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China's new leadership has launched a series of foreign policy and economic initiatives whose implications reach far beyond their own region. Washington disapproves of Beijing's plans, regarding the proposed financial institutions in particular as a challenge to their established Western-dominated counterparts. China's response is that these are sensible and important additions to the existing architecture. European states failed to fall in line with the US stance, and many became founding members of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). China's overarching vision of "new Silk Roads" integrating Asia and Europe by land and sea also demands a European response. In order to achieve better coordination than they managed over the AIIB question, the European Union and European states need to discuss and evaluate the economic and political dimensions of the Chinese initiatives in their overall context. (SWP Comments)

"China's new leadership has launched a series of foreign policy and economic initiatives whose implications reach far beyond their own region. Washington disapproves of Beijing's plans, regarding the proposed financial institutions in particular as a challenge to their established Western-dominated counterparts. China's response is that these are sensible and important additions to the existing architecture. European states failed to fall in line with the US stance, and many became founding members of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). China's overarching vision of "new Silk Roads" integrating Asia and Europe by land and sea also demands a European response. In order to achieve better coordination than they managed over the AIIB question, the European Union and European states need to discuss and evaluate the economic and political dimensions of the Chinese initiatives in their overall context." (Autorenreferat)

Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- 1 China's Path of Peaceful Development in the Second Decade of the 21st Century /Bijian Zheng -- 2 How to Reboot China's Reform /Jinglian Wu -- 3 Understanding the Past, Present, and Future of China's Economic Development: Based on a Unified Framework of Growth Theories /Fang Cai -- 4 China's Monetary Policy Since the Turn of the Century /Xiaochuan Zhou -- 5 Outward Reforming and Inward Opening to Promote Industrial Upgrading /Miaojie Yu and Binluo Wang -- 6 Global Governance Failure and Ideational Reconstruction for a Sustainable World Order /Yaqing Qin -- 7 Non-neutral International Institution and Catch-up Strategy of Emerging-market Economies /Yuyan Zhang and Weijiang Feng -- 8 Harmonising the Management of Foreign and Domestic Affairs in Chinese Foreign Policy /Qingmin Zhang -- 9 Geo-religion and China's Foreign Strategy /Yihua Xu and Lei Zou -- 10 Sino-u.s. Strategic Rivalry and Evolution of the East Asian Security Order /Feng Zhu -- 11 Should China and Russia Become Allies? /Huasheng Zhao -- 12 dprk Nuclear Issue and Chinese Policy /Tuosheng Zhang -- 13 Japan's Political Right-deviation, and the Issue of Way of Thinking and Strategic Approach to Sino-Japanese Relations /Yinhong Shi -- 14 On Daring and Inconsistency: Thoughts on Shi Yinhong's 2014 Japanese Studies Article /Allen Carlson -- 15 Answers and Questions on China-Japan Relations /James Reilly -- 16 Theory of Victory, Expectation Adjustment, and China's Mutual Reassurance with Japan /He Yinan -- Index.

The article is devoted to the role of tsarist doctors in solving several foreign policy issues in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great. It analyzes the activities of two doctors Robert Areskin and George Polikala. Areskin played a crucial role in Peter I 's communication with the Jacobites under deteriorating relations between Russia and England in 1717-1718. Polikala, in turn, assisted the Russian government in several interactions with the Ottoman Empire.Sources indicate that R. Areskin was the leading lobbyist for the idea of the Russian government supporting James III Stuart. With the help of his relatives, who actively supported the overthrown dynasty, Areskin negotiated with representatives of the Swedish King Charles XII and with other European diplomats during the second European trip of Peter the Great. The diplomatic scandal of early 1717 connected to the disclosure of another Jacobite conspiracy involving the official circles of Sweden affected Areskin's endeavors. During these events, the doctor's secret negotiations with representatives of a state at war with Russia became public. Despite the official assurances of Peter the Great and Areskin about their non-involvement in the activities of the opponents of King George I of England, negotiations with the Jacobites continued later, during the tsar's stay in France and Holland. Areskin remained the main initiator of these contacts even after Peter I returned to Russia, which only aggravated the problematic relations with England. However, the death of the tsar's doctor led to the fact that the "Jacobite intrigue" in Russia was over.Medic G.Polikala was involved in the activities of Russian diplomacy in Turkey. In particular, he had contacts with the Russian envoy in Istanbul, P.A. Tolstoy, and attempted to withdraw A. Cantemir from the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Unfortunately, the information about Polikala's participation in Peter I's secret diplomacy events is sketchy.The article concludes that the tsarist doctors played an essential role in implementing the foreign policy initiatives of Peter I.