Suchergebnisse

The nutrition of soldiers on the battlefield has always represented a great challenge for the supply and support branch of the military. Inadequate food left soldiers physically weak but also dispirited. The food supply for the Austro-Hungarian soldiers on the Austro-Italian front mostly failed to keep up with the demand, so they were often hungry, especially after 1916. An analysis of the soldiers' diaries, memoirs, and letters provides an insight into their experiences and identifies the various factors that affected them.

FOOD ON WORLD WAR I BATTLEFIELDS: EXPERIENCES OF SLOVENE SOLDIERSThe sustenance of soldiers on the battlefield had always been very important and a great challenge for the supply and support branch of the military, at the same time. Inadequate food not only left soldiers physically weak but also dispirited. The supply of food for Austro-Hungarian soldiers in World War I failed to keep up with the demand, so they were often hungry, especially during the last three years of the war. An analysis of diaries, memoires, and letters of Slovene soldiers enables an insight in their experiences and also identifies different factors that affected them.

Abstract
The article seeks to fill a gap in existing scholarship on explicit and implicit linguistic, ethnic, and national classifications in Habsburg schools and their effects. It attempts to reconstruct the classifications that appeared in textbooks and other teaching materials as well as in daily practice, pupils' exposure to them, and their engagement with these categories. Temporally, the study begins with the establishment of compulsory education (1774) and ends in the revolutionary period of 1848–49 and focuses on the Slavophone population of the Habsburg crownlands Carniola, Carinthia, Styria, and the Austrian Littoral. Our research suggests that systematic and uniform classification schemes were not yet in place in the school environment in the period under review. As a result, the influence of classificatory systems on identifications was limited. If anything, the schools inadvertently reproduced existing local and provincial identifications while the students' limited internalization of emerging transregional identifications only happened through their personal relationships with a few teachers and peers. The transition from familiarization with emerging transregional ethnolinguistic identifications through personal networks to the systemic (and often completely unintentional) reproduction of nationalist ideology happened only after 1848.

The classificatory efforts that accompanied the modernization of the Habsburg state inadvertently helped establish, promote, and perpetuate national categories of identification, often contrary to the intentions of the Habsburg bureaucracy. The state did not create nations, but its classification of languages made available some ethnolinguistic identity categories that nationalists used to make political claims. The institutionalization of these categories also made them more relevant, especially as nationalist movements simultaneously worked toward the same goal. Yet identification with a nation did not follow an algorithmic logic, in the beginning of the twentieth century, sometimes earlier, various nationalisms could undoubtedly mobilize large numbers of people in Austria-Hungary, but people still had agency and nationness remained contingent and situational.

Im Jahr 1918 verloren die Beamten mit dem Kaiser ihren Dienstherren. Wie gestaltete sich der Auf- und Umbau der Verwaltung in den neuen Staaten? Welche Rolle spielte nationale Zugehörigkeit und wie wurde sie festgelegt? Wer konnte, durfte und wollte ein Gelöbnis auf einen Staat ablegen, was die Voraussetzung für die Auf- bzw. Übernahme in den Staatsdienst darstellte? Mit diesem Sammelband erscheint für alle, die sich für Staatsbildung und öffentlichem Dienst in den Nachfolgestaaten der Habsburgermonarchie interessieren, eine wichtige Publikation: Die versammelten Beiträge behandeln die Veränderungen in der Verwaltung, die unter dem Vorzeichen der Nationalisierung und Demokratisierung auf nationaler und lokaler Ebene in Österreich, Slowenien, Ungarn, Tschechoslowakei, Rumänien und der Weimarer Republik stattfanden.