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Abstract. The significance of the concept of interdependence is dealt with from four aspects. 1) Attention is focused upon the meanings attached to the concept of interdependence in the growing literature on the subject. 2) The mathematical structure of the concept is analyzed and its implications for, and restraints upon, global planning are emphasized. 3) the analysis of the implications of the concept for global planning is further extended by a discussion of the tasks that would be involved in all efforts to coordinate global plans that have been developed within a framework of International forms of interdependence. 4) An effort is made to relate the tasks of coordination for global plans that reflect various forms of interdependence, to economic concerns and to the relationships that arise for interdependencies of trade.

Abstract. Policy and planning have now become the field of a new profession—actually a series of professions—in and out of academic life as each of the specialized social and behavioral sciences is applied to the problems of society by some of its professional practitioners. Specialism, however, tends to make of problems in real life constructs that fit within the borders of one's specialty, constructs which have little relation to reality. To transcend specialism's limitations without prejudice to specialization, interdisciplinary training is proposed and worked out for a single area, social policy and social planning.

Jay Forrester ("Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems," Technology Review, 1971, 73, 3), has shown that computer simulation indicates that the intuitive models usually invoked to deal with planning contingencies lead to basically erroneous results. The reason is that the real world systems are multi-loop, nonlinear feedback systems whose structures run counter to intuitive models generally devised for dealing with SE environmental problems. Also, planning & policy making often ignore "systems breaks." Planning models are needed that will evolve in the course of time, taking into account the system breaks. System breaks usually lead to unstable parameters in the simplistic models. The tasks of planning & policy making is to accurately convey the structures of the complex systems for which we are trying to plan. The determination of the particular values of the parameters is less important than the task of developing models that approximate real-world structures with increasing fidelity. In development & economic planning, adding more technology & manufacturing processes to the world's capital stock through efforts to industrialize underdeveloped economies increases pollution & environmental degradation. Therefore the planning must avoid the currently existing capital stock framework. Development planning must take steps to develop technologies & production processes which avoid ecological degradation & minimize the amount of uncycled waste. Models for planning & policy making must be increasingly multi-loop, nonlinear, & must incorporate unconventional technologies & industrial processes not of the type commonly found in the West. Modified HA.