AbstractWithin a context that defines the way how school in Colombia was thought, from the State and the Church between 1970and 1930, it is possible to affirm the discussion about how to teach and educate people, started one of the greatest debates ofthe time which allowed, at the same time, to reflect how the school bound itself and reproduced some practices to delimitateits functions and mold some kind of citizens and society.From this point of view, the way a school works, found itself tied to an intermix of forces or powers which pretendedto learn and turn it into some kind of instrument to apply power and domination. These forces, understood as strategies ofthe moral power (reigned by the Catholic Church), and the politic power (reigned by the State), went through the scholarinstitution in order to assure the imposition of some social goals according to the intentions the government in that momentplanned, and also influenced in the people formation, as well as the delimitation of scholar practices. ; Dentro de un contexto que define el modo como fue pensada la escuela en Colombia desde el Estado y la Iglesia entre1870 y 1930, es posible afirmar que la discusión de cómo instruir y educar a las personas planteó uno de los más grandesdebates de la época que permitió, a la vez, reflexionar en torno a cómo la escuela se vinculó y reprodujo ciertas prácticaspara delimitar sus funciones y moldear un tipo de ciudadanos y de sociedad.Desde este punto de vista, el funcionamiento de la escuela se halló sujeto a un entrecruce de fuerzas o poderes quepretendieron aprehenderla y convertirla en un instrumento para ejercer poder y dominación. Estas fuerzas entendidoscomo estrategias del poder moral (regido por la Iglesia Católica) y el poder político (regido por el Estado), atravesaron lainstitución escolar para asegurar la imposición de unos fines sociales de acuerdo a las intenciones que el gobierno de turnoplanteara, e influyeron además, en la formación de los sujetos y la delimitación de las prácticas escolares.
[Context] A fundamental element of galaxy formation is the accretion of mass through mergers of satellites or gas. Recent dynamical analyses based on Gaia data have revealed major accretion events in the history of the Milky Way. Nevertheless, our understanding of the primordial Galaxy is hindered because the bona fide identification of the most metal-poor and correspondingly oldest accreted stars remains challenging. [Aims] Galactic archaeology needs a new accretion diagnostic to understand primordial stellar populations. Contrary to α-elements, neutron-capture elements present unexplained large abundance spreads for low-metallicity stars, which could result from a mixture of formation sites. [Methods] We analysed the abundances of yttrium, europium, magnesium, and iron in Milky Way satellite galaxies, field halo stars, and globular clusters. The chemical information was complemented by orbital parameters based on Gaia data. In particular, we considered the average inclination of the orbits. [Results] The [Y/Eu] abundance behaviour with respect to the [Mg/Fe] turnovers for satellite galaxies of various masses reveals that higher-luminosity systems, for which the [Mg/Fe] abundance declines at higher metallicities, present enhanced [Y/Eu] abundances, particularly in the [Fe/H] regime between -2.25 dex and -1.25 dex. In addition, the analysis has uncovered a chemo-dynamical correlation for both globular clusters and field stars of the Galactic halo, accounting for about half of the [Y/Eu] abundance spread. In particular, [Y/Eu] under-abundances typical of protracted chemical evolutions are preferentially observed in polar-like orbits, pointing to a possible anisotropy in the accretion processes. [Conclusions] Our results strongly suggest that the observed [Y/Eu] abundance spread in the Milky Way halo could result from a mixture of systems with different masses. They also highlight that both nature and nurture are relevant to the formation of the Milky Way since its primordial epochs, thereby opening new pathways for chemical diagnostics of the build-up of our Galaxy. ; Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. ARB, PdL and EFA acknowledge financial support from the ANR 14-CE33-014-01. TA has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement number 745617 and also acknowledges funding from the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grants ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and ESP2014-55996-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE). AH acknowledges funding from a Vici grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).
We study the relationship between age, metallicity, and α-enhancement of FGK stars in the Galactic disk. The results are based upon the analysis of high-resolution UVES spectra from the Gaia-ESO large stellar survey. We explore the limitations of the observed dataset, i.e. the accuracy of stellar parameters and the selection effects that are caused by the photometric target preselection. We find that the colour and magnitude cuts in the survey suppress old metal-rich stars and young metal-poor stars. This suppression may be as high as 97% in some regions of the age-metallicity relationship. The dataset consists of 144 stars with a wide range of ages from 0.5 Gyr to 13.5 Gyr, Galactocentric distances from 6 kpcto 9.5 kpc, and vertical distances from the plane 0 9 Gyr is not as small as advocated by some other studies. In agreement with earlier work, we find that radial abundance gradients change as a function of vertical distance from the plane. The [Mg/Fe] gradient steepens and becomes negative. In addition, we show that the inner disk is not only more α-rich compared to the outer disk, but also older, as traced independently by the ages and Mg abundances of stars. ; This work was partly supported by the European Union FP7 programme through ERC grant number 320360. AS is supported by the MICINN grant AYA2011-24704 and by the ESF EUROCORES Programme EuroGENESIS (MICINN grant EUI2009-04170). The results presented here benefited from discussions held during Gaia-ESO workshops and conferences supported by the ESF (European Science Foundation) through the GREAT (Gaia Research ...