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Women still earn less than men and continue to perform the bulk of domestic activities. Several studies documented a negative individual wage–housework relation, suggesting that gender discrepancies in housework may explain the gender wage gap. Less attention has been paid to the role of the partner's unpaid work and to the extent that intra-household inequalities relate to inequalities outside the house. The present study attempts to fill this gap in the literature. We exploit EU-SILC 2010 data for Germany and Italy and PSID 2009 data for the US. Results suggest the importance of accounting for a partner's housework when evaluating the determinants of individual wages and the gender wage gap. Women seem not to profit from their partners' housework; instead, women's non-market work increases their partners' earnings while decreasing their own earnings. This suggests the importance of reducing women's involvement in domestic work in order to close gender wage equalities.

AbstractThis paper underlines the importance of accounting for non‐base compensation in explaining the motherhood wage gap. We consider two alternative measures of hourly wage using Italian EU‐SILC data from 2007 to 2019: the base‐wage and the full‐wage. The former refers to the contractual base wage, while the latter includes performance‐based bonuses, productivity bonuses, commissions, pay incentives, and other extra payments. We address the endogeneity issues of motherhood and examine the effect of motherhood status across various quantiles of the wage distribution for the two hourly wage measures. Empirical findings provide evidence of a motherhood base‐wage premium, which becomes nonsignificant when using the full‐wage measure, suggesting that non‐base compensation is a source of inequality for mothers. These findings are consistent across the wage distribution. Exploring potential heterogeneity across macro‐regions and periods, we find no notable regional disparities except minor distinctions for the Southern regions, alongside a decline in the base‐wage premium over time and the emergence of a full‐wage penalty in recent years. A comparative analysis with a sample of men reveals that fathers enjoy a premium with both wage measures. Nevertheless, fatherhood is also associated with reduced extra remunerations, yet to a lesser extent than motherhood.

AbstractThis study develops a household enterprise model extended to encompass recent advances in collective theory. We use a simulation model in which production and consumption‐leisure choices are represented along with the rule governing intra‐household resource allocation, to analyze the income and wage responses of each family member. The household is treated as an equilibrium model whose accounts are based on a collective household accounting matrix, with the social dimension being the wife/husband classes. The simulation analysis illustrates the policy relevance of the collective approach to household behavior for inferring the impact of economic policies on individual behavior and welfare. We also propose insightful comparisons with the unitary model to make the behavioral and welfare policy relevance of the collective approach evident.

Abstract
This article analyzes the intergenerational correlation of employment between young women (at about 30 years of age) and their mothers (when their daughters were about 14 years old), using 2011 European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions data. It examines the extent to which this correlation varies across 19 European countries and is associated with the socioeconomic context at the national level. Having grown up with a working mother is associated with a sizeable increase in the daughters' employment probability in almost all countries, with greater effect for women with children. For this group, the intergenerational correlation is smaller in countries where the policy context is less favorable to maternal employment. It is crucial to promote gender equality, challenging individuals' gender stereotypes through education and in society at large, and create conditions that allow young women's preferences for work to be realized, enhancing policies that favor a balanced sharing of unpaid work.

RésuméConsidérant qu'aujourd'hui la sécurité des parcours professionnels importe plus que la stabilité dans le poste, les auteures décident d'analyser la situation des jeunes Européens sur le marché du travail cinq ans après la fin de leurs études en se fondant sur les changements de statut d'activité mensuels et sur la durée d'emploi effective. Elles montrent que près de 40 pour cent des jeunes dits «précaires» connaissent en réalité une «sécurité de l'emploi» puisqu'ils ne restent jamais très longtemps au chômage. Elles préconisent en conséquence un durcissement de la législation protectrice des travailleurs temporaires et un renforcement des politiques actives du marché du travail.

ResumenEl interés político en la seguridad del empleo ya no se centra en la estabilidad laboral, sino en la empleabilidad, lo cual exige cambios en el modo de evaluar el desempeño de los jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo. Con datos sobre la evolución mensual de la situación laboral y sobre la duración real del empleo, se investigan ambos parámetros en jóvenes europeos unos cinco años después de finalizar sus estudios. El 40 por ciento sufre inestabilidad laboral pero su nivel de empleabilidad les permite encontrar rápidamente un empleo en caso de perderlo. Las autoras defienden políticas que refuercen la empleabilidad, una protección del empleo temporal más estricta y más gasto en políticas de activación (PAMT).

AbstractThe shift of policy focus from job security to employment security calls for a more dynamic measurement of young people's labour market performance. This article uses data on monthly employment status trajectories and job duration to investigate young Europeans' employment security around five years after they finished education. The authors show that almost 40 per cent of "job‐insecure" individuals actually enjoy employment security – i.e. they are able to re‐enter paid employment rapidly after losing their job. The article highlights the need for policy measures to enhance employment security, and the positive role that stricter temporary employment protection, and ALMP expenditure, could play.