The Ideological Convergence of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
In: Presidential studies quarterly, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 159
ISSN: 0360-4918
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In: Presidential studies quarterly, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 159
ISSN: 0360-4918
En el presente artículo de revisión se sustentará que en la legislación penal, se ha ubicado equívocamente el delito de tortura dentro de aquellas conductas contra la autonomía personal, perteneciente al título correspondiente a los delitos contra la libertad individual. Puesto que, al examinar los tratadosinternacionales se observa que estos buscan proteger a través de la prohibición de la tortura la integridad personal del individuo, y no su libertad personal, ni su autonomía personal, entendida esta última como aquella parte de la libertad individual de la persona. Así pues, el legislador incurrió en una inadecuada inclusión en este delito, toda vez que una persona que no se encuentre privada de su libertad no pueda ser objeto de tortura. AbstractThis revision article will support that in the penal legislation, the crime of torture has been wrongly considered in the category of those conducts against personal autonomy, belonging to the crimes against the individual freedom. When the international agreements were analyzed, it was concluded that they ban torture in order to protect people's personal integrity, and not their personal freedom or autonomy; understanding the latter as people's individual freedom. Thus, the legislator made an inadequate incorporation in this crime, since a person who is not deprived of his freedom could not be an object of torture.
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One of the main Chilean forestry exported products, and also showing better development prospects, is the saw wood of Pinus radiata; this is due to high levels of future availability of good quality logs to supply its industry and the growing global demand for this product. However, these exports have been affected by the presence, in the country, of three bark beetles introduced species: Hylurgus ligniperda, Hylastes ater and Orthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). As these insects are considered quarantine pests to major markets importing Chilean products, particularly saw wood, its presence in shipments from Chile could restrict the marketing of these products, thus producing a great impact on the regional and national economy. In 2006, the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) and private managers associated to the Corporación Chilena de la Madera (CORMA) suspended the green sawed wooden exports to Mexico, owing to the presence of adults of H. ligniperda in some shipments, what generated both from the point of view of the State and from the exporters as well, the implementation of some measures to correct these effects in the commercialization of these products. Some biological and ecological bark beetle aspects, its role transporting fungal spores of sapstains and pathogens, as well as its importance as quarantine pests feasible to be introduced into the main markets were analyzed and discussed. Some measures adopted by the government and the forestry sector to get to external markets with minimum risk of pests are also presented. ; Uno de los principales productos forestales chilenos exportados, y además con mejores perspectivas de desarrollo, es la madera aserrada de Pinus radiata, debido a los altos índices de disponibilidad futura de trozas de buena calidad para abastecer su industria y a la creciente demanda a nivel mundial por este producto. Sin embargo, estas exportaciones se han visto afectadas por la presencia en el país de tres especies introducidas de escarabajos de la corteza: Hylurgus ligniperda, Hylastes ater y Orthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Por tratarse de insectos considerados plagas cuarentenarias para los principales mercados que importan productos chilenos, y en este caso la madera aserrada, su presencia en embarques procedentes de Chile podría restringir la comercialización de estos productos causando un impacto en la economía regional y nacional. El año 2006 el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) y empresarios privados asociados en la Corporación Chilena de la Madera (CORMA) suspendieron las exportaciones de madera aserrada verde a México, por la presencia de adultos de H. ligniperda en algunos embarques. Ello generó que tanto el Estado como los exportadores implementaran algunas medidas para corregir tales situaciones en la comercialización de dichos productos. Se analizan y discuten algunos aspectos biológicos y ecológicos de los escarabajos, su rol como transportadores de esporas de hongos manchadores y patógenos, así como su importancia como plagas cuarentenarias factibles de introducirse en los principales mercados de exportación. Se presentan también las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno y las empresas del sector forestal para llegar a los mercados internacionales con riesgo mínimo de plagas.
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Del seguimiento realizado a los antecedentes legislativos de la detención domiciliaria, se puede observar que la misma obedece a una medida de política criminal, pero como el Estado siempre ha sido vacilante en esta materia, estose refleja en lo cambiante que ha sido la regulación normativa de la Detención Domiciliaria.Es en el Código de Procedimiento Penal Ley 906 de 2004, donde el legislador le da un cambio sustancial al esquema tradicional del Procedimiento Penal buscando implementar un Sistema Acusatorio que se caracterice fundamentalmente por ser más garantista, donde se fortalecen instituciones yse crean otras nuevas como medidas de política criminal.Desafortunadamente con la reforma introducida por la Ley 11 42 de 2007 que nosotros hemos llamado la contrarreforma del Sistema Penal Acusatorio, se desnaturalizó su objetivo en la medida que en esta última ley se adicionó un parágrafo donde se prohíbe la aplicación de la detención domiciliaria a una gran cantidad de delitos que prácticamente la neutraliza como tal. AbstractThe follow-up to legislative history of house arrest, you can see that it reflects a measure of criminal policy, but the rule has always been hesitantin this area, this is reflected in what has been changing the regulation rules of house arrest.It is in the Code of Criminal Procedure Act 906 of 2004, when the legislature gives a substantial change the traditional pattern of Criminal Procedure seeking to implement an adversarial system which is characterized mainly by beingmore guarantees, which are strengthened institutions and creating new ones as measures of criminal policy.Unfortunately with the reform introduced by Act 1142 of 2007 which we have called the disapprove Criminal Accusatory System, its objective is distorted to the extent that the latter law was added a paragraph which prohibits the use of home detention or a large number of crimes that virtually eutralizedas such.
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In: European journal of international law, Band 8, Heft 1, S. 1-28
ISSN: 1464-3596
In: European journal of international law, Band 5, Heft 1, S. 20-53
ISSN: 1464-3596
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 6, Heft 2, S. 31-57
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: El trimestre económico, Band 82, Heft 327, S. 523-558
ISSN: 2448-718X
En este artículo se argumenta que, dada la fuerte concentración del ingreso en México y la estrechez de la base tributaria del ingreso, resulta muy difícil realizar una reforma tributaria que sea recaudatoria y redistributiva. Para ello se construyó un modelo de equilibrio general aplicado que incluye, entre otras cosas, una desagregación de los hogares en 10 niveles de ingreso, la estructura tributaria y de transferencias del país y las esferas productivas y de consumo. Los escenarios confirman que, lograr una recaudación adicional significativa, y mejorar al mismo tiempo la desigualdad del ingreso (medida por el coeficiente de Gini), implica aumentos de tasas o bases difíciles de lograr en las condiciones actuales
This paper aims to analyse and compare the driving forces of the carbon dioxide emissions of the six highest emitters of the world, namely, China, the United States of America, the European Union, India, Russia, and Japan, which are responsible for more than the 67% of the emissions, during the period 1990-2018. The analysis is based on an enlarged Kaya- LMDI decomposition, considering five driving forces and a Granger causality study. Both techniques allow us to disentangle the relationship among the different driving forces and how they change from country to country. The main conclusion from the Kaya-LMDI analysis is that economic growth has been the main driving force that increases CO2 emissions, and to a much lesser extent, the increase in population in most of the six analysed economies. On the other hand, energy intensity is the main factor for decreasing CO2 emissions. Surprisingly enough, the end-use fuel-mix term seldom contributes to the decrease of the emissions, which proves that the use of renewable energy still should be largely promoted. It is worth highlighting the different behaviour observed between the four developed countries and the two most populous developing ones, China and India. The Granger-causality analysis suggests that GDP Granger causes energy intensity in the developed countries; however, GDP and renewable energy consumption Granger cause CO2 emissions only in one case. ; Consejer´ıa de Econom´ıa, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad de la Junta de Andaluc´ıa (Spain), under Group FQM-370 ; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6105/UGR ; ERDF/MINECO project UNHU-15CE- 2848
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In: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Band 68, Heft 1, S. 88-96
In: European journal of international law, Band 9, Heft 2, S. 386-390
ISSN: 1464-3596
In: Materials and design, Band 99, S. 254-261
ISSN: 1873-4197
In: Materials & Design, Band 53, S. 1104-1111
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long- term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
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