Suchergebnisse

RESUMEN: El crecimiento de la demanda, el cambio en los patrones de consumo y el aumento de la intermitencia por una mayor penetración de las energías renovables están sometiendo al sistema energético a una gran presión, cuya solución pasa, entre otras, por instalaciones de almacenamiento energético económicas, escalables y de larga duración. En la primera parte de este trabajo, la Memoria, se realiza una revisión de la política energética y climática adoptada en España y que viene definida en el PNIEC, la cual, expresa la necesidad de nuevas instalaciones que permitan hacer frente a la cada vez mayor brecha entre demanda y generación, dando un papel clave al almacenamiento energético. Se analiza por tanto el contexto político y legal del almacenamiento energético, así como los retos a los que se enfrenta el sector en España a la hora de tener una mayor implantación. Posteriormente se detallan las tecnologías disponibles de almacenamiento, estableciendo una comparativa entre las mismas, centrándose en las tecnologías de almacenamiento mecánico, por su potencia y duración. Dentro de las tecnologías mecánicas, se destaca el almacenamiento energético en aire criogenizado y para ello se analiza la instalación CRYObattery, propiedad de la empresa Highview Power, siendo esta última objeto del Análisis de Viabilidad. El Análisis de Viabilidad empieza definiendo los criterios de localización de la CRYOBattery, cercanía a los consumidores y a instalaciones de tipo renovable, e identificando un posible emplazamiento de esta en el polígono industrial de Llanos de San Isidro, Palencia. Una vez determinada la situación geográfica, el siguiente paso en el marco del Análisis de Viabilidad es realizar el análisis económico de la instalación de almacenamiento. Esta CRYOBattery se define como un módulo estándar de 50/50 MW, del que se conocen datos relativos a sus costes, y por tanto se pueden determinar una serie de parámetros caracterizadores del proyecto, así como una metodología, en este caso la de Lazard, para determinar los flujos de caja y poder establecer los criterios de rentabilidad. Se realiza por tanto un análisis pormenorizado de la estructura de capital, costes e ingresos de la instalación, de lo que se extrae una serie de conclusiones relacionadas con la viabilidad del proyecto a partir, en primer lugar, del VAN y el TIR, y en última instancia del análisis de sensibilidad y del análisis de riesgo. El valor positivo de los indicadores, así como el estudio de las variables críticas y de los riesgos a los que se enfrenta el proyecto, permite concluir la rentabilidad de este así como las características de la inversión a nivel de subvenciones, tasa de descuento, pago de la deuda… Este estudio aporta el valor de un anteproyecto, extrayendo interesantes conclusiones en relación a los riesgos y viabilidad del mismo, y analizando figuras como el contrato PPA cuya implantación sería de interés en este tipo de inversiones. Es trascendental por tanto valorar la implantación de este tipo de proyectos, que, como se afirma en la primera parte de este documento, van a tener una relevancia considerable en el camino hacia la neutralidad climática y la sostenibilidad del sistema eléctrico. Se pone en valor soluciones como la CRYOBattery que, partiendo de tecnologías ya maduras y existentes, son innovadoras y tienen grandes posibilidades. ; ABSTRACT: The growth in demand, the change in consumption patterns and the increase in intermittency due to a greater penetration of renewable energies are putting the energy system under great pressure, whose solution involves, among others, economic, scalable and long-lasting energy storage facilities. In the first part of this project, the Report, a review is made of the energy and climate policy adopted in Spain and defined in the PNIEC, which entails a need for facilities to address the gaps between demand and generation and gives a key role to energy storage facilities. Therefore, the political and legal context of energy storage is analyzed, as well as the challenges faced by the sector in Spain, at the time of having a greater implementation. Subsequently, an analysis of the available storage technologies is carried out, establishing a comparison between them, focusing on the mechanical storage technologies, since they are the largest in power and duration. Within the mechanical technologies, the study focuses on the cryogenic air energy storage technology, analyzing the CRYObattery facility, owned by the company Highview Power, whose implementation will be analyzed in the rest of the project. The next part, corresponding to the Feasibility Analysis, begins by defining the location criteria of the CRYObattery, proximity to consumers and renewable energy facilities, identifying it in the industrial area of Llanos de San Isidro, in Dueñas, Palencia. Once the geographical location has been analyzed, the next step in the feasibility analysis is to carry out an economic analysis of the storage installation. This CRYOBattery is defined as a standard module of 50/50 MW, and therefore, being aware of data related to its costs, a series of parameters characterizing the project can be determined, as well as a methodology, in this case of Lazard, to determine the cash flows and to be able to establish the profitability criteria. A detailed analysis of the capital structure, costs and revenues of a facility is therefore carried out, from which a series of conclusions related to the viability of the project are drawn based, firstly, on the NPV and IRR, and ultimately on the sensitivity and risk analysis carried out. The positive value of the indicators, as well as the study of the critical variables and the risks faced by the project, has allowed me to conclude the profitability of this type of facility as well as the characteristics of the investment at the level of subsidies, discount rate, debt repayment. Once concluded the feasibility and the actions to be taken to avoid risks, such as the establishment of PPAs with renewable energy producers and consumers, it is considered that the study carried out provides the value of a preliminary project for a CRYObattery. It is therefore transcendental to value the implementation of this type of projects, which, as stated in the first part of this document, will have a considerable relevance in the path towards climate neutrality and sustainability of the electricity system. The paper highlights solutions such as CRYOBattery which, based on existing and mature technologies, are innovative and have great potential. ; Máster en Ingeniería Industrial

Relevance of the research topic. In the conditions of transformation, a special role in the formation of a favorable institutional environment for the intensification of investment activities in the agricultural sector is given to the state as an important institution for the organization of the process and its participants. Formulation of the problem. The relationship of investment activity with the processes of institutional transformation is still poorly studied in economic theory due to the novelty of this process and are systemic in nature. Here, a significant role is played, first of all, by the institutional features of the formation of a favorable investment environment in the conditions of deepening transformation and integration processes in the state. For the transformational economy, the system of economic property relations is an urgent problem, in particular, for the agricultural sector – it is land ownership. Analysis of recent research and publications. Many works of famous scientists are devoted to the issue of institutional theories of investment: A. Spithof [5, p. 330-331], J. Commons [3], W. Mitchell [15], J. Buchanan [4], W. Rostow [24], R. Coase [11], J. Ellull [27], R. Aron [18], J. Galbraith [30], J. Schumpeter [21], W. Favor [19], K. Eklund [7], A. Burley [6], G. Minz [6], I. Nadler [6], S. Chase [6], P. Drucker [26]. In Ukraine, scientific research of domestic scientists using the methodological tools of institutionalism A. Bykova, M. Kolesnik, T. Kosovo, N. Marenkov, A. Ivashina, V. Fedorenko is also presented. In the works of N. Marenkov [13], A. Bykova [1], O. Ivashina [1], M. Kolisnyk [9], M. Tugan-Baranovsky [20], the organization of the process of formation and development of non-market forms of economic interactions in conditions of transformation of social and economic relations. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. A special study of investment activity in the context of deepening transformation processes in the national economic system requires consideration of two aspects of this process: the need and principles of adaptation of investment institutions as carriers of another institutional tradition to the market environment; study of those positive institutional effects of direct investment, which contribute to the acceleration of institutional transformations, the adaptation of world "institutional standards" to national conditions. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. To study the theoretical and practical aspects of the relationship between structural and institutional transformation with the organization of the investment process in the agricultural sector. Method or methodology of the study. Institutionalism, as a scientific field, emerged at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, as a trend that criticizes the methodological positions of the neoclassical school. Among the well-known representatives of this school are usually T. Veblen, J. Commons, W. Mitchell, D. Clark. At the same time, early institutionalism is sometimes considered as a precursor of Keynesianism [12, p. 28]. The methodological basis of the new institutionalism are the works of the classics of economic scientific thought. Presentation of the main material (results of work).The article examines the features of institutional support in the development of investment activitiesinthe agricultural sector. There is a need to take into account investment capacity in the methodology of analysis of investment potential,in the process of considering investment potential, from the point of view of the institutional approach. The processes of globalization are a catalyst in the search for ways to increase economic prosperity and an important prerequisite for this process is the investment potential. The possibility of using institutional theory in the development of investment activity is proved. A recommendation is given that the investment process and investment activities should be studied and considered in dynamics. Institutionalism focuses on a comprehensive study of economic systems. Theories of institutionalism related to investment are reduced to separate concepts of behavior of market participants and to the analysis of the investment climate. For the formation of international economic relations, an important element in determining the effectiveness of the global economy are approaches to institutional economics. The factor of high technology is an important factor in the formation of an economic institutional system. The subject of knowledge of institutional theory are institutions, and what are its advantages. The institute (as a subject of research), on the one hand, provides a broad view of the development of the economy and society, analysis of the economic system and society as a whole in interaction with other institutions, such as the state, and on the other - requires a deep and specific understanding institutions. From the point of view of representatives of institutionalism, institutions are a way of thinking and acting that is embodied in social customs, institutions, and rules. In the non-institutional direction, institutions are considered as factors influencing the decisions made by economic agents. The field of application of results. Directions for further development of the agricultural sector of the national economy depend on the investment policy that shapes the investment climate in the country and the ability of state institutions to implement it effectively. The investment process, as evidenced by world experience, is able to provide large-scale technical and technological renewal of the agricultural sector, which will result in increasing the competitiveness of agricultural production and ensuring sustainable social and economic development of the country. Conclusions according to the article.It should be noted that according to the methodology of the system approach, investment activity has all the hallmarks of a system that is developing dynamically and is influenced by external and internal institutional environment. The development of Ukraine's economy in the conditions of deepening transformation and integration processes is characterized by increasing influence of uncertainties and risks of the modern institutional environment in which investment activities are carried out not only by national but also foreign investors. Increasing the degree of uncertainty of the investment process in the transformation of the national social and economic system is due primarily to the fact that in the transition to market relations remain institutions and institutions inherited from the previous economic system, and market institutions are not yet formed or poorly functioning. Also, the development of the investment process is influenced by the constant change of the economic situation and the situation and competition in the investment capital market, the introduction of new technologies and methods of organizing the production process, and so on. Thus, institutionalism is a productive direction in the development of investment activities.

That crash you heard was Republican Gov. Jeff Landry
throwing a brick through the plate glass window of business-as-usual leftist
populism infecting Louisiana public policy. And not a moment too soon.

Landry gave the state a head start in knowing some
of his policy priorities of when projected inclement weather bumped up his
inauguration a day early (although he would not officially take the reins for
another 19 hours). In his subsequent speech,
he made clear he would come after certain orthodoxies underpinning policy of
his predecessor Democrat Gov. John Bel Edwards and allies.

His overall theme – Louisiana as home, but
welcoming back those who had departed it for presumably greener pastures –
pulled back the curtain on what was to come: leaving implied things were wrong
with the state that could be fixed. He gave in the first part a paean to
Louisianans, interspersed with hints of what was to come with assertions that government
was not to "disenfranchise" people nor to be driven by divisive elite interests,
and spoke of a need to "repair and reform" government.

Around this time, the camera gave a glance at
Edwards, who looked like he had swallowed a sour mouse. Then Landry stopped
pulling punches.

He spoke of a people's agenda where "children be
afforded an education that reflects those wholesome principles, and not an
indoctrination behind their mother's back" that would "honor our teachers by
letting them teach and safeguard our schools from the toxicity of unsuitable
subject matter." He empathized with "the victims of crime whose compelling
voices have gone un-heard for far too long, squelched by the misguided noise of
those who had rather coddle criminals than live in peace."

He pledged to heed "all of the science, not just
the selective slices spoon-fed to us by those seeking to profit, in many cases,
from the taxpayer funded subsidies that disregard the health, the safety, and
the employment security of our citizens; hiding the truth about the real
environmental footprints created by the lust for wealth by a chosen few and
their reckless proposals." And, he vowed, while praising those directly serving
in the industry, to correct the health and welfare of our families from being "politicized
to the point of endangerment and disregard for the dignity of our elderly and
our suffering."

Translation: measures on the way to excise neo-racism
posing as anti-racism in instruction as foundational principles and the steering
of children towards faddish ideas about their identities, even without parental
knowledge, whether in the classroom or elsewhere, in the state's educational
institutions from kindergarten through the university.

Translation: significant reversal of Edwards' criminal
justice changes and installing other reforms to ensure accountability is brought
not just for criminal behavior but also to the justice system to have it protect
first and foremost the law-abiding citizenry.

Translation: sweeping away Edwards' policies and government
infrastructure built around those based on the junk science of climate alarmism
to take an informed and balanced approach towards upkeeping and burnishing the
environment.

Translation: stop leaders from measuring success
in health care delivery by how many people they can put on government insurance
rather than seeking efficiency and giving priority to the most needy and vulnerable,
and instead start concentrating on making sure those in genuine need have meaningful
access to health care with the most vulnerable receiving priority, by spending  more wisely while sidelining special interests
trying to distort the system, whether those be ideologically and/or
economically motivated.

At the ceremony's conclusion, fireworks erupted,
auguring what will come over the next four years on the policy front as Landry
and like-minded legislators try to reverse finally a century of misguided agendas
that veered even more off course over the past eight years. Only that, as the
speech suggested, will bring home Louisianans separated from both state soil physically
by or in morale attitudinally over the wages of that history. Not a moment too
soon, it's morning in Louisiana again.

Relevance of the research topic. The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken Ukraine's economy and affected all businesses. In addition, it showed how vulnerable both business owners and employees can actually be. And, although quarantine has paralyzed business activity in all parts of the world, for Ukrainian entrepreneurs this test has complicated the already difficult economic situation. A socio-economic assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on businesses and households, led by UNDP and in collaboration with UN Women and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, found that 84% of households had reduced incomes and 43% had at least one family member. lost his job. Formulation of the problem. Small business is the driving force of the entire economy. This thesis is confirmed by the practical experience of Ukraine and foreign countries. For the past two years, the economies of the states have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exhausted them and forced them to look for new ways to support, rationally and economically use funds. Big business has adapted quickly to the challenges of the crisis, but small businesses are not always able to respond adequately and are the most vulnerable, as small businesses tend to lack the financial reserves to stay afloat and go bankrupt in the wake of another pandemic. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Scientists have not yet sufficiently studied the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development and functioning of small business, so they require more detailed research. Problem setting, research goals. The aim of the article is to study socio-economic problems and develop possible anti-crisis measures to overcome the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of small business and household activities. Research method or methodology. The article uses a set of such methods: generalization, descriptive, abstract-logical and systematization. Presenting main material. Given the destabilization of the economy and limited financial resources caused by the pandemic, it is business entities that do not require large start-up investments that can, with some support, solve Ukraine's crisis economy most quickly and effectively, stimulate competition and promote economic growth. Based on the above, we can say that the development of entrepreneurship is a powerful factor in reforming the economy: creating a socially oriented market mechanism, overcoming the current crisis decline in production and providing conditions for economic growth of the regions. Unfortunately, small business, which for many years was formed as a means of subsistence for entrepreneurs and their families, and remained a "survival business" without being formed into a full-fledged sector of the economy. , construction, etc.) carries the following important economic burdens: is an important part of the country's export activities, along with large corporations is an important component of innovation, cooperates with large enterprises, forming mutually beneficial cooperative structures. to become a decisive factor in improving economic mechanisms, and must work in the interests of all segments of society, contribute to the eradication of poverty. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the study of problems: regional economy, global economy, national economy. Conclusions according to the article. In the conditions of a pandemic and a crisis of the economy, it is the state's assistance to small businesses that can lead to an improvement in the economic situation both in the regions and in the country as a whole. Today, it is with small and medium-sized enterprises that the state hopes for rapid positive structural changes in the economy, overcoming the economic crisis and creating conditions for economic growth. That is why countries with developed economies do their best to promote the development of small business by creating a favorable economic climate for its existence, develop and implement various measures of financial support by the state.

The extent to which farm households can successfully employ coping strategies to smooth their consumption in the face of droughts depends crucially on the intensity of the climatic shocks. In this study, we analyse geo-coded climate data matched with household data from the two rounds of Mauritania's Permanent Survey on Living Conditions of Households (EPCV) to compare the impact of the 2008 and 2014 droughts on rural households' welfare and the adaptation strategies that they subsequently employed. The 2008 and 2014 droughts differ sharply in intensity. The 2008 drought was localized with about 45% rural households reporting loss of livestock. In contrast, the 2014 drought was the worst in a decade and affected nearly all parts of the country. We generate a number of indicators of drought intensity in Mauritania and examine their impact on per capita consumption, livestock assets and poverty incidence among Mauritanian households. We find that households living in departments where the 2014 drought was at least one standard deviation more intense relative to the department's long-term precipitation average have an 11.9% lower per capita consumption and 8.9% higher likelihood of falling below the national poverty line compared to households which faced less-intense drought. Importantly, we observe no such welfare losses during the 2008 drought. Change in household asset portfolio sheds light on these findings: Household wealth fell during both periods of drought, implying that farm households attempted to maintain consumption by liquidating assets, especially livestock. However, ownership of small ruminants (goats and sheep) grew, suggesting a greater reliance on more drought-resistant livestock species. The sale of livestock and raising of greater numbers of small ruminants helped maintain consumption levels during the 2008 drought but did not entirely compensate for the losses or could prevent households from reducing consumption during the 2014 drought. ; La capacité des ménages agricoles à utiliser avec succès des stratégies d'adaptation pour lisser leur consommation face aux sécheresses dépend fondamentalement de l'intensité des chocs climatiques. Dans cette étude, nous analysons les données climatiques géocodées couplées aux données des ménages issus des deux cycles de l'Enquête Permanente sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages (EPCV) de Mauritanie afin de comparer l'impact des sécheresses de 2008 et 2014 sur le bien-être des ménages ruraux et les stratégies d'adaptation qu'ils ont ensuite employées. Les sécheresses de 2008 et 2014 diffèrent fortement en intensité. La sécheresse de 2008 était localisée, environ 45 % des ménages ruraux ayant déclaré avoir perdu du bétail. En revanche, la sécheresse de 2014 a été la pire de la décennie et a touché presque toutes les régions du pays. Nous générons un certain nombre d'indicateurs de l'intensité de la sécheresse en Mauritanie et examinons leur impact sur la consommation par tête, les biens d'élevage et l'incidence de la pauvreté parmi les ménages mauritaniens. Nous constatons que les ménages vivant dans les départements où la sécheresse de 2014 était au moins d'un écart-type plus intense par rapport à la moyenne des précipitations à long terme du département ont une consommation par habitant inférieure de 11,9 % et une probabilité supérieure de 8,9 % de tomber sous le seuil national de pauvreté par rapport aux ménages qui ont été confrontés à une sécheresse moins intense. Il est important de noter que nous n'avons pas observé de telles pertes de bien-être pendant la sécheresse de 2008. L'évolution du portefeuille d'actifs des ménages éclaire ces résultats : La richesse des ménages a diminué pendant les deux périodes de sécheresse, ce qui implique que les ménages agricoles ont tenté de maintenir leur consommation en liquidant leurs actifs, en particulier le bétail. Cependant, la possession de petits ruminants (chèvres et moutons) a augmenté, ce qui suggère une plus forte dépendance à l'égard d'espèces de bétail plus résistantes à la sécheresse. La vente de bétail et l'élevage d'un plus grand nombre de petits ruminants ont contribué à maintenir les niveaux de consommation pendant la sécheresse de 2008, mais n'ont pas entièrement compensé les pertes ou empêché les ménages de réduire leur consommation pendant la sécheresse de 2014.

The context in which international food trade takes place has changed considerably since the last Ministerial Conference (MC11) in 2017. Significant progress has not been achieved in many import-ant issues that are still pending on the organization's agenda. Moreover, geopolitical changes and the Covid-19 pandemic have drastically impacted the institutional priorities of countries and the WTO it-self. The global economy has substantially deteriorated over the past two years, with structural impacts in the areas of trade and food security, particularly for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The multilateral trading system and its main organization, the WTO, have come under attack and are being discredited. The possibility of advancing towards coordinated solutions to major global issues through multilateral cooperation seems unlikely.Countries have adopted a wide range of strategic decisions to respond to the effects of this situation on international trade and agriculture. Many have revised their trade policies to adjust them to different scenarios with respect to food security and agricultural trade flows. The surge in commodity prices and a fear of food shortages have led some governments to apply restrictive measures that limit or tax agricultural exports. Other measures adopted include direct market interventions through public stock holdings, special safeguard mechanisms, and state trading enterprises. The adoption of these measures has triggered new debates on their effectiveness in reducing food insecurity and propelling the development of fair and transparent food markets.Regulations such as sustainability standards, access restrictions or domestic support measures must be transparent and aligned with WTO principles to avoid discretionary applications and discrimina-tory practices. Information transparency is key to access and develop new markets, especially under growing environmental scrutiny. Effective market access is crucial, not only for the development of agro-exporting countries (which prioritize this issue on their development agendas) but also for importing countries, as a means of guaranteeing food security and connecting main suppliers with buyers in regions facing food shortages.The WTO dispute settlement mechanism has become a strategic asset for developing countries, enabling them to continue expanding their agricultural exports and strengthening their position in the market. However, the current state of paralysis of the WTO Appellate Body has recently affected the institution's effectiveness in regulating and arbitrating conflicts in the area of food trade relations. Most importantly, the growth strategy of Latin American countries depends on the WTO and the legal order that it enforces; therefore, actively contributing to its modernization and prioritizing its success as part of their trade and foreign policies is of crucial importance. ; Executive Summary Introduction Measures taken in the context of the Covid-19 and discussed at the WTO Committee on Agriculture Topics discussed at the WTO agricultural committee going into the MC12 New disciplines for domestic support Restrictions and export duties: a pending issue Market access Public Stockholdings, Special Safeguard Mechanism and State Trading Enterprises: What's food security got to do with them? Other topics relevant for Agriculture and the WTO Promoting Transparency on Agricultural Policies at the WTO: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean Impacts of agricultural producer support on climate and nutrition outcomes with special emphasis on Latin America and the Caribbean Harmonization of sustainability standards under the WTO framework as the core to create an intersection of trade and environment mutually supportive Plurilateral agreements under the WTO Food Products, the WTO Dispute Settlement System and Trade Remedies WTO Dispute Settlement Cases Involving Latin American countries and the Agreement on Agriculture, 1995-2019 MIRAGRODEP, an analytical model adapted to economic and trade reforms Some thoughts and proposals for a way forward ; Non-PR ; IFPRI2; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance ; LAC; MTID; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the countries in the world that meets all the climatic conditions to feed its population. As a result, it is theoretically capable of making do with domestic production to feed its population without resorting to imports. It has arable land, a diversity of climates and a hydraulic network that can provide good irrigation and agriculture throughout the year. Its population is predominantly young and can be used as a labor force. However, the DRC is paradoxically one of the countries most affected by famine and food insecurity in the world. Its potential remains underexploited. National production shows a glaring deficit, far from meeting the food needs of the population and forces the country to turn to imports. To date, all the indicators prove that food and nutritional security (SAN) in the DRC cannot be guaranteed without resorting to imports. In 2014, the chronic malnutrition rate was 43% for whole country and 17% in Kinshasa (INS, 2013-2014). At the end of the CPI analyses carried out between July and December 2019, 26% of the population analysed were in a situation of acute food insecurity (Phases 3 and 4), of which more than 4 million were in an emergency situation (Phase 4). Projections from January to May 2020 indicate that around 13.24 million people, or 28%, will be acutely food insecure (Phases 3 and 4), of which more than 3.4 million will be in an emergency situation (Phase 4) (DRC CPI, 2019). In urban areas in general, and in Kinshasa in particular, the unemployment rate is considerable. People in paid employment represent 35% of the active population (E-QUIBB / DRC 1-2016: 215). This unemployment limits households' access to food and exposes them to chronic food insecurity. This situation has led to a great impoverishment of the population, forcing households to reorganise themselves by adopting various strategies. Some have developed a number of these practices, using the mobilisation of all members and diversifying sources of income. Others are reducing the quality and number of meals. Some heads of households explicitly or implicitly solicit children's contribution to the household budget. Others have made it a 'social norm': bi tie te bi lie te (who does not contribute does not eat). We wanted to understand the impact of all these practices and strategies on social relations within households. To do this, a qualitative study was carried out in three sites in Kinshasa, namely: Limete, Ndjili and Makala. For more than six months, we monitored consumption in 30 households divided into three categories: poor, average and well-off. Using semi-directive interviews, direct observations, life stories and consumption records, we observed and questioned the different actors involved in the survival of the households. This information was supplemented by the consumption records, which made it possible to take a sample of each household's daily consumption. As a model for data production and analysis, we used the theory of social practices. The socio-anthropological method was used as an analytical grid to grasp the different logics of action developed by the actors around food. The results of the study show that fundraising practices vary from one environment to another, from one household to another, and even from one individual to another. Culinary space appears to be a divisive and unifying factor in all the sites. The people in charge of preparation vary from one site to another and from one household to another. It is mainly the woman who is in charge of cooking. When she works outside her household, she is replaced by another woman who is either a relative, her daughter or her maid. Consumption is the time of all issues where we observed the division between the entitled and the excluded, individualism, the failure to take into account the notion of family, the instability of the alliance with the change of allies according to circumstances; a moment of unity for some households, of sharing, contradiction and solidarity towards parasitic households for others. In short, this is the moment when we can observe the crisis in solidarity and solidarity in the crisis in the poor and intermediate class.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; A new global set of atmospheric temperature profiles is retrieved from recalibrated radiance spectra recorded with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). Changes with respect to previous data versions include a new radiometric calibration considering the time dependency of the detector nonlinearity and a more robust frequency calibration scheme. Temperature is retrieved using a smoothing constraint, while tangent altitude pointing information is constrained using optimal estimation. ECMWF ERA-Interim is used as a priori temperature below 43 km. Above, a priori data are based on data from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 4 (WACCM4). Bias-corrected fields from specified dynamics runs, sampled at the MIPAS times and locations, are used, blended with ERA-Interim between 43 and 53 km. Horizontal variability of temperature is considered by scaling an a priori 3D temperature field in the orbit plane in a way that the horizontal structure is provided by the a priori while the vertical structure comes from the measurements. Additional microwindows with better sensitivity at higher altitudes are used. The background continuum is jointly fitted with the target parameters up to 58 km altitude. The radiance offset correction is strongly regularized towards an empirically determined vertical offset profile. In order to avoid the propagation of uncertainties of O3 and H2O a priori assumptions, the abundances of these species are retrieved jointly with temperature. The retrieval is based on HITRAN 2016 spectroscopic data, with a few amendments. Temperature-adjusted climatologies of vibrational populations of CO2 states emitting in the 15 µm region are used in the radiative transfer modeling in order to account for non-local thermodynamic equilibrium. Numerical integration in the radiative transfer model is now performed at higher accuracy. The random component of the temperature uncertainty typically varies between 0.4 and 1 K, with occasional excursions up to 1.3 K above 60 km altitude. The leading sources of the random component of the temperature error are measurement noise, gain calibration uncertainty, spectral shift, and uncertain CO2 mixing ratios. The systematic error is caused by uncertainties in spectroscopic data and line shape uncertainties. It ranges from 0.2 K at 20 km altitude for northern midlatitude summer conditions to 2.3 K at 12 km for tropical conditions. The estimated total uncertainty amounts to values between 0.6 K at 20 km for midlatitude summer conditions to 2.5 K at 12–15 km for tropical conditions. The vertical resolution varies around 3 km for altitudes below 50 km. The long-term drift encountered in the previous temperature product has been largely reduced. The consistency between high spectral resolution results from 2002 to 2004 and the reduced spectral resolution results from 2005 to 2012 has been largely improved. As expected, most pronounced temperature differences between version 8 and previous data versions are found in elevated stratopause situations. The fact that the phase of temperature waves seen by MIPAS is not locked to the wave phase found in ECMWF analyses demonstrates that our retrieval provides independent information and does not merely reproduce the prior information. © Author(s) 2021. ; This study was partly funded by DLR under contract no. 50EE1547 (SEREMISA). The IAA team was supported by MCIU under projects ESP2017-87143-R and PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. WACCM simulations are based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement no. 1852977. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

Створення інноваційних кластерів шляхом реформування виробничих зон є одним з основних напрямів інноваційної політики України. З її реалізацією пов'язують рішення самих важливих соціальних і економічних задач – покращення якості життя українців та підвищення конкурентоспроможності вітчизняної продукції. Створення кластеру потребує величезних витрат як приватних коштів, так і бюджетних, тому необхідним є обґрунтування їх витрат. Але єдині методичні підходи ще не вироблені. Спроби розробки методики оцінки внеску кластеру у соціально-економічний розвиток регіону започаткована автором у межах виконання науково-дослідної роботи зі створення мегакластеру в Одеській області. Запропонована методика може використовуватися на реорганізації інноваційного кластеру для обґрунтування вибору форми організаційних перетворень до кожної установи, що входить до його складу; на етапі функціонування інноваційного кластеру в цілях оцінки ефективності його діяльності. Вирішення таких задач за даною методикою ускладнюється відсутністю системи оціночних показників, які можуть бути використані для проведення діагностики, моніторингу і спеціального обстеження кластеру. Також сьогодні відсутні інформаційні бази для регулювання процесів створення і розвитку кластера. У роботі розглянуто роль кластеру як сучасного інструмента формування конкурентоспроможності регіонального господарства. Відзначено, що у сучасних умовах вплив державної регіональної політики на економічну динаміку визначається спроможністю місцевої адміністрації створювати і підтримувати інституціональні умови для конструювання і підсилення преваг в область ділового клімату. ; Создание инновационных кластеров путем реформирования производственных зон является одним из основных направлений инновационной политики Украины. С ее реализацией связывают решение самых важных социальных и экономических задач – улучшение качества жизни украинцев и повышение конкурентоспособности отечественной продукции. Создание кластера требует больших затрат как частных средств, так и бюджетных, поэтому необходимым является обоснование их расходов. Но единые методические подходы еще не выработаны. Попытки разработки методики оценки вклада кластера в социально-экономическое развитие региона начата автором в рамках выполнения научно-исследовательской работы по созданию мегакластеру в Одесской области. Предложенная методика может использоваться при реорганизации инновационного кластера для обоснования выбора формы организационных преобразований до каждого учреждения, входящего в его состав; на этапе функционирования инновационного кластера в целях оценки эффективности его деятельности. Решение таких задач по данной методике осложняется отсутствием системы оценочных показателей, которые могут быть использованы для проведения диагностики, мониторинга и специального обследования кластера. Также сегодня отсутствуют информационные базы для регулирования процессов создания и развития кластера. В работе рассмотрена роль кластера как современного инструмента формирования конкурентоспособности регионального хозяйства. Отмечено, что в современных условиях влияние государственной региональной политики на экономическую динамику определяется способностью местной администрации создавать и поддерживать институциональные условия для конструирования и усиления преимуществ в область делового климата. ; The creation of innovation clusters by reforming industrial zones is one of the main directions of innovation policy of Ukraine. With the implementation of associated critical social and economic challenges – to improve the quality of life of Ukrainians and increase the competitiveness of domestic products. Creating the cluster requires a huge investment of private funds, and budget, so it is necessary to substantiate their expenditures. But common methodological approaches has not been developed. Attempts to develop methods for the assessment of the contribution of the cluster in the socio-economic development of the region begun by the author in the framework of implementation of scientific-research works on creation of megacluster in the Odessa region. The proposed method can be used on the reorganization of the innovation cluster to justify the selection of organizational form changes to each Agency, included in its composition; in the operational phase of an innovation cluster in order to assess its effectiveness. The solution of such problems by this method is complicated by the absence of a system of benchmarks that can be used for diagnosis, monitoring and special surveys of the cluster. Also today, there is no information database to regulate the processes of creation and development of the cluster. The paper discusses the role of the cluster as a modern tool of formation of competitiveness of regional economy. It is noted that in modern conditions the influence of the state regional policy on economic dynamics is determined by the ability of local governments to create and maintain the institutional conditions for constructing and strengthening benefits to the region's business climate.

Створення інноваційних кластерів шляхом реформування виробничих зон є одним з основних напрямів інноваційної політики України. З її реалізацією пов'язують рішення самих важливих соціальних і економічних задач – покращення якості життя українців та підвищення конкурентоспроможності вітчизняної продукції. Створення кластеру потребує величезних витрат як приватних коштів, так і бюджетних, тому необхідним є обґрунтування їх витрат. Але єдині методичні підходи ще не вироблені. Спроби розробки методики оцінки внеску кластеру у соціально-економічний розвиток регіону започаткована автором у межах виконання науково-дослідної роботи зі створення мегакластеру в Одеській області. Запропонована методика може використовуватися на реорганізації інноваційного кластеру для обґрунтування вибору форми організаційних перетворень до кожної установи, що входить до його складу; на етапі функціонування інноваційного кластеру в цілях оцінки ефективності його діяльності. Вирішення таких задач за даною методикою ускладнюється відсутністю системи оціночних показників, які можуть бути використані для проведення діагностики, моніторингу і спеціального обстеження кластеру. Також сьогодні відсутні інформаційні бази для регулювання процесів створення і розвитку кластера. У роботі розглянуто роль кластеру як сучасного інструмента формування конкурентоспроможності регіонального господарства. Відзначено, що у сучасних умовах вплив державної регіональної політики на економічну динаміку визначається спроможністю місцевої адміністрації створювати і підтримувати інституціональні умови для конструювання і підсилення преваг в область ділового клімату. ; Создание инновационных кластеров путем реформирования производственных зон является одним из основных направлений инновационной политики Украины. С ее реализацией связывают решение самых важных социальных и экономических задач – улучшение качества жизни украинцев и повышение конкурентоспособности отечественной продукции. Создание кластера требует больших затрат как частных средств, так и бюджетных, поэтому необходимым является обоснование их расходов. Но единые методические подходы еще не выработаны. Попытки разработки методики оценки вклада кластера в социально-экономическое развитие региона начата автором в рамках выполнения научно-исследовательской работы по созданию мегакластеру в Одесской области. Предложенная методика может использоваться при реорганизации инновационного кластера для обоснования выбора формы организационных преобразований до каждого учреждения, входящего в его состав; на этапе функционирования инновационного кластера в целях оценки эффективности его деятельности. Решение таких задач по данной методике осложняется отсутствием системы оценочных показателей, которые могут быть использованы для проведения диагностики, мониторинга и специального обследования кластера. Также сегодня отсутствуют информационные базы для регулирования процессов создания и развития кластера. В работе рассмотрена роль кластера как современного инструмента формирования конкурентоспособности регионального хозяйства. Отмечено, что в современных условиях влияние государственной региональной политики на экономическую динамику определяется способностью местной администрации создавать и поддерживать институциональные условия для конструирования и усиления преимуществ в область делового климата. ; The creation of innovation clusters by reforming industrial zones is one of the main directions of innovation policy of Ukraine. With the implementation of associated critical social and economic challenges – to improve the quality of life of Ukrainians and increase the competitiveness of domestic products. Creating the cluster requires a huge investment of private funds, and budget, so it is necessary to substantiate their expenditures. But common methodological approaches has not been developed. Attempts to develop methods for the assessment of the contribution of the cluster in the socio-economic development of the region begun by the author in the framework of implementation of scientific-research works on creation of megacluster in the Odessa region. The proposed method can be used on the reorganization of the innovation cluster to justify the selection of organizational form changes to each Agency, included in its composition; in the operational phase of an innovation cluster in order to assess its effectiveness. The solution of such problems by this method is complicated by the absence of a system of benchmarks that can be used for diagnosis, monitoring and special surveys of the cluster. Also today, there is no information database to regulate the processes of creation and development of the cluster. The paper discusses the role of the cluster as a modern tool of formation of competitiveness of regional economy. It is noted that in modern conditions the influence of the state regional policy on economic dynamics is determined by the ability of local governments to create and maintain the institutional conditions for constructing and strengthening benefits to the region's business climate.

The transition to a climate-neutrality is expected to boost the demand for batteries in the coming years. If the EU wants to be competitive in the global market of battery manufacturing it has to ensure a sustainable, secure supply of raw materials needed for the batteries value chain. Therefore, reliable systemic information on recent availability of these raw materials within the EU economy is crucial to identify hotspots and define ways to secure their sustainable supply. Material System Analysis (MSA) can provide crucial information for the recent past on sustainable resource management, including the provision of evidence to inform policy decision-making on the sustainable and competitive supply of e.g. battery raw materials. This report focuses on the MSA studies of five selected materials used in batteries: cobalt, lithium, manganese, natural graphite, and nickel. It summarises the results related to material stocks and flows for each material. The MSA studies, were performed for five consecutive reference years, i.e. from 2012 to 2016. This report however presents only the MSA results for 2016. Priority has been given to official and publicly available data sources. Because of their importance for the future battery value chain in Europe, the five MSA have been harmonised considering the latest available datasets publicly available on batteries stocks and flows (update from the ProSum database). The five battery-related materials analysed show a very strong reliance on imports along the value chain. In particular the material systems are all highly dependent on imports of primary and/or semi-processed materials. The EU self-sufficiency was analysed separately for each stage. For the extraction stage, natural graphite had the lowest value of EU self-sufficiency in 2016 (less than 1% of the amount used in manufacturing was extracted in the EU), while nickel had the highest (37% of nickel in its primary forms was extracted in the EU). For the EU manufacturing stage, 75% of the products containing cobalt and lithium consumed in the use stage were produced in the EU, in 2016. On the other hand, the EU manufacturing of manganese, natural graphite and nickel products was self-sufficient to satisfy the EU consumption and supplying the external market. For all these materials the functional recycling of old scrap is still low and under development in the EU. Cobalt has the highest end-of-life recycling input rate (EOL-RIR) with 22%, while for lithium, this rate is close to 0%. This indicates that the EU is currently able to only slightly decrease its dependency on primary material using secondary materials recycled domestically. For the period covered by the MSA (2012-2016), results confirm that battery manufacturing has not been a dominant application. Based on the strong promotion of clean technologies, the demand for these raw materials is expected to multiply. As a consequence, imports of these materials will intensify, as domestic processing and manufacturing increases. The situation is however less clear for the net balance of the final products (containing these materials). In the coming years, the expansion in EU capacity to produce significant amounts of batteries and related final products will determine industry's competitiveness on the world battery market. ; publishedVersion ; The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content © European Union, 2020, except: Battery figure in the cover page that was designed by vectorpocket / Freepik

<p><span>Em 2017 completaram-se quarenta anos da publicação de </span><em>Elegia para uma re(li)gião</em><span>, de Francisco de Oliveira. Dedicado a analisar a trajetória da Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE), da qual o sociólogo fez parte entre 1959 e 1964, o texto se tornou uma referência para o debate sobre a questão regional no Brasil. Além da crítica ao modelo de desenvolvimento que guiou a atuação da SUDENE, sobretudo durante a ditadura, </span><em>Elegia</em><span>expõe os impactos do "milagre econômico" sobre o Nordeste e as mudanças na divisão regional do trabalho do país. O texto exprime, também, a visão de uma parte dos intelectuais de esquerda sobre aquela conjuntura social e econômica. A partir da análise dos principais argumentos utilizados pelo autor e do debate sobre o clima que envolveu a elaboração do ensaio, este artigo tem o objetivo de relembrar seu impacto sobre as ciências sociais brasileiras dos anos 1970 e, por fim, refletir brevemente sobre sua atualidade.</span></p><p>FORTY YEARS OF AN ELEGIA: Francisco de Oliveira and the Northeast</p><p>The classic essay of Francisco de Oliveira, <em>Elegia para uma re(li)gião</em> were completed forty years in 2017. Dedicated to analyse the trajectory of SUDENE - Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste, where the sociologist worked between 1959 and 1964, the paper became a reference for the debates on the regional problems in Brazil. Oliveira criticizes the model of development that guided SUDENE's activities, especially during the dictatorship. He shows the impact of "milagre econômico" on Northeast and the changes in regional division of labour in the country. The essay expresses also the opinions of some left wing intellectuals about the social and economic situations. From the analysis of Oliveira's main arguments and the debate on the atmosphere surrounding the essay's creation, this article aims to remind the essay's impact on Brazilian social sciences in the 1970s and, finally, briefly reflect on its importance for the present.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>SUDENE; Oliveira, Francisco de; Northeast - Brazil; Developmentalism; Dictatorship</p><div><p class="trans-title">QUARANTE ANS D'ÉLEGIE: Francisco de Oliveira et le nord-est</p><p>La publication du livre <em>Elegia para uma re(li)gião</em>, de Francisco de Oliveira, va faire quarante ans en 2017. Dedié a analiser la trajectoire de la SUDENE, où le sociologue a travaillé entre 1959 et 1964, le texte est devenu une référence pour le debat sur la question regionale au Brésil. Au-delà de la critique au modèle de développement qui a guidé les actions de la SUDENE, surtout pendant la dictature, <em>Elegia</em> montre l'impact du "<em>milagre econômico</em>" sur le Nord-est brésilien et les changements dans la division régionale du travail du pays. Le texte exprime, aussi, la vision d'une partie des intellectuels de gauche sur la situation social et économique. D'après l'anayse des principaux arguments utilisés par l'auteur et du débat sur le climat qui a encouragé la création du livre, cet article vise à rappeler sont impact sur les sciences sociales au Brésil pendant les annés 1970 et, enfin, réfléchir brièvement sur sa pertinence.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>SUDENE; Oliveira, Francisco de; Nord-est - Brésil; Développementisme; Dictature</p></div>

Abstrak Pembangunan merupakan suatu proses menuju perubahan yang diupayakan secara terus menerus untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Hasil pembangunan dapat diukur dengan menggunakan indicator jumlah output yang dihasilkan selama periode tertentu. Penggalian sumber daya sendiri perlu dioptimalkan agar dapat digunakan sebagai input pembangunan perekonomian daerah yang mandiri. Desentralisasi kekuasaan dalam rangka peningkatan kemampuan daerah untuk mengoptimalkan sumber daya lokal diharapkan akan mendorong memajukan pembangunan daerah masing-masing sehingga diharapkan akan memiliki tujuan akhir untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat pada tingkat daerah maupun nasional. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data tahunan dari tahun 2000 sampai dengan tahun 2009. Variabel terikat dalam penelitian ini adalah Produk Domestik Regional Bruto, sedangkan variabel bebasnya adalah tingkat investasi dan tenaga kerja. Sejalan dengan masalah dan hipotesis dalam penelitian ini, maka penelitian ini menggunakan metode statistika dengan menggunakan persamaan regresi linear berganda dan ditransformasikan dalam bentuk logaritma. Berdasarkan uji F dengan melihat probabilitas dari nilai F 89,962 pada tingkatan α 1 %, variable tingkat investasi dan tenaga kerja, secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap produk domestik regional bruto Kota Manado. Besarnya R2, berdasarkan hasil analisis ini diperoleh sebesar 0,962, ini berarti pengaruh variable tingkat investasi dan tenaga kerja terhadap produk domestik regional bruto Kota Manado secara bersama-sama adalah sebesar 96,2 %. Secara parsial yang ditunjukkan dengan uji t, variabel tingkat investasi dan tenaga kerja secara parsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produk domesik regional bruto Kota Manado. Adapun saran dari penelitian ini antara lain : pemerintah daerah hendaknya menciptakan iklim investasi yang kondusif dengan jalan memberikan kepastian hukum, kemudahan perijinan dan perbaikan dan penambahan infrastrukur. Selain itu peningkatan kemampuan dan ketrampilan tenaga kerja juga sangat diperlukan mengingat persaingan yang semakin mengglobal dan sebagai upaya menarik pihak ketiga untuk datang ke daerah yang memiliki sumber daya manusia yang memiliki kemampuan yang tinggi. Kata Kunci : Otonomi, Tenaga Kerja, Struktur Ekonomi Abstract Development is a process towards change continuously strived to improve the welfare of society. Development outcomes can be measured using indicators of the amount of output produced during a certain period. Excavation own resources needs to be optimized so that it can be used as the input of independent regional economic development. Decentralization of power in order to improve the region's ability to optimize local resources are expected to push to advance the development of their respective areas so hopefully will have the ultimate goal to improve the welfare of society at regional and national levels. The data used in this study are annual data from 2000 to 2009. The dependent variable in this study is the Gross Domestic Product, while the independent variable is the level of investment and labor. Along with the problem and the hypothesis in this study, this study used statistical methods using multiple linear regression equation and transformed into logarithms. Based on F test by looking at the probability of an F 89.962 at the level of α 1%, variable levels of investment and labor, jointly influence the regional gross domestic product of Manado. The amount of R2, based on the results of this analysis was obtained for 0,962, this means that the effect of variable levels of investment and employment to regional gross domestic product of Manado together amounted to 96.2%. Partially indicated by t test, a variable level of investment and employment partially no significant effect on the gross regional product domestically Manado. The suggestion from this study include: the local government should create a conducive investment climate by providing legal certainty, ease of licensing and infrastructure improvements and additions. In addition, increase the capabilities and skills of the workforce is also very necessary given the increasingly globalized competition and as an effort to attract a third party to come to the area which has the human resources that have a high ability. Keywords: Autonom, Labor, Economic Structure.

The relevance of the article is the need to revise, from a modern angle, the important stages of development of the Ukrainian musical culture of the Soviet period, when the ideological pressure eased for a while, the new creative generation entered and asserted its ideals.Main objectives of the article is to highlight the early stage of the formation of Vitaly Gubarenko's creativity and to reveal the role of the composer's fellowship with the talented young conductor of the same generation, Stefan Turchak.The methodology involves the use of source study and biographical methods related to reference to archival sources and the introduction of new facts and documentary evidence into scientific use, as well as the historical method of researching interaction in the context of the time of cultural policy, musical creativity and performance.Results and conclusions. The study showed the stimulating role of the "thaw" period on musical-historical processes in Ukraine, which were characterized by the repertoire renewal of philharmonic programs and playbills. The formation of a new generation of Ukrainian musicians, their successful creative implementation was promoted by government orders for new compositions, the assignment of young musicians to senior positions, the touring activities of creative teams, the promotion of Ukrainian music achievements outside the country. Based on the documentary sources, the conclusion is that the staging of the first opera by V. Gubarenko "The Squadron's Death", directed by Stephan Turchak, became the high-profile cultural event of Ukraine's musical and theatrical life and a crucial stage in the creative biography of both musicians. The influence on the further fate of the composer and conductor and on the termination of their fruitful cooperation of changes in the political climate in the country in the midseventies was emphasized. ; Актуальность исследования состоит в необходимости пересмотра под современным углом зрения важных этапов развития украинской музыкальной культуры советского периода, когда на время смягчалось идеологическое давление, в жизнь входило и утверждало свои идеалы новое творческое поколение.Цель исследования – осветить ранний этап становления творчества Виталия Губаренко и раскрыть роль в нем содружества композитора с талантливым молодым дирижером той же генерации Стефаном Турчаком.Методология исследования предусматривает применение источниковедческого и биографического методов, связанных с обращением к архивным источникам и с введением в научный обиход новых фактов и документальных свидетельств, а также исторического метода исследования взаимодействия в контексте времени культурной политики, музыкального творчества и исполнительства.Основные результаты и выводы исследования. Исследование показало стимулирующее воздействие периода «оттепели» на музыкально-исторические процессы в Украине, которые характеризовались репертуарным обновлением филармонических программ и театральной афиши. Формированию нового поколения украинских музыкантов, их успешной творческой реализации способствовали государственные заказы на новые сочинения, назначения молодых музыкантов на руководящие должности, гастрольная деятельность творческих коллективов, пропаганда достижений украинской музыки за пределами республики. На основе документальных источников сделан вывод о том, что постановка на киевской сцене первой оперы Виталия Губаренко «Гибель эскадры», дирижером-постановщиком которой стал Стефан Турчак, стала резонансным культурным событием музыкально-театральной жизни Украины и решающим этапом в творческой биографии обоих музыкантов. Подчеркнуто влияние на дальнейшую судьбу композитора и дирижера и на прекращение их плодотворного сотрудничества изменения политического климата в стране в середине 1970-х годов. ; Розглянуто плідний період творчого спілкування композитора Віталія Губаренка та диригента Стефана Турчака, пов'язаний з інтенсивним входженням обох митців у процеси розвитку і оновлення української музичної культури 60-х – початку 70-х років минулого століття. Наводяться факти першопрочитань диригентом симфонічних творів В. Губаренка, приклади їхнього виконання в Україні та за її межами, відгуки на ці виступи. Докладно відтворюється історія втілення на сцені Київського академічного театру опери та балету імені Тараса Шевченка першої опери В. Губаренка «Загибель ескадри», а також офіційні і приватні оцінки вистави як значної художньої події і спільної перемоги двох музикантів-однодумців. Згадуються постановки на київській сцені під орудою С. Турчака балету В. Губаренка «Камінний господар» та опери «Мамаї». Проаналізовані об'єктивні та суб'єктивні причини згортання творчих відносин музикантів, починаючи з середини 70-х років.

Nach FAO-Angaben werden weltweit etwa ein Drittel aller produzierten Lebensmittel weggeworfen. Die Reduzierung dieser Lebensmittelverschwendung auf Einzelhandels- und Verbraucherebene um 50 % bis 2030 ist eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Herausforderung, der sich auch die Bundesregierung stellt und u. a. eine Nationale Strategie zur Reduzierung der Lebensmittelverschwendung beschloss sowie einen entsprechenden Indikator für die Deutsche Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie prüft. Der hier vorliegende Entwurf einer Baseline stellt eine Entscheidungsgrundlage für die Berechnung und Berichterstattung der Lebensmittelabfälle 2015 in Deutschland dar. Daten und Methoden sowie die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse inklusive Qualitätsreport sind auch konform mit dem entsprechenden und ebenfalls im Entwurf vorliegenden Delegierten Beschluss der EU für die zukünftige Berichterstattung. Die Baseline-Berechnung erfolgt grundsätzlich auf der Datenbasis von 2015, wobei entweder die Erhebungen genau aus diesem Jahr stammen, oder von den zeitlich am nächsten liegenden Erhebungen anderer Jahre übertragen werden. Dies gilt besonders auch für die angewandten Koeffizienten, die sich meist aus Abfallanalysen und Befragungen oder Buchungsdaten und sonstigen Erhebungen herleiten. Die Gesamtabfallmenge 2015 für Lebensmittelabfälle in Deutschland beträgt fast 11,9 Millionen Tonnen Frischmasse, wobei die Primärproduktion einen Anteil von 12 % (1,36 Mio. t), die Verarbeitung von 18 % (2,17 Mio. t), der Handel von 4 % (0,49 Mio. t) und die Außer-Haus-Verpflegung von 14 % (1,69 Mio. t) ausmacht. Der Großteil der Lebensmittelabfälle entsteht mit 52 % (6,14 Mio. t) in privaten Haushalten, dies entspricht etwa 75 kg pro Kopf im Jahr 2015. Über alle Sektoren hinweg wäre nach den vorliegenden Hochrechnungen etwa die Hälfte der Abfälle theoretisch vermeidbar. Die Qualität der Daten und der Datenanalyse wurde ergänzend bewertet. Unsicherheiten in der Datenlage bestehen vor allem in den Bereichen Primärproduktion, Verarbeitung und Handel. Insbesondere beeinflusst der Handelssektor die Lebensmittelabfälle im vorgelagerten Bereich z. B. durch Qualitätsansprüche und Retouren sowie im Konsumbereich durch Kaufanreize. Eine koordinierte Zusammenarbeit mit Akteuren aus Primärproduktion, Verarbeitung und Handel sowie Konsum ist notwendig, um zukünftig die Datenlage zu verbessern und Schnittstellen zu optimieren. Die vorliegende Baseline berichtet die Lebensmittelabfälle in Tonnen Frischmasse, ohne deren Wertigkeit und die Trends zu berücksichtigen. Für eine Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung reicht dies nicht aus. Zukünftig müssten dafür ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Ableitungen aus der Baseline folgen, die dann auch z. B. den Klimaschutzplan 2050 unterstützen könnten. Signifikante Veränderungen im Zeitablauf geben darüber hinaus Aufschluss über positive oder auch negative Trends und sind somit ein Gradmesser für allgemeine Entwicklungen in Kombination mit Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung der Lebensmittelverschwendung. ; According to FAO data, about one-third of all food produced worldwide is discarded. Reducing this food waste by 50 % at the retail and consumer levels until the year 2030 is a societal challenge currently faced by the German government as well. The German National Strategy for Food Waste Reduction and German's Strategy for Sustainable Development address this topic. The draft of a baseline presented here provides a basis for decision-making for the calculation and reporting of food waste 2015 in Germany. Data and methods as well as the results, including the quality report, are also compliant with the relevant EU Delegated Decision for future reporting. The baseline calculation is based on data from 2015, whereby surveys either originate from this year, or are transferred from the most recent surveys of other years. This applies in particular to the applied coefficients derived from waste analyses, surveys and accounting data, or other records. The total amount of food waste produced in 2015 in Germany amounts to almost 11.9 million tons of fresh mass, with primary production accounting for 12 % (1.36 million tons); processing 18 % (2.17 million tons); trade 4 % (0.49 million tons) and out-of-home catering for 14 % (1.69 million tons). The bulk of food waste is generated in private households at 52 % (6.14 million tons), which is equivalent to about 75 kg per capita in 2015. Across all sectors, about half of the waste could theoretically be avoidable. Both the quality of the data and the data analysis are assessed. Uncertainties in the data situation exist above all in the areas of primary production, processing and trading. In particular, the retail sector influences food waste in the upstream sector due to quality claims and returns as well as in the consumer sector due to purchase incentives. Coordinated cooperation with actors from primary production, processing and trading as well as consumption is necessary in order to improve the data situation and optimize interfaces in the future. The present baseline reports the food waste in tons of fresh mass without considering its value and the trends. This is not enough for a sustainability assessment. In the future, ecological, economic and social inferences from the baseline would have to follow. For example, they could support the Climate Action Plan 2050. Significant changes over time also shed light on positive or negative trends, and thus provide a gauge of overall trends in combination with measures to reduce food waste.