separación de la religión de la política, hoy en día dan sabor a Dios en algún lugar cuando mata a inocentes para agradar a Dios. Al final de este tipo de estrategias de prevención del terrorismo y nuevas teorías propuestas para proporcionar seguridad, la psicología y la criminología siguieron. ; Segundo estudos, o terrorismo global viu quatro períodos, cada um baseado em seu próprio conjunto de relações políticas. Este documento examina os fatores e analisa a relação entre as ideologias baseadas na religião no terrorismo, crime, devido à realização de estratégias de prevenção, compreendendo as causas de sua ocorrência. Em outras palavras, os autores explicam nas áreas de influência dos motivos religiosos de outra forma de terrorismo. O motivo de hoje, sozinho, em seu bem conhecido crime internacional nomédio prazo, é mostrado como uma das principais ondas com essa nova característica, que difere dos três períodos anteriores. Investigando o que causou esse comportamento caracterizado pelo secularismo e a separação entre religião e política, hoje eles dão sabor a Deus em algum lugar que mata inocentes para agradar a Deus. No final deste tipo de estratégias de prevenção do terrorismo e novas teorias propostas para fornecer segurança, psicologia e criminologia seguido.

Abstract. There are challenges resulting from the incorrect perceptions, Muslims, rulers or elites' wrong deeds that are rooted in the Islam world. The most important internal challenges of the Islam world, as put by Imam Khomeini, are the governments' being under the influence of superpowers, inadequacy of the Islamic countries' heads, lack of adherence to the Islamic instructions and sufficiency to words and slogans, the enforcement of tyrannical rules in lieu of the Islam's and the Islamic nations' misunderstandings. He believes that the Islam rules and verdicts are not at all old-fashioned and outdated rather they are left unenforced or, in other words, one challenge in the face of the Islamworld is the lack of the Islamic verdicts' enforcement. He is also of the belief that the Islamic countries have been inflicted with such a deploring situation due to the management practices' weakness and dependency. In the meantime, he believes that not all the Islam world's challenges are endogenous rather there are external factors involved such as poverty and misery stemming from the imperialism, promotion of colonial culture, described as the mother of all diseases by him, making efforts for fading the holy Quran in essence and the Islamic teachings as a plot by the colonial powers and domination of the foreigners over the Islamic territories and the self-alienation of the countries' heads. But, one of the most important challenges that has been imposed on Islam world from outside and it has been increasingly corroborated by some superpowers is the schism development in the Islamic communities that can be only cured, as put by his highness, through unification. Approaching the Islam world's diseases through the lens of a physician has sometimes been accompanied by prescriptions, including the followings: preservation of the Islamic originalities, Islamic privileges and withdrawingfrom matching them to the other schools that can be actualized through doing research and investigating the truths of Islam and the proper upbringing and education of the society only after establishing the human Islamic culture instead of the colonial culture. Paying attention to the Holy Quran's teachings is a solution because, in his ideas, Islamic states' distancing away from the Holy Quran has caused such a dark miserable situation to the Islamic nations; the othersolution is reaching mutual understandings by the states and the nations and preventing the foreigners from interfering in the countries' destiny.Keywords: contemporary challenges, Islam World, Imam Khomeini, Muslims' problems.

According to studies, global terrorism seen four periods, each based on its own set of political relations. This paper examines the factors and analyzes the relationship between religion-based ideologies in terrorism, crime, because of achieving prevention strategies by understanding the causes of its occurrence. In other words, the authors explain in the areas of influence of the religious motives of another form of terrorism. Today's motive alone, in his mid-term well-known international crime, show as one of the leading wave with this new feature, distinguishing itself from the previous three periods. Investigating what caused this behavior characterized by secularism and the separation of religion from politics, today flavor to god somewhere that killing the innocent in order to please God done. At the end of this kind of terrorism prevention strategies and new theories proposed to provide security, psychology and criminology followed. Religious terrorism, causes, Neoterrorism, prevention, religión.