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AbstractThe single transferable vote (STV) voting method is used to elect multiple candidates in ranked-choice elections. One weakness of STV is that it fails multiple fairness criteria related to monotonicity and no-show paradoxes. We analyze 1079 local government STV elections in Scotland to estimate the frequency of such monotonicity anomalies in real-world elections, and compare our results with prior empirical and theoretical research about the rates at which such anomalies occur. In 62 of the 1079 elections we found some kind of monotonicity anomaly. We generally find that anomaly rates are similar to prior empirical research and much lower than what most theoretical research has found. Most STV anomalies we find are the first of their kind to be documented in real-world multiwinner elections.

This book provides a comprehensive mathematical description and analysis of the delegate allocation processes in the US Democratic and Republican presidential primaries, focusing on the role of apportionment methods and the effect of thresholds the minimum levels of support required to receive delegates. The analysis involves a variety of techniques, including theoretical arguments, simplicial geometry, Monte Carlo simulation, and examination of presidential primary data from 2004 to 2020. The book is divided into two parts: Part I defines the classical apportionment problem and explains how the implementation and goals of delegate apportionment differ from those of apportionment for state representation in the US House of Representatives and for party representation in legislatures based on proportional representation. The authors then describe how delegates are assigned to states and congressional districts and formally define the delegate apportionment methods used in each state by the two major parties to allocate delegates to presidential candidates. Part II analyzes and compares the apportionment methods introduced in Part I based on their level of bias and adherence to various notions of proportionality. It explores how often the methods satisfy the quota condition and quantifies their biases in favor or against the strongest and weakest candidates. Because the methods are quota-based, they are susceptible to classical paradoxes like the Alabama and population paradoxes. They also suffer from other paradoxes that are more relevant in the context of delegate apportionment such as the elimination and aggregation paradoxes. The book evaluates the extent to which each method is susceptible to each paradox. Finally, it discusses the appointment of delegates based on divisor methods and notions of regressive proportionality. This book appeals to scholars and students interested in mathematical economics and political science, with an emphasis on apportionment and social choice theory.

When to stop consulting / D. Marc Kilgour and Steven J. Brams -- How lies induced cooperation in "Golden Balls": A game-theoretic analysis / Steven J. Brams and Ben D. Mor -- Conditions for fairness anomalies in instant-runoff voting / Adam Graham-Squire -- Piercing numbers in circular societies / Kristen Mazur, Mutiara Sondjaja, Matthew Wright, and Carolyn Yarnall -- Voting on cyclic orders, group theory, and ballots / Karl-Dieter Crisman, Abraham Holleran, Micah Martin, and Josephine Noonan -- Impossibility theorems involving weakenings of expansion consistency and resoluteness in voting / Wesley H. Holliday, Chase Norman, Eric Pacuit, and Saam Zahedian -- Arrow's theorem, decision theory, and the traveling salesperson / Donald G. Saari -- An iterative procedure for apportionment and its use in the Georgia Republican primary / Michael A. Jones, David McCune, and Jennifer M. Wilson -- Double moves by each player in chess openings make the game fairer / Steven J. Brams and Mehmet S Ismail.