A well-known conflict over girls' education between a Victorian reformer and the leader of the Brahmo Samaj, a Hindu reformist sect, has often been held up as an example of British imperial condescension, or at least a failure of a westerner to understand Indian culture. A closer reexamination of events shows that there was greater complexity to the encounter. The conflict is clarified by discussion of the circumstances of both parties: Annette Akroyd's Unitarianism and education, and Keshub Chunder Sen's shifting theological position and role in the press activities of his zealous young missionaries.
Kinetic polar wind models based on an asymmetric anisotropic Maxwellian at the exobase depend on four parameters which in principle can be determined by imposing fixed values for the number density, the flow speed, the temperature and the temperature anisotropy at the exobase. It is shown however that not any arbitrary set of values for these quantities can be chosen but that some forbidden regions do exist.
The influence of an anisotropy in the velocity distribution at the exobase on the state variables in an open (O+, H+, e)-exosphere is studied for three different models corresponding respectively to an anisotropy in the velocity distribution of each species. Numerical calculations show that the effect of an anisotropy in the velocity distribution is more important for the electrons (model II) than for hydrogen ions (model I) or oxygen ions (model III). For reasonable values of the parameter characterising the anisotropy, the results do not differ qualitatively from those obtained in earlier kinetic polar wind models, i.e. the protons are accelerated outwards by a small charge separation electric field and the proton flow speed rapidly becomes supersonic.
Expressions for the number density, the escape flux, the parallel and perpendicular momentum fluxes, and the energy flux in an open ion-exosphere, are set up under the following assumptions : (a) the velocity distribution function at the exobase is given by an asymmetric bimaxwellian depending on 4 parameters ; (b) along a magnetic field line the potential energy of a charged particle is a monotonie function and the magnetic field strength monotonically decreases to a constant value. A method which allows to calculate the 4 parameters of the velocity distribution for a given set of values of the state variables is outlined. Finally, the analytic formulae for the state variables are explicitely given for the special case that the velocity distribution at the exobase is a bimaxwellian.
Companies in the same industry sector are usually stronger correlated than firms in different sectors, as they are similarly affected by macroeconomic effects, political decisions, and consumer trends. In spite of many stock return models taking account of this fact there are only a few credit default models taking it into consideration. In this paper we present a default model based on nested Archimedean copulas which is able to capture hierarchical dependence structures among the obligors in a credit portfolio. Nested Archimedean copulas have a surprisingly simple and intuitive interpretation. The dependence among all companies in the same sector is described by an inner copula; the sectors are then coupled via an outer copula. Consequently, our model implies a larger default correlation for companies in the same industry sector compared to companies in different sectors. A calibration to CDO tranche spreads of the European iTraxx portfolio is performed to demonstrate the fitting capability of our model. This portfolio consists of CDS on 125 companies from six different industry sectors. It is therefore an excellent portfolio to compare our generalized model to a traditional copula model of the same family, which does not account for different sectors.
Wichtige Methoden des quantitativen Risikomanagements, insbesondere aus den Bereichen der Extremwerttheorie und der multivariaten Statistik, wurden von Emil J. Gumbel entwickelt und in verschiedenen Anwendungsgebieten popularisiert. Zeugnis dafür sind die Gumbel-Verteilung und die Gumbel-Copula. Anlässlich seines 125. Geburtstags, er wurde am 18. Juli 1891 in München geboren, geben wir einen Einblick in seinen mathematischen Nachlass und beleuchten seine Biographie als Wissenschaftler, Publizist, Zeitzeuge und Pazifist. Neben seinen mathematischen Arbeiten veröffentlichte er mehrere politische Bücher und unzählige Zeitungsartikel über politische Morde, das Justizsystem und nationalistische Geheimbünde in der Weimarer Republik, was ihn 1932 seine Stelle an der Universität Heidelberg kostete und 1933 auf die erste Ausbürgerungsliste des Deutschen Reichs brachte. Er emigrierte 1932 nach Frankreich und musste, um den deutschen Besatzungstruppen zu entkommen, 1940 weiter in die USA fliehen. Am 10. September 1966 verstarb er in New York.
In this Solar Wind Model, the Coulomb collisions, with impact parameter smaller than the Debye length, have been neglected beyond the baropause located at 6.6 Solar radii. The radial distribution of the electric potential is calculated in order to satisfy the local and global quasi-neutrality conditions in the whole exospheric plasma. The asymptotic behavior for large radial distances as well as in the neighbourhood of the baropause has been calculated and discussed. It has been deduced that the electric field distribution near the baropause does practically not influence the properties at 1AU. A simple relationship between the coronal temperature and Solar Wind velocity at large radial distances has been found ; the kinetic plasma pressure is found to decrease asymptotically to zero as r -> oo : the parallel and perpendicular temperatures of the protons satisfy the " adiabatic approximation " of Chew, Goldberger and Low in the most external regions (r > 100 Rs). The use of this approximation between 6 — 7RS and 100 Rs would give a 250 % underestimation of the parallel proton temperature compared to the present model calculation.
L'influence des photoélectrons sur un modèle de l'exosphère ionique polaire a été considérée. Le flux d'échappement, la vitesse moyenne, les composantes parallèle et perpendiculaire de la température des électrons thermiques dépendent fortement de la valeur du flux de photoélectrons. Par contre la distribution de la densité ionique ne dépend pratiquement pas de la valeur du flux d'échappement des photoélectrons. Bien que le nombre des photoélectrons reste très inférieur au nombre des électrons thermiques, ces premiers transportent pratiquement toute l'énergie électronique hors de l'atmosphère polaire.
We analyze the effects of a prevailing low interest rates regime on investment decisions of insurance companies and on the risk/return profile of participating life insurance policies with different contractually guaranteed minimum annual return. Our analysis is based on German legislation and a stylized insurance company with two cohorts of insured persons having different minimal return guarantees. Our findings shed some light on the non-trivial interrelation between profit distribution, minimum guarantees, and resulting profitability for the different cohorts. Moreover, we investigate the complex role of the risk reserve that allows insurance companies to redistribute profits in time and, less obviously, also between the cohorts.
In: Journal of community practice: organizing, planning, development, and change sponsored by the Association for Community Organization and Social Administration (ACOSA), Band 30, Heft 2, S. 203-224
In: van den Bussche, H. ., Kromark, K., Koehl-Hackert, N. ., Robra, B. ., Rothe, K. ., Schmidt, A. ., Stosch, C. ., Wagner, R., Wonneberger, C., Scherer, M., Alfermann, D. and Gedrose, B. (2012). General Practitioner or Specialist at Home or Abroad? Results of a Multicenter Postal Survey on the Mid- and Long-term Professional Objectives of Medical School Graduates. Gesundheitswesen, 74 (12). S. 786 - 793. STUTTGART: GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG. ISSN 1439-4421
Aim: This study investigated the career preferences of medical graduates in Germany with regard to discipline, place and position after the completion of postgraduate training. We also investigated differences in career options according to gender and region of study (former German Federal Republic vs. former German Democratic Republic). Method: The study is based on a standardised postal survey among all last year medical students in the medical faculties of Erlangen, Giessen, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Cologne, Leipzig and Magdeburg in 2009. 2 107 persons were contacted and 1 012 (48%) participated in the survey. Results: 96% of participants stated their intention to pursue a postgraduate training in a medical discipline, and only 0.4% denied such an objective. 7% of the graduates preferred a career towards general practice, and a similar percentage preferred general internal medicine which usually also leads to a primary care activity. 84% aimed at becoming a medical specialist. In total, 28% intended to work in a specialist practice, and 10% in a general practice. Only one-fifth of the latter aimed at working in a countryside setting. 7% aimed at starting postgraduate training outside of Germany, and 8% preferred to work outside Germany after completion of the postgraduate training. In both cases, Switzerland was by far the most preferred country. Conclusions: The results contradict the thesis that young graduates are reluctant to enter clinical medicine. Working abroad is within the scope of less than 10% of the graduates. A dramatic difference between the demand for general practitioners and the career intentions of medical graduates is observed. Measures to increase the attractiveness of primary care, especially in the countryside, are urgently needed.
Governmental funding support is seen as a prerequisite for the growth of research in general practice. Several funding programs in the amount of EUR 13.2 Mio were introduced in Germany from 2002 to February 2012. We aim to provide an overview of publications reporting original data and systematic reviews from German academic family medicine published between 2000 and 2010.Publications were identified by searching the database Scopus and screening publication lists of family medicine divisions or institutes. Papers had to report original primary research studies or systematic reviews; at least one of the authors had to be affiliated to a German academic family medicine division or institute.794 articles were included. The number of publications increased steadily starting from 107 in the period from 2000 to 2003, to 273 from 2004 to 2007, and finally to 414 from 2008 to 2010. Less than 25% were published in English in the first period. This proportion increased to 60.6% from 2008 to 2010. Articles published in a journal without impact factor decreased from 59.8% to 31.9%. Nevertheless, even in the most recent period only 31.6% of all articles were published in a journal with an impact factor above 2. The median impact factor increased from 0 in the first period to 1.2 in the last.The output of original research publications from academic research divisions and institutes for general practice in Germany greatly increased during the last decade. However, professionalism of German primary care research still needs to be developed.
16 páginas, 5 figuras ; Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study results (discovery n = 409,435 and validation size n = 58,190). Here, we add six variants associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (near APP, CHRNE, PRKD3/NDUFAF7, PLCG2 and two exonic variants in the SHARPIN gene). Assessment of the polygenic risk score and stratifying by APOE reveal a 4 to 5.5 years difference in median age at onset of Alzheimer's disease patients in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Because of this study, the underlying mechanisms of APP can be studied to refine the amyloid cascade and the polygenic risk score provides a tool to select individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease. ; The present work has been performed as part of the doctoral program of I. de Rojas at the Universitat de Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain) supported by national grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III FI20/00215. The Genome Research @ Fundació ACE project (GR@ACE) is supported by Grifols SA, Fundación bancaria "La Caixa", Fundació ACE, and CIBERNED. A.R. and M.B. receive support from the European Union/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint undertaking ADAPTED and MOPEAD projects (grant numbers 115975 and 115985, respectively). M.B. and A.R. are also supported by national grants PI13/02434, PI16/01861, PI17/01474, PI19/01240 and PI19/01301. Acción Estratégica en Salud is integrated into the Spanish National R + D + I Plan and funded by ISCIII (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)—Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER—"Una manera de hacer Europa"). Some control samples and data from patients included in this study were provided in part by the National DNA Bank Carlos III (www.bancoadn.org, University of Salamanca, Spain) and Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme (Sevilla, Spain); they were processed following standard operating procedures with the appropriate approval of the Ethical and Scientific Committee. Amsterdam dementia Cohort (ADC): Research of the Alzheimer center Amsterdam is part of the neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience. The Alzheimer Center Amsterdam is supported by Stichting Alzheimer Nederland and Stichting VUmc fonds. The clinical database structure was developed with funding from Stichting Dioraphte. Genotyping of the Dutch case-control samples was performed in the context of EADB (European Alzheimer DNA biobank) funded by the JPco-fuND FP-829-029 (ZonMW project number 733051061). 100-Plus study: We are grateful for the collaborative efforts of all participating centenarians and their family members and/or relations. This work was supported by Stichting Alzheimer Nederland (WE09.2014-03), Stichting Diorapthe, horstingstuit foundation, Memorabel (ZonMW project number 733050814, 733050512) and Stichting VUmc Fonds. Genotyping of the 100-Plus Study was performed in the context of EADB (European Alzheimer DNA biobank) funded by the JPco-fuND FP-829-029 (ZonMW project number 733051061). Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) is largely supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long-Term Care. The authors are grateful to all LASA participants, the fieldwork team and all researchers for their ongoing commitment to the study. This work was supported by a grant (European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) from the EU Joint Program—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) and also funded by Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, the Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine, the French government's LABEX DISTALZ program (development of innovative strategies for a transdisciplinary approach to AD). Genotyping of the German case-control samples was performed in the context of EADB (European Alzheimer DNA biobank) funded by the JPco-fuND (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF: 01ED1619A). Full acknowledgments for the studies that contributed data can be found in the Supplementary Note. We thank the numerous participants, researchers, and staff from many studies who collected and contributed to the data. We thank the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP) for providing summary results data for these analyses. The investigators within IGAP contributed to the design and implementation of IGAP and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. IGAP was made possible by the generous participation of the control subjects, the patients, and their families. The i–Select chips was funded by the French National Foundation on AD and related disorders. EADI was supported by the LABEX (laboratory of excellence program investment for the future) DISTALZ grant, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 2 and the Lille University Hospital. GERAD was supported by the Medical Research Council (Grant n° 503480), Alzheimer's Research UK (Grant n° 503176), the Wellcome Trust (Grant n° 082604/2/07/Z) and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): Competence Network Dementia (CND) grant n° 01GI0102, 01GI0711, 01GI0420. CHARGE was partly supported by the NIA/NHLBI grants AG049505, AG058589, HL105756 and AGES contract N01–AG–12100, the Icelandic Heart Association, and the Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University. ADGC was supported by the NIH/NIA grants: U01 AG032984, U24 AG021886, U01 AG016976, and the Alzheimer's Association grant ADGC–10–196728. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank public resource obtained through the University of Edinburg Data Share (https://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/3364). ; Peer reviewed