THE ARTICLE PRESENTS A REVIEW OF THE U.N. SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, ANALYZING ITS TWO MAIN ELEMENTS: THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS, AND THE PROCEDURES FOR PROMOTING THE OBSERVANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS. FINDING THE "MACHINERY" BULKY AND INEFFECTIVE, THE AUTHOR MAKES SUGGESTIONS FOR STREAMLINING PROCEDURES.
In the last few years, many proposals have been made requiring either changes in the administration and financing of the United Nations or a revision of the Charter of the United Nations. While some progress has been made in the first category of problems, to the extent that they require primarily changes in the working of the United Nations Secretariat, it became quite obvious that a revision of the Charter is not likely to be made in the near future. It may be possible, however, to achieve important changes in the functioning of the principal organs of the United Nations—the Security Council, the General Assembly and the International Court of Justice—without revision. Pending a change in the international situation, various steps can be taken in the interim that would considerably improve the functioning of these organs, and achieve some of the desirable goals by measures that, while not ideal, will provide practical solutions for a few important problems. Several such solutions are investigated in the three sections of this essay.
Too much has been written lately about the limited approach to human rights at Dumbarton Oaks, the struggle at the San Francisco Conference, and the great flowering of declarations, conventions, covenants and instruments to implement them in the last fifty years. Instead of adding another retelling of these more than twice-told tales, this essay tries to look at the origin of two less known contributions to the law of human rights—the broad nondiscrimination clause which added a more practical meaning to the vague "human rights and fundamental freedoms" phrase; and the bold addition of economic and social rights to the more traditional civil and political rights.
This paper analyzes the legal implications of the Draft Resolution and Draft Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed arrangements under international law.
