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GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A STUDY OF 265 TWIN PAIRS*
In: Criminology: the official publication of the American Society of Criminology, Band 24, Heft 3, S. 513-532
ISSN: 1745-9125
This study investigates the common‐family environmental (CE), within‐family environmental (WE), and hereditary (H) components of antisocial behavior and its correlates using a twin study design. The subjects are 265 adolescent twin pairs who reported in a mail survey on their antisocial behavior, deceitfulness, parental rejection (as perceived), anger, impulsivity, and value placed on school achievement. These six variables are intercorrelated in two ways: between‐families (twin pairs' sums) and within‐families (twin pairs' differences). The former covariance structure captures the twins' resemblances: the latter, the twins' differences in behavior. LISREL is used to model the observed relationships using structural equations containing CE, WE, and H factors. The best‐fitting model requires only H and WE factors to explain the variables' relationships. Within this population, delinquent behavior is unaffected by CE influences such as social class, child rearing styles, parental attitudes, parental religion, and other factors equally affecting the twins. The principal genetic correlates of delinquency appear to be deceitfullness and temperamental traits.
SIBLING INTERACTION AND SELFREPORTED DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: A STUDY OF 265 TWIN PAIRS*
In: Criminology: the official publication of the American Society of Criminology, Band 23, Heft 2, S. 223-240
ISSN: 1745-9125
The relationship between the quality of twins'mutual attachment and delinquency is examined in a study of 265 twin pairs. It is predicted that twins with stronger mutual attachments will have lower rates of delinquent behavior. Contrary to this prediction, twins'mutual attachment (that is, the frequency with which the twins saw each other in teenage activities) is found to be unrelated to delinquent behavior. The twins often cooperated, however, in their delinquent acts: 61 % of the girls and 79% of the boys reported committing one or more delinquent acts with their twins. In accord with social control theory, social bonds (normlessness, perceived parental acceptance‐rejection, and value placed on academic achievement) are strongly associated with delinquent behavior. Except for male DZ twins, however, these same variables are only weakly associated with twins'mutual attachments. A behavioral genetic analysis of the social bonds indicate both genetic and specific environmental components to their variation but fail to show evidence of a shared environmental component. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Attitudes, Social Class, and the Quality of Foster Care
In: Social service review: SSR, Band 50, Heft 3, S. 506-514
ISSN: 1537-5404
The Effect of Teaching Machines and Work Groups on Delinquency
In: Social service review: SSR, Band 50, Heft 1, S. 157-157
ISSN: 1537-5404
Siblings and Mental Illness: Heredity vs. Environment
In: Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, Band 19, Heft 3-4, S. 115-130
A Twin Study of Temperament in Young Children
In: The journal of psychology: interdisciplinary and applied, Band 97, Heft 1, S. 107-113
ISSN: 1940-1019
THE FAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF CRIMINAL CONVICTIONS*
In: Criminology: the official publication of the American Society of Criminology, Band 35, Heft 1, S. 177-202
ISSN: 1745-9125
This article examines the familial transmission of criminal convictions in families in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Our main analyses focus on the 344 families in the Cambridge Study with two or more children. Criminal convictions were highly familial because convictions in a parent increased the risk of convictions in a child. Correlations between siblings were stronger in same‐sex siblings (.45 to .50) than in opposite‐sex ones (.27). Sibling correlations did not vary by birth order. Convictions of mothers and father correlated .55. Parent‐child correlations were about the same as within‐generation correlations between siblings. LISREL models were used to assess whether the effect of parental convictions on child convictions was direct or mediated through the quality of the family environment (i.e., supervision. child rearing, and family size). The best fitting LISREL models suggested a direct effect of parental convictions on child convictions, without any mediation by family environment. These data on fill biological siblings, however, did not permit separate estimation of family environmental versus genetic effects. One environmental effect appeared, however—a socialization effect among siblings; in families with three sons, there appeared to be mutual influence of one sibling on another. Also, regression models based on the boys suggested that family environmental variables did add to parental criminality.
BRIDGING CRIMINAL CAREERS, THEORY, AND POLICY THROUGH LATENT VARIABLE MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL OFFENDING*
In: Criminology: the official publication of the American Society of Criminology, Band 32, Heft 4, S. 517-554
ISSN: 1745-9125
Our goal is to build bridges between theoretical criminology, the study of criminal careers, and policy‐relevant research. Insights from the criminal career and propensity positions lead us to seek (1) a comprehensive means of incorporating theoretical variables in research on criminal careers, (2) statistical models that yield meaningful projections relevant to public policy issues, and (3) methods for comparing findings for different measures of offending. We present a conceptual framework accomplishing this by applying the general linear model to the study of crime and criminal careers. This framework differentiates the elements of (1) a curvilinear function linking the scale of the linear model and the scale of the measure of offending, (2) a probabilistic relationship between a latent tendency to offend and the measure of offending, (3) a probability distribution of individual differences on the latent dimension, and (4) relationships among repeated observations for the same individual. We describe numerous versions of the general linear model that do not require special statistical expertise and are appropriate for the full range of measures of offending. We conclude by addressing strategies for comparing results across measures.
SIBLING EFFECTS ON SUBSTANCE USE AND DELINQUENCY*
In: Criminology: the official publication of the American Society of Criminology, Band 30, Heft 2, S. 217-234
ISSN: 1745-9125
Sibling effects refer to the immediate influence one sibling may have on another or to indirect influences through their embeddedness in a common friendship network We used three aspects of sibling mutual interaction—warmth, conflict, and frequency of contact with mutual friends—to evaluate sibling effects on delinquency and substance use in 135 brother pairs, 142 sister pairs, and 141 mixed‐sex pairs in the Arizona Sibling Study (primarily aged 10–16 years). We hypothesized that sibling relationship variables would condition the behavioral resemblance of the younger and older sibling. For both substance use and delinquency, this prediction was confirmed for warmth and mutual friends: Sibling pairs who reported warmer mutual relationships or greater contact with mutual friends were more alike behaviorally. The statistical sibling effects were not explained by social class, parental substance use, or rearing styles. We interpret them as the influence of one sibling on the other and as the influence arising from sharing common friends. Given the existence of sibling effects, the strength of shared familial influences of other origins must be revised downward.
An 'epidemic' model of adolescent sexual intercourse: applications to national survey data
In: Journal of biosocial science: JBS, Band 23, Heft 2, S. 211-219
ISSN: 1469-7599
SummaryThis paper applies models of the onset of adolescent sexual intercourse using national data from Denmark and the USA. The model gave excellent fits to data on Danish Whites and a good fit to American Whites, but the model-fits for American Blacks and Hispanics were not as good. The weakness of the latter model fits may reflect either real processes that the model does not capture or problems in the reliability of adolescent sexuality data.
Adolescent Sexual Activity and Mildly Deviant Behavior: Sibling and Friendship Effects
In: Journal of family issues, Band 11, Heft 3, S. 274-293
ISSN: 1552-5481
This article addresses the relationship between two related behavioral domains in adolescents: sexual activity and mildly deviant behavior (defined as behaviors of which parents would disapprove, but which are not illegal). Previous work has demonstrated overlap between these behavioral domains. We use a unique data set - the data from the Carolina Population Center's Adolescent Sexuality (ADSEX) Project which contain linkable responses of siblings, best friends, and other friends - to quantify the degree of overlap and separation between sexuality and mild deviance. We cast our work in a conceptual context identifying the prominent members of a respondent's environment, including siblings, same-sex friends (best friends and other friends) and opposite-sex friends (best and other friends). Results support previous research showing overlap between sexuality and mild deviance; however, the two domains are also distinguishable. Furthermore, theoretical predictions generated by the conceptual framework - by considering the relationship of adolescents to others in their environment - are supported by the data.
DOES EDUCATION MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IQ AND AGE OF FIRST BIRTH? A BEHAVIOURAL GENETIC ANALYSIS
In: Journal of biosocial science: JBS, Band 34, Heft 2, S. 259-275
ISSN: 1469-7599
This study presents a multivariate behavioural genetic analysis of the relationship between education, intelligence and age of first birth. Analyses investigated the mediational role of education in explaining the relationship between intelligence and age of first birth at both the phenotypic and behavioural genetic level. The data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), a nationally representative survey that included genetically informative full- and half-sibling pairs (n=1423 pairs). Respondents were aged 14 to 22 when contacted in 1979. Heritability estimates were 0·32, 0·50 and 0·06 for IQ, education and age of first birth, respectively. Shared environment estimates were 0·35, 0·23 and 0·20 respectively. Common genetic and shared environmental factors were substantial in explaining the relationship between intelligence and education, and also education and age of first birth. Education partially mediated the relationship between intelligence and age of first birth only in the phenotypic analyses. After considering the genetic and shared environmental factors that influence all three variables, evidence for mediation was less convincing. This pattern of results suggests that the apparent mediational role of education at the phenotypic level is in fact the result of underlying genetic and shared environmental influences that affect education, IQ and age of first birth in common.