Suchergebnisse

Theoretical debates about the efficiency of sharecropping discuss risk-sharing in relation to farmers' wealth and credit, as one explanatory factor. This perspective is explored here in the southern Portuguese province of Alentejo, from the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Three points are made: (1) leasing and sharecropping coexisted on the same land; (2) there was no unequivocal relationship between risk sharing, on the one hand, and the contractual mode of tenancy (fixed-rent or sharecropping), on the other; and (3) relating risk-sharing, defined as a continuous variable, with social differentiation of demand for tenancies provides a rationale for a hypothetical long-term shift in contracts, from medieval sharecropping to fixed-rent tenancies with sharecrop subletting in the nineteenth century.

Anti-takeover laws are laws designed to protect target companies from hostile activity by making the bidder's attempt of acquisition more expensive and/or time consuming, as there are three different types anti-takeover laws. The aim of this dissertation is analyzing the impact of different kind of antitakeover laws (fair price laws, control share acquisition laws, and business combination laws) on firm R&D expenditures. In order to do so, this study uses data about U.S. public firms between 1970 and 2011. The empirical findings indicate that fair Price laws increase R&D activities because of the possibility of increasing the expected takeover premium for managers, whereas control share acquisition laws and business combination laws decrease it by reducing the external pressure, which is the biggest incentive for firm managers to remain competitive in the market. Alongside, Business Combination laws seem not to have a significant impact on firm's R&D expenditures.

This chapter focuses on analysis of the interaction of local or community organizations with public authorities, focusing on the activities impacting immigrant populations based on research in Oeiras, outside Lisbon, & the EU's Urban progam for regeneration. The model of the MPMC project was based on top-bottom & activation-mobilization dichotomies that require extensive refinement to fit empirical reality, as they do not distinguish between the separate entities involved, they assume linear or hierarchical processes, & do not account for the complexity of institutional levels between which the activation & mobilization processes operate. Expanding the MPMC theoretical framework to include institutional levels ranging from the neighborhood to the supranational incorporates the specificity of differences while maintaining the comparative potential of the analytical model. 3 Figures, 35 References. L. Kehl

This chapter focuses on analysis of the interaction of local or community organizations with public authorities, focusing on the activities impacting immigrant populations based on research in Oeiras, outside Lisbon, & the EU's Urban progam for regeneration. The model of the MPMC project was based on top-bottom & activation-mobilization dichotomies that require extensive refinement to fit empirical reality, as they do not distinguish between the separate entities involved, they assume linear or hierarchical processes, & do not account for the complexity of institutional levels between which the activation & mobilization processes operate. Expanding the MPMC theoretical framework to include institutional levels ranging from the neighborhood to the supranational incorporates the specificity of differences while maintaining the comparative potential of the analytical model. 3 Figures, 35 References. L. Kehl

Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction / Rosa Congost, Jorge Gelman and Rui Santos -- Migration and accommodation of property rights in the Portuguese Eastern Empire, sixteenth-nineteenth centuries / José Vicente Serrão and Eugénia Rodrigues -- Alternative uses of land and re-negotiation of property rights : Scandinavian examples, 1750-2000 / Mats Morell -- Institutional innovations and economic development in Lombardy, eighteenth-twentieth centuries / Andrea M. Locatelli and Paolo Tedeschi -- The shift to "modern" and its consequences : changes in property rights and land wealth inequality in Buenos Aires, 1839-1914 / Julio Djenderedjian and Daniel Santilli -- Taming the platypus : adaptations of the colonia tenancy contract to a changing context in nineteenth-century Madeira / Benedita Câmara and Rui Santos -- Demythologizing and de-idealizing the commons : Ostrom's eight design principles and the irrigation institutions in eastern Spain / Samuel Garrido -- Hopes of recovery : struggles over the right to common lands in the Spanish countryside, 1931-1936 / Iñaki Iriarte-Goñi and José-Miguel Lana -- Hurdles to reunification : cultural memories and control over property in post-socialist rural East Germany / Joyce E. Bromley and Axel Wolz -- Property rights in land : institutions, social appropriations, and socioeconomic outcomes / Rosa Congost, Jorge Gelman and Rui Santos -- Index