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Little is known about the impact of international organizations. Neither a rudimentary theory of IGO impact exists nor are there sufficient case studies to develop meaningful generalizations. To answer the question whether they make a difference, the effect of intergovernmental organization (IGO) policies must be evaluated.

The fourth edition of this award-winning text has been thoroughly revised and updated to capture nearly a decade of new developments affecting global governance: the Covid-19 pandemic, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the rise of populist nationalism, implementation of the SDGs, the youth climate-justice movement, and much more. There is also an entirely new chapter on human security. As before, the authors provide a comprehensive, in-depth examination of the full range of international organizations.

The 'mirror image' — the tendency for citizens to attribute the opposite qualities to their own and a competitive nation — is studied through analysis of public opinion in the United States shortly after the onset of the Iranian hostage crisis in late 1979. The questions addressed in this study are (1) how quickly mirror image thinking can be activated, (2) whether mirror images apply to the leaders of nations as well as the nations them selves, (3) what types of traits play the most prominent role in mirror imagery, and (4) what factors predispose people to think in mirror image terms. Analysis reveals that mirror images were very common just one month after the seizure of the American hostages, that they were more commonly focused on the nations (Iran and the U.S.) than on the leaders of the nations (President Carter and Ayotollah Khomeini), that they Nere most often evaluative rather than simply descriptive, and, perhaps most interestingly, that they were expressed most frequently by more highly educated and more knowledgeable people. Discussion centers on the interpretation of these findings, especially the latter.

Citizens' attribution of opposite qualities to their own & competing nations, termed 'mirror image,' is analyzed through study of United States PO just after the beginning of the Iranian hostage crisis in late 1979. The study addresses the following questions: (1) How quickly does mirror-image thinking become activated? (2) Do mirror images apply to national leaders as well as to nations? (3) What traits are most prominent in mirror imagery? & (4) What are predisposing factors for mirror-image thinking? Revealed is a common formation of mirror images one month after the hostages were seized; Americans perceived opposing nations more commonly than leaders. Images were most frequently mentioned by more than highly educated persons, & were most often evaluative rather than simply descriptive. Emergent from the findings is the role played by leaders in intensifying mirror-image formation. 4 Tables. Modified HA.

"The United Nations in the 21st Century 6th edition provides a comprehensive yet accessible introduction to the UN. It explores the historical, institutional, and theoretical foundations of the UN as well as major global trends and challenges facing the organization today, including changing major power dynamics, new threats to peace and security, the migration and refugee crises, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the existential challenges of climate change and sustainability. Thoroughly revised and expanded, it contains two new chapters on the UN and the environment and on human security, including issues of health, food security, global migration, and human trafficking. There is enhanced analysis of theoretical perspectives on post-colonialism, feminist theory, constructivism, and non-Western views. New content has also been added on the UN's budget crisis, public-private partnerships, and the role of women in the organization. By examining the UN as an intergovernmental organization facing the broader need for global cooperation to address economic, social, and environmental interdependencies alongside the threats posed by rising nationalism and populism, this popular text is the perfect reference for all students and practitioners of international organizations, global governance, and international relations"--

Guide to this reader -- APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS -- HISTORICAL CONTEXT -- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORIES -- LEVELS OF ANALYSIS -- THE STATE AND THE TOOLS OF STATECRAFT -- WAR AND SECURITY -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW -- INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY -- INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS -- HUMAN RIGHTS -- THE ENVIRONMENT -- HUMAN SECURITY: MIGRATION, POPULATION, AND GLOBAL HEALTH.