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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mavanahalli-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 361 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 403 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha area is covered by railway line, 323 ha area is covered by mining/industrial and 31 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 336 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 12 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 150 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 19 per cent loamy soils and 62 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of 50 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 32 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 13 per cent of area is very low (0.75%), 56 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 2 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) and 61 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 39 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 55 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 67 (19) 137 (38) Guava - 67 (19) Maize 67 (19) 137 (38) Sapota - 67 (19) Bajra 67 (19) 137 (38) Pomegranate - 146 (40) Groundnut - 67 (19) Musambi - 146 (40) Sunflower - 146 (40) Lime - 146 (40) Redgram - 204 (57) Amla 67 (19) - Bengal gram - 137 (38) Cashew - - Cotton - 146 (40) Jackfruit - 67 (19) Chilli - 146 (40) Jamun - - Tomato - 67 (19) Custard apple - 146 (40) Brinjal - 67 (19) Tamarind - - Onion - 67 (19) Mulberry - 67 (19) Bhendi - 146 (40) Marigold - 146 (40) Drumstick - 67 (19) Chrysanthemum - 146 (40) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mavanahalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 31' 9.304" and 160 29' 12.155" and East longitude 770 19' 56.248'' and 770 19' 1.502" covering an area of about 343.08 ha coming under Mavinahalli and Kadechoora villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mavanahalli-1 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 3 (8.57 %) were marginal, 20 (57.14%)were small, 5 (14.29 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 110 (60.44%) men and 72 (39.56 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (50.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.66 per cent illiterates, 1.10 percent were functional literates, 57.69 per cent pre university education and 5.49 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.09 per cent of the household members.  In the study area and 68.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 82.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 14.29 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.69, women available in the micro watershed was 1.60, hired labour (men) available was 6.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.86.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 9.34 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1114.17 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 89.09 per cent (48.98 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 10.91 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.38 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 100.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 34.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 158.33 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 77.27 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.56915.69 , 33986.70, 39587.88 and 28264.01 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.70, 1: 1.20, 1: 1.10 and 1: 1.30 respectively.  Further, 60.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81191.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 49574.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 32 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 45.71 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 11685.71 for land development and Rs. 371.43 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 77.14 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 80.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 71.43 per cent of the households and 22.86 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 74.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.29 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 0.00 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (88.57%) and oilseeds (57.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (74.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (62.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.00%), high rate of interest on credit (42.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (40.00%), inadequate extension services (45.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.43%), Less rainfall (80.00%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (25.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 515 ha in Shethalli-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 67 per cent is covered by soils, 31 per cent by mining/industrial and 2 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 1 land Management units.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent are deep (100-150 cm) and about 57 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 66 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 32 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 31 per cent soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 – 9.0) and about 5 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 59 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 43 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Shethalli-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 345 (67) Sapota - - Maize - - Guava - - Red gram - 345 (67) Pomegranate - 345 (67) Bajra - 345 (67) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 345 (67) Sunflower - 345 (67) Musambi - 345 (67) Cotton - 345 (67) Lime - 345 (67) Bengalgram - 345 (67) Cashew - - Chilli - 345 (67) Custard apple - 345 (67) Tomato - - Amla - 345 (67) Drumstick - 345 (67) Tamarind - 345 (67) Mulberry - - Marigold - 345 (67) Mango - 345 (67) Chrysanthemum - 345 (67) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shethalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 32' 53.654" and 160 31' 15.619" and East longitude 770 19' 40.855'' and 770 17' 42.879" covering an area of about 515.22 ha coming unde Shettilli, Kadechoora and Daddala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shethalli-1 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 farmers were sampled in Shethalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (24.32%) were marginal, 12 (32.43%) were small and 11 (29.73 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 107 (59.12%) men and 74 (40.88 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.2, small farmers were 5.2 and semi medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (39.23%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.41 per cent illiterates, 72.36 per cent pre university education and 8.84 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.89 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.11 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.35 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 86.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.41 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 75.68 per cent possess TV, 18.92 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.59 per cent possess mobile phones and 29.73 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.03 per cent of the households possess plough, 10.81 per cent possess tractor, 13.51 per cent possess bullock cart and 35.14 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 27.03 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 12.35, women available in the micro watershed was 1.22, hired labour (men) available was 1.41 and hired labour (women) available was 6.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.07 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Maize, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 51.35 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 127.03 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 26.09 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 34.78 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Maize, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.54846.06, 24673.26, 34772.97 and 22695.97 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.95, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.40 and 1: 2.10 respectively.  Further, 32.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 132751.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 59927.03 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 18 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 18.92 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 297.30 for land development and Rs. 17567.57 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.70 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 37.84 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 48.65 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 51.35 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (51.35%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 72.97 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 72.97 per cent of the households and 27.03 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.65 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (62.16%), pulses (64.86%) and oilseeds (59.46%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (54.05%) wild animal menace on farm field (37.84%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.16%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (83.78%), high rate of interest on credit (83.78%), low price for the agricultural commodities (81.08%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (78.38%), inadequate extension services (10.81%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Dear readers,We offer you a new English issue of Envigogika which thematically focuses on case studies of regional sustainable development where social actors play specific roles in communication processes – it documents both the promotion of positive changes at regional level and/or also provide evidence to illuminate seemingly unresolvable conflicts. The concept of social learning from an educational point of view frames this thematic edition – as with any other learning process, stakeholder dialogue has a transformative aspect, the opportunity to confront and possibly change opinions and act on the basis of agreed emergent standpoints. In particular, this collection of case studies specifically tries to illuminate role of science and education in regional development, and attempts to introduce methods of analysis of diverse social relationships as well as practical ways of facilitation of communication processes.In this issue of Envigogika two types of case studies are presented – regional development and regional conflicts. Progress in both is highly dependent on the involvement of actors who shape discussions and consequently frame the issue. Analysis of social aspects is hence highly desirable and first steps undertaken here show some interesting results.The first area of interest (development issues) is a traditional focus of Actor Analysis (AA) and this method is widely used abroad in the envisioning stage and helps to facilitate negotiation processes. In the Czech context however, deliberation processes take place rather spontaneously and without a proper analytical stage, and reflections on negotiations in specific cases illustrates exactly this. A hypothesis about the need for continuous cultivation of democratic conditions in the Czech Republic, (with help of sound scientific analytical methods) specifically concerning deliberation processes, was posed as a result of a collaborative research process. This hypothesis was explored in different ways by our invited authors.To provide a brief overview of the issue:Simon Burandt, Fabienne Gralla and Beatrice John in their article Actor Analysis in Case Studies for (regional) Sustainable Development introduce the Actor Analysis analytical tool used to reflect regional (sustainable) development challenges throughout several articles in this issue. This method can be used with the aim not only of studying social capital, but also to have an impact on decision making and community choices. Its role in describing social players and their interactions, to assist in understanding regional development processes and potential conflicts, and to provide information for strategy development is demonstrated through a specific case (the Ore Mountains). The steps of an actor analysis described in the article can be read as guideline for implementing this analysis and an analytical perspective on this process is provided by this article.An outstanding Czech sustainability oriented local economy project is presented in an article by Jan Labohý, Yvonna Gaillyová and Radim Machů: A sustainability assessment of the Hostětín cider house project. The authors assess the sustainability of the project in relation to different kinds of capital using complex indicators that uncover different aspects of the production process and its local cultural characteristics; moreover, effects to the local economy are measured using the local multiplier effect indicator. From this assessment it is clear that the cider house project meets the primary goals of regional sustainable development in a long term perspective.Another – opposite, negative – case is described by Jan Skalík in the analyses the Debate about the Šumava National Park in the Czech Chamber of Deputies. The article demonstrates persisting conflict and its roots with help of the text analysis method applied to the transcripts of parliamentary debates about National Park Šumava (ŠNP) in the Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 2013. The relationship between politicians and local people within decision-making process, which is depicted as a consequence of this conflict, is then discussed. Interesting conclusions concern the plurality of dialogue and roles of the actors within it; the influence of scientists on the solutions; and the inflammatory and emotional characteristics of recent debate.As a contrast, which serves as a counterargument to show the power of civic society, Vendula Zahumenská refers to a case in Hradec Králové where environmentalists and local developers have been in conflict concerning the development and commercial use of the Na Plachtě natural monument. This case study shows the role of public participation in environmental protection and describes the specific opportunities for influencing environmental decision-making.But there are cases in CR where declared economic interests are so strong that they eliminate dialogue with civic society – for example, as a result of brown coal mining and its associated industrial development, 106 towns and villages were obliterated in North Bohemia and its population was resettled to newly built prefabricated housing estates. A Case study analysing biographic interviews with the displaced people of Tuchomyšl is presented by Ivana Hermová. The author shows that the former Tuchomyšlers continue to identify strongly with the social space of the obliterated village, and discovers how they reflect on their forced eviction 35 years after the physical destruction of the village.That these conclusions concerning the involvement of social actors might be reflected (and used) in the practice of school education, is described by Alois Hynek, Břetislav Svozil, Jakub Trojan and Jan Trávníček. In a reflection on the Deblínsko landscape project these authors refer to the roles of stakeholders including a university, primary school and kindergarten, and also owners, users, decision-makers, shareholders and stakeholders within public administration. The project is driven by Masaryk University which applies sustainability/security concepts in practice while closely relating these activities with research and teaching. This experience shows that social learning processes can start early among children/pupils/students.A brief analytical overview of cases in this special issue, as well as an overview of information and experiences from a database of case studies from different regions of the Czech Republic and from abroad (compiled by authors beyond the scope of this issue), is provided in an article Potential for social learning in sustainable regional development: analysis of stakeholder interaction … by Jana Dlouhá and Martin Zahradník. The conditions for the success or failure of environmental or sustainable development strategies from a social point of view have been analysed here with a focus on the roles of actors in a dialogue about regional sustainability issues within cooperative or conflict situations and concern for the communication processes among actors, scientists included. As a result of this analysis, interesting hypotheses were formulated, related to the role of future visioning as a ground for discussion, communication frameworks which involve all concerned actors, and the (non)existence of facilitation practices. These findings highlight the importance of reflecting on development issues' social aspects to help understand and promote democratic decision making processes at regional level.The case studies which follow the research section of the issue take the opportunity to provide a colourful depiction of local sustainable development conditions. The Description of old industrial regions in Europe and potential for their transformation is described by Joern Harfst and David Osebik who stress social learning as an important transformative factor. In particular the involvement of research partners may support joint learning effects and knowledge transfer between all actors. Establishment of trusting working relationships may be crucial to overcome certain reservations on all sides before innovative approaches can be pursued successfully.The Vulkanland case study case written by Michael Ober traces the first glimpses of a sustainable development vision for a border region with little hope for economic prosperity to the successful development of a new identity which has reinforced local peoples' self-confidence. The initiators of the project first imagined a future built on different standards than the past and consequently managed to substantially transform this region within a period of 15 years. The 'Steirisches Vulkanland' region now includes 79 municipalities which together promote local, green, self-sustaining businesses and continue to be ambitious about their future visions including achieving energy independence.As part of the theme illustrated in this Special issue and mentioned also within the analysis of the cases is a text Discovery of a supposed extinct settlement species made at Königsmühle in the Ore Mountains (published previously in Envigogika 9/1 last year but worth republishing in English in the context of this thematic issue). Author Petr Mikšíček pays attention to footprints left in the landscape by bygone generations of inhabitants (and also to present-day footprints left by our generation) and struggles to retain this memory for future generations. Clashes with the interests of some of the actors (land owners in this case) are necessary to preserve the footprints that are on the brink of being wiped out.A brief introduction to the new publication Analysis and support for participatory decision-making processes aimed at regional sustainable development strategies through the use of actor analysis methodology which is available fully online here is presented in the Information section of the Issue.From this overview, some general conclusions can be derived:Conflict situations described in this issue emerged when traditional concepts were enforced by strong actors (without joint envisioning and planning with the others); these circumstances usually do not allow for balanced discussions about the future. However the important role of minor actors such as scientists was also revealed. Experiences with their involvement provided a chance to highlight the role of scientists in policy-making.Based on the findings of this and other related research, the role of scientists can be framed not only as providers of the (rather technical) expertise to reach the goals that were set within the environment or SD oriented decision-making, but also as entering policy negotiations providing an insight into the processes they undergo. If invited at an early stage of decision-making, they can have a considerable impact on its results (then their involvement can be described as an action research). This finding might be used in planning of similar practical and scientific projects.As we can see, several interesting ideas resulted from a comparative meta-analysis of the case studies and were outlined in this issue of Envigogika. In general, it is a social point of view that provides an insight into the nature of the examples presented from the Czech Republic and the good practices from abroad. A scientific method of description is used here to reflect policy mechanisms as well as to indicate a way forward for integrating decision making practice into very sensitive, local or regional sustainability contexts. We sincerely hope that this will precipitate a broad process of public dialogue among experts as well as other actors – beyond the realm of academic discussions only, but nevertheless with substantial academic input.We wish you an enjoyable read and a pleasant and relaxing summer!On behalf of the Envigogika editorial teamJana and Jiří DlouhýAcknowledgementResearch in several articles of this issue was supported by the following projects: Interdisciplinary network of cooperation for policy development in the field of sustainable development (Mezioborová síť spolupráce pro policy development v oblasti udržitelného rozvoje – MOSUR, 2011‑2014) CZ.1.07_2.4.00_17.0130 from the OPVK program of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports; and TD020120 (TAČR), and 14/36005S (GAČR).

International audience ; 1. The conference The third conference on "Nonlinear VAriability in Geophysics: scaling and multifractal processes" (NVAG 3) was held in Cargese, Corsica, Sept. 10-17, 1993. NVAG3 was joint American Geophysical Union Chapman and European Geophysical Society Richardson Memorial conference, the first specialist conference jointly sponsored by the two organizations. It followed NVAG1 (Montreal, Aug. 1986), NVAG2 (Paris, June 1988; Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1991), five consecutive annual sessions at EGS general assemblies and two consecutive spring AGU meeting sessions. As with the other conferences and workshops mentioned above, the aim was to develop confrontation between theories and experiments on scaling/multifractal behaviour of geophysical fields. Subjects covered included climate, clouds, earthquakes, atmospheric and ocean dynamics, tectonics, precipitation, hydrology, the solar cycle and volcanoes. Areas of focus included new methods of data analysis (especially those used for the reliable estimation of multifractal and scaling exponents), as well as their application to rapidly growing data bases from in situ networks and remote sensing. The corresponding modelling, prediction and estimation techniques were also emphasized as were the current debates about stochastic and deterministic dynamics, fractal geometry and multifractals, self-organized criticality and multifractal fields, each of which was the subject of a specific general discussion. The conference started with a one day short course of multifractals featuring four lectures on a) Fundamentals of multifractals: dimension, codimensions, codimension formalism, b) Multifractal estimation techniques: (PDMS, DTM), c) Numerical simulations, Generalized Scale Invariance analysis, d) Advanced multifractals, singular statistics, phase transitions, self-organized criticality and Lie cascades (given by D. Schertzer and S. Lovejoy, detailed course notes were sent to participants shortly after the conference). This was followed by five days with 8 oral sessions and one poster session. Overall, there were 65 papers involving 74 authors. In general, the main topics covered are reflected in this special issue: geophysical turbulence, clouds and climate, hydrology and solid earth geophysics. In addition to AGU and EGS, the conference was supported by the International Science Foundation, the Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, Meteo-France, the Department of Energy (US), the Commission of European Communities (DG XII), the Comite National Francais pour le Programme Hydrologique International, the Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche (France). We thank P. Hubert, Y. Kagan, Ph. Ladoy, A. Lazarev, S.S. Moiseev, R. Pierrehumbert, F. Schmitt and Y. Tessier, for help with the organization of the conference. However special thanks goes to A. Richter and the EGS office, B. Weaver and the AGU without whom this would have been impossible. We also thank the Institut d' Etudes Scientifiques de Cargese whose beautiful site was much appreciated, as well as the Bar des Amis whose ambiance stimulated so many discussions. 2. Tribute to L.F. Richardson With NVAG3, the European geophysical community paid tribute to Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) on the 40th anniversary of his death. Richardson was one of the founding fathers of the idea of scaling and fractality, and his life reflects the European geophysical community and its history in many ways. Although many of Richardson's numerous, outstanding scientific contributions to geophysics have been recognized, perhaps his main contribution concerning the importance of scaling and cascades has still not received the attention it deserves. Richardson was the first not only to suggest numerical integration of the equations of motion of the atmosphere, but also to attempt to do so by hand, during the First World War. This work, as well as a presentation of a broad vision of future developments in the field, appeared in his famous, pioneering book "Weather prediction by numerical processes" (1922). As a consequence of his atmospheric studies, the nondimensional number associated with fluid convective stability has been called the "Richardson number". In addition, his book presents a study of the limitations of numerical integration of these equations, it was in this book that - through a celebrated poem - that the suggestion that turbulent cascades were the fundamental driving mechanism of the atmosphere was first made. In these cascades, large eddies break up into smaller eddies in a manner which involves no characteristic scales, all the way from the planetary scale down to the viscous scale. This led to the Richardson law of turbulent diffusion (1926) and tot he suggestion that particles trajectories might not be describable by smooth curves, but that such trajectories might instead require highly convoluted curves such as the Peano or Weierstrass (fractal) curves for their description. As a founder of the cascade and scaling theories of atmospheric dynamics, he more or less anticipated the Kolmogorov law (1941). He also used scaling ideas to invent the "Richardson dividers method" of successively increasing the resolution of fractal curves and tested out the method on geographical boundaries (as part of his wartime studies). In the latter work he anticipated recent efforts to study scale invariance in rivers and topography. His complex life typifies some of the hardships that the European scientific community has had to face. His educational career is unusual: he received a B.A. degree in physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology and zoology at Cambridge University, and he finally obtained his Ph.D. in mathematical psychology at the age of 47 from the University of London. As a conscientious objector he was compelled to quit the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in 1920 when the latter was militarized by integration into the Air Ministry. He subsequently became the head of a physics department and the principal of a college. In 1940, he retired to do research on war, which was published posthumously in book form (Richardson, 1963). This latter work is testimony to the trauma caused by the two World Wars and which led some scientists including Richardson to use their skills in rational attempts to eradicate the source of conflict. Unfortunately, this remains an open field of research. 3. The contributions in this special issue Perhaps the area of geophysics where scaling ideas have the longest history, and where they have made the largest impact in the last few years, is turbulence. The paper by Tsinober is an example where geometric fractal ideas are used to deduce corrections to standard dimensional analysis results for turbulence. Based on local spontaneous breaking of isotropy of turbulent flows, the fractal notion is used in order to deduce diffusion laws (anomalous with respect to the Richardson law). It is argued that his law is ubiquitous from the atmospheric boundary layer to the stratosphere. The asymptotic intermittency exponent i hypothesized to be not only finite but to be determined by the angular momentum flux. Schmitt et al., Chigirinskaya et al. and Lazarev et al. apply statistical multifractal notions to atmospheric turbulence. In the former, the formal analogy between multifractals and thermodynamics is exploited, in particular to confirm theoretical predictions that sample-size dependent multifractal phase transitions occur. While this quantitatively explains the behavior of the most extreme turbulent events, it suggests that - contrary to the type of multifractals most commonly discussed in the literature which are bounded - more violent (unbounded) multifractals are indeed present in the atmospheric wind field. Chigirinskaya et al. use a tropical rather than mid-latitude set to study the extreme fluctuations form yet another angle: That of coherent structures, which, in the multifractal framework, are identified with singularities of various orders. The existence of a critical order of singularity which distinguishes violent "self-organized critical structures" was theoretically predicted ten years ago; here it is directly estimated. The second of this two part series (Lazarev et al.) investigates yet another aspect of tropical atmospheric dynamics: the strong multiscaling anisotropy. Beyond the determination of universal multifractal indices and critical singularities in the vertical, this enables a comparison to be made with Chigirinskaya et al.'s horizontal results, requiring an extension of the unified scaling model of atmospheric dynamics. Other approaches to the problem of geophysical turbulence are followed in the papers by Pavlos et al., Vassiliadis et al., Voros et al. All of them share a common assumption that a very small number of degrees of freedom (deterministic chaos) might be sufficient for characterizing/modelling the systems under consideration. Pavlos et al. consider the magnetospheric response to solar wind, showing that scaling occurs both in real space (using spectra), and also in phase space; the latter being characterized by a correlation dimension. The paper by Vassiliadis et al. follows on directly by investigating the phase space properties of power-law filtered and rectified gaussian noise; the results further quantify how low phase space correlation dimensions can occur even with very large number of degrees of freedom (stochastic) processes. Voros et al. analyze time series of geomagnetic storms and magnetosphere pulsations, also estimating their correlation dimensions and Lyapounov exponents taking special care of the stability of the estimates. They discriminate low dimensional events from others, which are for instance attributed to incoherent waves. While clouds and climate were the subject of several talks at the conference (including several contributions on multifractal clouds), Cahalan's contribution is the only one in this special issue. Addressing the fundamental problem of the relationship of horizontal cloud heterogeneity and the related radiation fields, he first summarizes some recent numerical results showing that even for comparatively thin clouds that fractal heterogeneity will significantly reduce the albedo. The model used for the distribution of cloud liquid water is the monofractal "bounded cascade" model, whose properties are also outlined. The paper by Falkovich addresses another problem concerning the general circulation: the nonlinear interaction of waves. By assuming the existence of a peak (i.e. scale break) at the inertial oscillation frequency, it is argued that due to remarkable cancellations, the interactions between long inertio-gravity waves and Rossby waves are anomalously weak, producing a "wave condensate" of large amplitude so that wave breaking with front creation can occur. Kagan et al., Eneva and Hooge et al. consider fractal and multifractal behaviour in seismic events. Eneva estimates multifractal exponents of the density of micro-earthquakes induced by mining activity. The effects of sample limitations are discussed, especially in order to distinguish between genuine from spurious multifractal behaviour. With the help of an analysis of the CALNET catalogue, Hooge et al. points out, that the origin of the celebrated Gutenberg-Richter law could be related to a non-classical Self-Organized Criticality generated by a first order phase transition in a multifractal earthquake process. They also analyze multifractal seismic fields which are obtained by raising earthquake amplitudes to various powers and summing them on a grid. In contrast, Kagan, analyzing several earthquake catalogues discussed the various laws associated with earthquakes. Giving theoretical and empirical arguments, he proposes an additive (monofractal) model of earthquake stress, emphasizing the relevance of (asymmetric) stable Cauchy probability distributions to describe earthquake stress distributions. This would yield a linear model for self-organized critical earthquakes. References: Kolmogorov, A.N.: Local structure of turbulence in an incompressible liquid for very large Reynolds number, Proc. Acad. Sci. URSS Geochem. Sect., 30, 299-303, 1941. Perrin, J.: Les Atomes, NRF-Gallimard, Paris, 1913. Richardson, L.F.: Weather prediction by numerical process. Cambridge Univ. Press 1922 (republished by Dover, 1965). Richardson, L.F.: Atmospheric diffusion on a distance neighbour graph. Proc. Roy. of London A110, 709-737, 1923. Richardson, L.F.: The problem of contiguity: an appendix of deadly quarrels. General Systems Yearbook, 6, 139-187, 1963. Schertzer, D., Lovejoy, S.: Nonlinear Variability in Geophysics, Kluwer, 252 pp, 1991.

International audience ; 1. The conference The third conference on "Nonlinear VAriability in Geophysics: scaling and multifractal processes" (NVAG 3) was held in Cargese, Corsica, Sept. 10-17, 1993. NVAG3 was joint American Geophysical Union Chapman and European Geophysical Society Richardson Memorial conference, the first specialist conference jointly sponsored by the two organizations. It followed NVAG1 (Montreal, Aug. 1986), NVAG2 (Paris, June 1988; Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1991), five consecutive annual sessions at EGS general assemblies and two consecutive spring AGU meeting sessions. As with the other conferences and workshops mentioned above, the aim was to develop confrontation between theories and experiments on scaling/multifractal behaviour of geophysical fields. Subjects covered included climate, clouds, earthquakes, atmospheric and ocean dynamics, tectonics, precipitation, hydrology, the solar cycle and volcanoes. Areas of focus included new methods of data analysis (especially those used for the reliable estimation of multifractal and scaling exponents), as well as their application to rapidly growing data bases from in situ networks and remote sensing. The corresponding modelling, prediction and estimation techniques were also emphasized as were the current debates about stochastic and deterministic dynamics, fractal geometry and multifractals, self-organized criticality and multifractal fields, each of which was the subject of a specific general discussion. The conference started with a one day short course of multifractals featuring four lectures on a) Fundamentals of multifractals: dimension, codimensions, codimension formalism, b) Multifractal estimation techniques: (PDMS, DTM), c) Numerical simulations, Generalized Scale Invariance analysis, d) Advanced multifractals, singular statistics, phase transitions, self-organized criticality and Lie cascades (given by D. Schertzer and S. Lovejoy, detailed course notes were sent to participants shortly after the conference). This was followed by five days with 8 oral sessions and one poster session. Overall, there were 65 papers involving 74 authors. In general, the main topics covered are reflected in this special issue: geophysical turbulence, clouds and climate, hydrology and solid earth geophysics. In addition to AGU and EGS, the conference was supported by the International Science Foundation, the Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, Meteo-France, the Department of Energy (US), the Commission of European Communities (DG XII), the Comite National Francais pour le Programme Hydrologique International, the Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche (France). We thank P. Hubert, Y. Kagan, Ph. Ladoy, A. Lazarev, S.S. Moiseev, R. Pierrehumbert, F. Schmitt and Y. Tessier, for help with the organization of the conference. However special thanks goes to A. Richter and the EGS office, B. Weaver and the AGU without whom this would have been impossible. We also thank the Institut d' Etudes Scientifiques de Cargese whose beautiful site was much appreciated, as well as the Bar des Amis whose ambiance stimulated so many discussions. 2. Tribute to L.F. Richardson With NVAG3, the European geophysical community paid tribute to Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) on the 40th anniversary of his death. Richardson was one of the founding fathers of the idea of scaling and fractality, and his life reflects the European geophysical community and its history in many ways. Although many of Richardson's numerous, outstanding scientific contributions to geophysics have been recognized, perhaps his main contribution concerning the importance of scaling and cascades has still not received the attention it deserves. Richardson was the first not only to suggest numerical integration of the equations of motion of the atmosphere, but also to attempt to do so by hand, during the First World War. This work, as well as a presentation of a broad vision of future developments in the field, appeared in his famous, pioneering book "Weather prediction by numerical processes" (1922). As a consequence of his atmospheric studies, the nondimensional number associated with fluid convective stability has been called the "Richardson number". In addition, his book presents a study of the limitations of numerical integration of these equations, it was in this book that - through a celebrated poem - that the suggestion that turbulent cascades were the fundamental driving mechanism of the atmosphere was first made. In these cascades, large eddies break up into smaller eddies in a manner which involves no characteristic scales, all the way from the planetary scale down to the viscous scale. This led to the Richardson law of turbulent diffusion (1926) and tot he suggestion that particles trajectories might not be describable by smooth curves, but that such trajectories might instead require highly convoluted curves such as the Peano or Weierstrass (fractal) curves for their description. As a founder of the cascade and scaling theories of atmospheric dynamics, he more or less anticipated the Kolmogorov law (1941). He also used scaling ideas to invent the "Richardson dividers method" of successively increasing the resolution of fractal curves and tested out the method on geographical boundaries (as part of his wartime studies). In the latter work he anticipated recent efforts to study scale invariance in rivers and topography. His complex life typifies some of the hardships that the European scientific community has had to face. His educational career is unusual: he received a B.A. degree in physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology and zoology at Cambridge University, and he finally obtained his Ph.D. in mathematical psychology at the age of 47 from the University of London. As a conscientious objector he was compelled to quit the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in 1920 when the latter was militarized by integration into the Air Ministry. He subsequently became the head of a physics department and the principal of a college. In 1940, he retired to do research on war, which was published posthumously in book form (Richardson, 1963). This latter work is testimony to the trauma caused by the two World Wars and which led some scientists including Richardson to use their skills in rational attempts to eradicate the source of conflict. Unfortunately, this remains an open field of research. 3. The contributions in this special issue Perhaps the area of geophysics where scaling ideas have the longest history, and where they have made the largest impact in the last few years, is turbulence. The paper by Tsinober is an example where geometric fractal ideas are used to deduce corrections to standard dimensional analysis results for turbulence. Based on local spontaneous breaking of isotropy of turbulent flows, the fractal notion is used in order to deduce diffusion laws (anomalous with respect to the Richardson law). It is argued that his law is ubiquitous from the atmospheric boundary layer to the stratosphere. The asymptotic intermittency exponent i hypothesized to be not only finite but to be determined by the angular momentum flux. Schmitt et al., Chigirinskaya et al. and Lazarev et al. apply statistical multifractal notions to atmospheric turbulence. In the former, the formal analogy between multifractals and thermodynamics is exploited, in particular to confirm theoretical predictions that sample-size dependent multifractal phase transitions occur. While this quantitatively explains the behavior of the most extreme turbulent events, it suggests that - contrary to the type of multifractals most commonly discussed in the literature which are bounded - more violent (unbounded) multifractals are indeed present in the atmospheric wind field. Chigirinskaya et al. use a tropical rather than mid-latitude set to study the extreme fluctuations form yet another angle: That of coherent structures, which, in the multifractal framework, are identified with singularities of various orders. The existence of a critical order of singularity which distinguishes violent "self-organized critical structures" was theoretically predicted ten years ago; here it is directly estimated. The second of this two part series (Lazarev et al.) investigates yet another aspect of tropical atmospheric dynamics: the strong multiscaling anisotropy. Beyond the determination of universal multifractal indices and critical singularities in the vertical, this enables a comparison to be made with Chigirinskaya et al.'s horizontal results, requiring an extension of the unified scaling model of atmospheric dynamics. Other approaches to the problem of geophysical turbulence are followed in the papers by Pavlos et al., Vassiliadis et al., Voros et al. All of them share a common assumption that a very small number of degrees of freedom (deterministic chaos) might be sufficient for characterizing/modelling the systems under consideration. Pavlos et al. consider the magnetospheric response to solar wind, showing that scaling occurs both in real space (using spectra), and also in phase space; the latter being characterized by a correlation dimension. The paper by Vassiliadis et al. follows on directly by investigating the phase space properties of power-law filtered and rectified gaussian noise; the results further quantify how low phase space correlation dimensions can occur even with very large number of degrees of freedom (stochastic) processes. Voros et al. analyze time series of geomagnetic storms and magnetosphere pulsations, also estimating their correlation dimensions and Lyapounov exponents taking special care of the stability of the estimates. They discriminate low dimensional events from others, which are for instance attributed to incoherent waves. While clouds and climate were the subject of several talks at the conference (including several contributions on multifractal clouds), Cahalan's contribution is the only one in this special issue. Addressing the fundamental problem of the relationship of horizontal cloud heterogeneity and the related radiation fields, he first summarizes some recent numerical results showing that even for comparatively thin clouds that fractal heterogeneity will significantly reduce the albedo. The model used for the distribution of cloud liquid water is the monofractal "bounded cascade" model, whose properties are also outlined. The paper by Falkovich addresses another problem concerning the general circulation: the nonlinear interaction of waves. By assuming the existence of a peak (i.e. scale break) at the inertial oscillation frequency, it is argued that due to remarkable cancellations, the interactions between long inertio-gravity waves and Rossby waves are anomalously weak, producing a "wave condensate" of large amplitude so that wave breaking with front creation can occur. Kagan et al., Eneva and Hooge et al. consider fractal and multifractal behaviour in seismic events. Eneva estimates multifractal exponents of the density of micro-earthquakes induced by mining activity. The effects of sample limitations are discussed, especially in order to distinguish between genuine from spurious multifractal behaviour. With the help of an analysis of the CALNET catalogue, Hooge et al. points out, that the origin of the celebrated Gutenberg-Richter law could be related to a non-classical Self-Organized Criticality generated by a first order phase transition in a multifractal earthquake process. They also analyze multifractal seismic fields which are obtained by raising earthquake amplitudes to various powers and summing them on a grid. In contrast, Kagan, analyzing several earthquake catalogues discussed the various laws associated with earthquakes. Giving theoretical and empirical arguments, he proposes an additive (monofractal) model of earthquake stress, emphasizing the relevance of (asymmetric) stable Cauchy probability distributions to describe earthquake stress distributions. This would yield a linear model for self-organized critical earthquakes. References: Kolmogorov, A.N.: Local structure of turbulence in an incompressible liquid for very large Reynolds number, Proc. Acad. Sci. URSS Geochem. Sect., 30, 299-303, 1941. Perrin, J.: Les Atomes, NRF-Gallimard, Paris, 1913. Richardson, L.F.: Weather prediction by numerical process. Cambridge Univ. Press 1922 (republished by Dover, 1965). Richardson, L.F.: Atmospheric diffusion on a distance neighbour graph. Proc. Roy. of London A110, 709-737, 1923. Richardson, L.F.: The problem of contiguity: an appendix of deadly quarrels. General Systems Yearbook, 6, 139-187, 1963. Schertzer, D., Lovejoy, S.: Nonlinear Variability in Geophysics, Kluwer, 252 pp, 1991.

International audience ; 1. The conference The third conference on "Nonlinear VAriability in Geophysics: scaling and multifractal processes" (NVAG 3) was held in Cargese, Corsica, Sept. 10-17, 1993. NVAG3 was joint American Geophysical Union Chapman and European Geophysical Society Richardson Memorial conference, the first specialist conference jointly sponsored by the two organizations. It followed NVAG1 (Montreal, Aug. 1986), NVAG2 (Paris, June 1988; Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1991), five consecutive annual sessions at EGS general assemblies and two consecutive spring AGU meeting sessions. As with the other conferences and workshops mentioned above, the aim was to develop confrontation between theories and experiments on scaling/multifractal behaviour of geophysical fields. Subjects covered included climate, clouds, earthquakes, atmospheric and ocean dynamics, tectonics, precipitation, hydrology, the solar cycle and volcanoes. Areas of focus included new methods of data analysis (especially those used for the reliable estimation of multifractal and scaling exponents), as well as their application to rapidly growing data bases from in situ networks and remote sensing. The corresponding modelling, prediction and estimation techniques were also emphasized as were the current debates about stochastic and deterministic dynamics, fractal geometry and multifractals, self-organized criticality and multifractal fields, each of which was the subject of a specific general discussion. The conference started with a one day short course of multifractals featuring four lectures on a) Fundamentals of multifractals: dimension, codimensions, codimension formalism, b) Multifractal estimation techniques: (PDMS, DTM), c) Numerical simulations, Generalized Scale Invariance analysis, d) Advanced multifractals, singular statistics, phase transitions, self-organized criticality and Lie cascades (given by D. Schertzer and S. Lovejoy, detailed course notes were sent to participants shortly after the conference). This was followed by five days with 8 oral sessions and one poster session. Overall, there were 65 papers involving 74 authors. In general, the main topics covered are reflected in this special issue: geophysical turbulence, clouds and climate, hydrology and solid earth geophysics. In addition to AGU and EGS, the conference was supported by the International Science Foundation, the Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, Meteo-France, the Department of Energy (US), the Commission of European Communities (DG XII), the Comite National Francais pour le Programme Hydrologique International, the Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche (France). We thank P. Hubert, Y. Kagan, Ph. Ladoy, A. Lazarev, S.S. Moiseev, R. Pierrehumbert, F. Schmitt and Y. Tessier, for help with the organization of the conference. However special thanks goes to A. Richter and the EGS office, B. Weaver and the AGU without whom this would have been impossible. We also thank the Institut d' Etudes Scientifiques de Cargese whose beautiful site was much appreciated, as well as the Bar des Amis whose ambiance stimulated so many discussions. 2. Tribute to L.F. Richardson With NVAG3, the European geophysical community paid tribute to Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) on the 40th anniversary of his death. Richardson was one of the founding fathers of the idea of scaling and fractality, and his life reflects the European geophysical community and its history in many ways. Although many of Richardson's numerous, outstanding scientific contributions to geophysics have been recognized, perhaps his main contribution concerning the importance of scaling and cascades has still not received the attention it deserves. Richardson was the first not only to suggest numerical integration of the equations of motion of the atmosphere, but also to attempt to do so by hand, during the First World War. This work, as well as a presentation of a broad vision of future developments in the field, appeared in his famous, pioneering book "Weather prediction by numerical processes" (1922). As a consequence of his atmospheric studies, the nondimensional number associated with fluid convective stability has been called the "Richardson number". In addition, his book presents a study of the limitations of numerical integration of these equations, it was in this book that - through a celebrated poem - that the suggestion that turbulent cascades were the fundamental driving mechanism of the atmosphere was first made. In these cascades, large eddies break up into smaller eddies in a manner which involves no characteristic scales, all the way from the planetary scale down to the viscous scale. This led to the Richardson law of turbulent diffusion (1926) and tot he suggestion that particles trajectories might not be describable by smooth curves, but that such trajectories might instead require highly convoluted curves such as the Peano or Weierstrass (fractal) curves for their description. As a founder of the cascade and scaling theories of atmospheric dynamics, he more or less anticipated the Kolmogorov law (1941). He also used scaling ideas to invent the "Richardson dividers method" of successively increasing the resolution of fractal curves and tested out the method on geographical boundaries (as part of his wartime studies). In the latter work he anticipated recent efforts to study scale invariance in rivers and topography. His complex life typifies some of the hardships that the European scientific community has had to face. His educational career is unusual: he received a B.A. degree in physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology and zoology at Cambridge University, and he finally obtained his Ph.D. in mathematical psychology at the age of 47 from the University of London. As a conscientious objector he was compelled to quit the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in 1920 when the latter was militarized by integration into the Air Ministry. He subsequently became the head of a physics department and the principal of a college. In 1940, he retired to do research on war, which was published posthumously in book form (Richardson, 1963). This latter work is testimony to the trauma caused by the two World Wars and which led some scientists including Richardson to use their skills in rational attempts to eradicate the source of conflict. Unfortunately, this remains an open field of research. 3. The contributions in this special issue Perhaps the area of geophysics where scaling ideas have the longest history, and where they have made the largest impact in the last few years, is turbulence. The paper by Tsinober is an example where geometric fractal ideas are used to deduce corrections to standard dimensional analysis results for turbulence. Based on local spontaneous breaking of isotropy of turbulent flows, the fractal notion is used in order to deduce diffusion laws (anomalous with respect to the Richardson law). It is argued that his law is ubiquitous from the atmospheric boundary layer to the stratosphere. The asymptotic intermittency exponent i hypothesized to be not only finite but to be determined by the angular momentum flux. Schmitt et al., Chigirinskaya et al. and Lazarev et al. apply statistical multifractal notions to atmospheric turbulence. In the former, the formal analogy between multifractals and thermodynamics is exploited, in particular to confirm theoretical predictions that sample-size dependent multifractal phase transitions occur. While this quantitatively explains the behavior of the most extreme turbulent events, it suggests that - contrary to the type of multifractals most commonly discussed in the literature which are bounded - more violent (unbounded) multifractals are indeed present in the atmospheric wind field. Chigirinskaya et al. use a tropical rather than mid-latitude set to study the extreme fluctuations form yet another angle: That of coherent structures, which, in the multifractal framework, are identified with singularities of various orders. The existence of a critical order of singularity which distinguishes violent "self-organized critical structures" was theoretically predicted ten years ago; here it is directly estimated. The second of this two part series (Lazarev et al.) investigates yet another aspect of tropical atmospheric dynamics: the strong multiscaling anisotropy. Beyond the determination of universal multifractal indices and critical singularities in the vertical, this enables a comparison to be made with Chigirinskaya et al.'s horizontal results, requiring an extension of the unified scaling model of atmospheric dynamics. Other approaches to the problem of geophysical turbulence are followed in the papers by Pavlos et al., Vassiliadis et al., Voros et al. All of them share a common assumption that a very small number of degrees of freedom (deterministic chaos) might be sufficient for characterizing/modelling the systems under consideration. Pavlos et al. consider the magnetospheric response to solar wind, showing that scaling occurs both in real space (using spectra), and also in phase space; the latter being characterized by a correlation dimension. The paper by Vassiliadis et al. follows on directly by investigating the phase space properties of power-law filtered and rectified gaussian noise; the results further quantify how low phase space correlation dimensions can occur even with very large number of degrees of freedom (stochastic) processes. Voros et al. analyze time series of geomagnetic storms and magnetosphere pulsations, also estimating their correlation dimensions and Lyapounov exponents taking special care of the stability of the estimates. They discriminate low dimensional events from others, which are for instance attributed to incoherent waves. While clouds and climate were the subject of several talks at the conference (including several contributions on multifractal clouds), Cahalan's contribution is the only one in this special issue. Addressing the fundamental problem of the relationship of horizontal cloud heterogeneity and the related radiation fields, he first summarizes some recent numerical results showing that even for comparatively thin clouds that fractal heterogeneity will significantly reduce the albedo. The model used for the distribution of cloud liquid water is the monofractal "bounded cascade" model, whose properties are also outlined. The paper by Falkovich addresses another problem concerning the general circulation: the nonlinear interaction of waves. By assuming the existence of a peak (i.e. scale break) at the inertial oscillation frequency, it is argued that due to remarkable cancellations, the interactions between long inertio-gravity waves and Rossby waves are anomalously weak, producing a "wave condensate" of large amplitude so that wave breaking with front creation can occur. Kagan et al., Eneva and Hooge et al. consider fractal and multifractal behaviour in seismic events. Eneva estimates multifractal exponents of the density of micro-earthquakes induced by mining activity. The effects of sample limitations are discussed, especially in order to distinguish between genuine from spurious multifractal behaviour. With the help of an analysis of the CALNET catalogue, Hooge et al. points out, that the origin of the celebrated Gutenberg-Richter law could be related to a non-classical Self-Organized Criticality generated by a first order phase transition in a multifractal earthquake process. They also analyze multifractal seismic fields which are obtained by raising earthquake amplitudes to various powers and summing them on a grid. In contrast, Kagan, analyzing several earthquake catalogues discussed the various laws associated with earthquakes. Giving theoretical and empirical arguments, he proposes an additive (monofractal) model of earthquake stress, emphasizing the relevance of (asymmetric) stable Cauchy probability distributions to describe earthquake stress distributions. This would yield a linear model for self-organized critical earthquakes. References: Kolmogorov, A.N.: Local structure of turbulence in an incompressible liquid for very large Reynolds number, Proc. Acad. Sci. URSS Geochem. Sect., 30, 299-303, 1941. Perrin, J.: Les Atomes, NRF-Gallimard, Paris, 1913. Richardson, L.F.: Weather prediction by numerical process. Cambridge Univ. Press 1922 (republished by Dover, 1965). Richardson, L.F.: Atmospheric diffusion on a distance neighbour graph. Proc. Roy. of London A110, 709-737, 1923. Richardson, L.F.: The problem of contiguity: an appendix of deadly quarrels. General Systems Yearbook, 6, 139-187, 1963. Schertzer, D., Lovejoy, S.: Nonlinear Variability in Geophysics, Kluwer, 252 pp, 1991.

International audience ; 1. The conference The third conference on "Nonlinear VAriability in Geophysics: scaling and multifractal processes" (NVAG 3) was held in Cargese, Corsica, Sept. 10-17, 1993. NVAG3 was joint American Geophysical Union Chapman and European Geophysical Society Richardson Memorial conference, the first specialist conference jointly sponsored by the two organizations. It followed NVAG1 (Montreal, Aug. 1986), NVAG2 (Paris, June 1988; Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1991), five consecutive annual sessions at EGS general assemblies and two consecutive spring AGU meeting sessions. As with the other conferences and workshops mentioned above, the aim was to develop confrontation between theories and experiments on scaling/multifractal behaviour of geophysical fields. Subjects covered included climate, clouds, earthquakes, atmospheric and ocean dynamics, tectonics, precipitation, hydrology, the solar cycle and volcanoes. Areas of focus included new methods of data analysis (especially those used for the reliable estimation of multifractal and scaling exponents), as well as their application to rapidly growing data bases from in situ networks and remote sensing. The corresponding modelling, prediction and estimation techniques were also emphasized as were the current debates about stochastic and deterministic dynamics, fractal geometry and multifractals, self-organized criticality and multifractal fields, each of which was the subject of a specific general discussion. The conference started with a one day short course of multifractals featuring four lectures on a) Fundamentals of multifractals: dimension, codimensions, codimension formalism, b) Multifractal estimation techniques: (PDMS, DTM), c) Numerical simulations, Generalized Scale Invariance analysis, d) Advanced multifractals, singular statistics, phase transitions, self-organized criticality and Lie cascades (given by D. Schertzer and S. Lovejoy, detailed course notes were sent to participants shortly after the conference). This was followed by five days with 8 oral sessions and one poster session. Overall, there were 65 papers involving 74 authors. In general, the main topics covered are reflected in this special issue: geophysical turbulence, clouds and climate, hydrology and solid earth geophysics. In addition to AGU and EGS, the conference was supported by the International Science Foundation, the Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, Meteo-France, the Department of Energy (US), the Commission of European Communities (DG XII), the Comite National Francais pour le Programme Hydrologique International, the Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche (France). We thank P. Hubert, Y. Kagan, Ph. Ladoy, A. Lazarev, S.S. Moiseev, R. Pierrehumbert, F. Schmitt and Y. Tessier, for help with the organization of the conference. However special thanks goes to A. Richter and the EGS office, B. Weaver and the AGU without whom this would have been impossible. We also thank the Institut d' Etudes Scientifiques de Cargese whose beautiful site was much appreciated, as well as the Bar des Amis whose ambiance stimulated so many discussions. 2. Tribute to L.F. Richardson With NVAG3, the European geophysical community paid tribute to Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) on the 40th anniversary of his death. Richardson was one of the founding fathers of the idea of scaling and fractality, and his life reflects the European geophysical community and its history in many ways. Although many of Richardson's numerous, outstanding scientific contributions to geophysics have been recognized, perhaps his main contribution concerning the importance of scaling and cascades has still not received the attention it deserves. Richardson was the first not only to suggest numerical integration of the equations of motion of the atmosphere, but also to attempt to do so by hand, during the First World War. This work, as well as a presentation of a broad vision of future developments in the field, appeared in his famous, pioneering book "Weather prediction by numerical processes" (1922). As a consequence of his atmospheric studies, the nondimensional number associated with fluid convective stability has been called the "Richardson number". In addition, his book presents a study of the limitations of numerical integration of these equations, it was in this book that - through a celebrated poem - that the suggestion that turbulent cascades were the fundamental driving mechanism of the atmosphere was first made. In these cascades, large eddies break up into smaller eddies in a manner which involves no characteristic scales, all the way from the planetary scale down to the viscous scale. This led to the Richardson law of turbulent diffusion (1926) and tot he suggestion that particles trajectories might not be describable by smooth curves, but that such trajectories might instead require highly convoluted curves such as the Peano or Weierstrass (fractal) curves for their description. As a founder of the cascade and scaling theories of atmospheric dynamics, he more or less anticipated the Kolmogorov law (1941). He also used scaling ideas to invent the "Richardson dividers method" of successively increasing the resolution of fractal curves and tested out the method on geographical boundaries (as part of his wartime studies). In the latter work he anticipated recent efforts to study scale invariance in rivers and topography. His complex life typifies some of the hardships that the European scientific community has had to face. His educational career is unusual: he received a B.A. degree in physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology and zoology at Cambridge University, and he finally obtained his Ph.D. in mathematical psychology at the age of 47 from the University of London. As a conscientious objector he was compelled to quit the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in 1920 when the latter was militarized by integration into the Air Ministry. He subsequently became the head of a physics department and the principal of a college. In 1940, he retired to do research on war, which was published posthumously in book form (Richardson, 1963). This latter work is testimony to the trauma caused by the two World Wars and which led some scientists including Richardson to use their skills in rational attempts to eradicate the source of conflict. Unfortunately, this remains an open field of research. 3. The contributions in this special issue Perhaps the area of geophysics where scaling ideas have the longest history, and where they have made the largest impact in the last few years, is turbulence. The paper by Tsinober is an example where geometric fractal ideas are used to deduce corrections to standard dimensional analysis results for turbulence. Based on local spontaneous breaking of isotropy of turbulent flows, the fractal notion is used in order to deduce diffusion laws (anomalous with respect to the Richardson law). It is argued that his law is ubiquitous from the atmospheric boundary layer to the stratosphere. The asymptotic intermittency exponent i hypothesized to be not only finite but to be determined by the angular momentum flux. Schmitt et al., Chigirinskaya et al. and Lazarev et al. apply statistical multifractal notions to atmospheric turbulence. In the former, the formal analogy between multifractals and thermodynamics is exploited, in particular to confirm theoretical predictions that sample-size dependent multifractal phase transitions occur. While this quantitatively explains the behavior of the most extreme turbulent events, it suggests that - contrary to the type of multifractals most commonly discussed in the literature which are bounded - more violent (unbounded) multifractals are indeed present in the atmospheric wind field. Chigirinskaya et al. use a tropical rather than mid-latitude set to study the extreme fluctuations form yet another angle: That of coherent structures, which, in the multifractal framework, are identified with singularities of various orders. The existence of a critical order of singularity which distinguishes violent "self-organized critical structures" was theoretically predicted ten years ago; here it is directly estimated. The second of this two part series (Lazarev et al.) investigates yet another aspect of tropical atmospheric dynamics: the strong multiscaling anisotropy. Beyond the determination of universal multifractal indices and critical singularities in the vertical, this enables a comparison to be made with Chigirinskaya et al.'s horizontal results, requiring an extension of the unified scaling model of atmospheric dynamics. Other approaches to the problem of geophysical turbulence are followed in the papers by Pavlos et al., Vassiliadis et al., Voros et al. All of them share a common assumption that a very small number of degrees of freedom (deterministic chaos) might be sufficient for characterizing/modelling the systems under consideration. Pavlos et al. consider the magnetospheric response to solar wind, showing that scaling occurs both in real space (using spectra), and also in phase space; the latter being characterized by a correlation dimension. The paper by Vassiliadis et al. follows on directly by investigating the phase space properties of power-law filtered and rectified gaussian noise; the results further quantify how low phase space correlation dimensions can occur even with very large number of degrees of freedom (stochastic) processes. Voros et al. analyze time series of geomagnetic storms and magnetosphere pulsations, also estimating their correlation dimensions and Lyapounov exponents taking special care of the stability of the estimates. They discriminate low dimensional events from others, which are for instance attributed to incoherent waves. While clouds and climate were the subject of several talks at the conference (including several contributions on multifractal clouds), Cahalan's contribution is the only one in this special issue. Addressing the fundamental problem of the relationship of horizontal cloud heterogeneity and the related radiation fields, he first summarizes some recent numerical results showing that even for comparatively thin clouds that fractal heterogeneity will significantly reduce the albedo. The model used for the distribution of cloud liquid water is the monofractal "bounded cascade" model, whose properties are also outlined. The paper by Falkovich addresses another problem concerning the general circulation: the nonlinear interaction of waves. By assuming the existence of a peak (i.e. scale break) at the inertial oscillation frequency, it is argued that due to remarkable cancellations, the interactions between long inertio-gravity waves and Rossby waves are anomalously weak, producing a "wave condensate" of large amplitude so that wave breaking with front creation can occur. Kagan et al., Eneva and Hooge et al. consider fractal and multifractal behaviour in seismic events. Eneva estimates multifractal exponents of the density of micro-earthquakes induced by mining activity. The effects of sample limitations are discussed, especially in order to distinguish between genuine from spurious multifractal behaviour. With the help of an analysis of the CALNET catalogue, Hooge et al. points out, that the origin of the celebrated Gutenberg-Richter law could be related to a non-classical Self-Organized Criticality generated by a first order phase transition in a multifractal earthquake process. They also analyze multifractal seismic fields which are obtained by raising earthquake amplitudes to various powers and summing them on a grid. In contrast, Kagan, analyzing several earthquake catalogues discussed the various laws associated with earthquakes. Giving theoretical and empirical arguments, he proposes an additive (monofractal) model of earthquake stress, emphasizing the relevance of (asymmetric) stable Cauchy probability distributions to describe earthquake stress distributions. This would yield a linear model for self-organized critical earthquakes. References: Kolmogorov, A.N.: Local structure of turbulence in an incompressible liquid for very large Reynolds number, Proc. Acad. Sci. URSS Geochem. Sect., 30, 299-303, 1941. Perrin, J.: Les Atomes, NRF-Gallimard, Paris, 1913. Richardson, L.F.: Weather prediction by numerical process. Cambridge Univ. Press 1922 (republished by Dover, 1965). Richardson, L.F.: Atmospheric diffusion on a distance neighbour graph. Proc. Roy. of London A110, 709-737, 1923. Richardson, L.F.: The problem of contiguity: an appendix of deadly quarrels. General Systems Yearbook, 6, 139-187, 1963. Schertzer, D., Lovejoy, S.: Nonlinear Variability in Geophysics, Kluwer, 252 pp, 1991.

La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo estudiar las formas que adquiere la experiencia de clase de las asambleas que en la provincia de La Rioja se pronunciaron públicamente en contra de la megaminería metalífera en la última década. La construcción de este objeto de estudio es resultado de la vinculación entre una particular posición teórica y analítica sobre la clase y su formación, por un lado; y la observación de las particulares condiciones de emergencia y lucha política de las asambleas ambientales en La Rioja, por el otro. En Argentina, los análisis de luchas por cuestiones ambientales ofrecen fuerte evidencia respecto de dos cuestiones que hacen pertinente un abordaje clasista alrededor de los procesos de constitución de sujetos: las siempre renovadas formas de dominación capitalista que estas luchas denuncian; y, las prácticas o propuestas de proyectos alternativos que sugieren o realizan de manera más o menos sistemática. A partir de dar cuenta de este conjunto de antecedentes, este trabajo sostiene teóricamente el carácter procesual, relacional y dinámico de la formación política de la clase: la clase remite a la forma subjetiva a partir de la cual los sujetos se reconocen y actúan en el marco de un conjunto de enfrentamientos antagónicos que tienen con otros sujetos por establecer, reorganizar o alterar sus condiciones sociales de existencia. A nivel analítico, es la categoría thompsoniana de experiencia la que nos permite desagregar una serie de dimensiones que guían el análisis sistemático y comparativo: 1) una situación de clase (el conjunto de relaciones y posiciones sociales que, para los sujetos, se presentan definiendo sus condiciones de vida); 2) unos intereses que los convocan y oponen a otros, con cierta intensidad y escala; 3) unas determinadas estrategias de acción política, que son respuesta a las estrategias de sus adversarios; 4) y, por último, unas formas de solidaridad, desde y hacia otros sujetos en lucha. El proceso de constitución de clase de un colectivo en lucha se dirime en la particular combinación y disposición histórica de todos estos aspectos que involucran en su experiencia de clase. La principal hipótesis orientativa con la que se encaró este estudio sostuvo la posibilidad de identificar una específica experiencia de clase de las asambleas riojanas. Asimismo, presumimos que, a lo largo de 10 años, esa experiencia de clase no constituiría un proceso lineal y permanente en el tiempo, sino que se producirían desplazamientos o modulaciones. Estos supuestos explican que los materiales y las técnicas de producción y de análisis de datos se correspondan con un diseño metodológico cualitativo de la investigación. Por un lado, este trabajo constituyó un corpus de 117 comunicados públicos escritos por las asambleas riojanas, entre los años 2006 y 2016. A ello se le suman 34 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a integrantes de estas asambleas entre los años 2010 y 2016. Por otro lado, a efectos de reconstituir los contextos de lucha a lo largo de 10 años, recurrimos al análisis de datos secundarios: notas periodísticas, documentos legales (leyes, políticas, resoluciones ministeriales) y resultados de otras investigaciones. El análisis cualitativo de estos materiales incluye una combinación entre técnicas de análisis de contenido - apoyadas en el uso de herramientas informáticas- y técnicas propias del análisis del discurso - especialmente basadas en las marcas de la enunciación. El principal resultado del análisis expone una experiencia de clase en las asambleas riojanas que, al menos en el periodo estudiado, no se expresa en una auto-identificación explícita como clase. Ello, no obstante, no es un obstáculo para corroborar, a través del discurso, una particular experiencia de clase que observa tres modulaciones diferentes; éstas se corresponden con tres maneras de elaborar las cuatro dimensiones analíticas que definimos como parte de la experiencia de clase. Analizar la situación de clase, los intereses de lucha, las estrategias de acción y las formas de solidaridad, nos permitió abrir un importante abanico de respuestas sobre cómo entran en conflicto las asambleas riojanas, cómo se organizan y cómo se auto-definen en tanto sujetos políticos en lucha; cómo plantean, resuelven o re-organizan las relaciones de antagonismos que sostienen y protagonizan.En su correspondencia y relación, estas modulaciones constituyen tres "momentos" o "instantes" de la experiencia de clase de las asambleas riojanas que, en su particular (dis)continuidad, crean una temporalidad propia. Acceder a esa temporalidad (dis)continua requiere, más bien, unir esos "instantes" o "instantes" excepcionales en los que emerge la experiencia de clase de las asambleas riojanas, inaugurando un modo único de constitución clasista en y por relaciones históricas y cambiantes de lucha. Por último, la relación entre tales "momentos" de la experiencia de clase es una relación de ruptura que abre nuevos cauces a la politización de la experiencia de lucha y a sus planos de acción política. Estos momentos no pueden ser simplemente superpuestos entre sí para un objetivo comparativo; no representan "adiciones" o "reacomodamientos" de aspectos o sentidos" como si fueran, por ejemplo, cubos de igual tamaño que solo presentan variaciones en sus componentes internos, o cubos de distintos tamaños que pueden introducirse uno adentro de otro. Más bien, el "paso" de un "momento" de la experiencia de clase a otro se comprende mejor como una "catarsis" que supone la liberación o eliminación de las antiguas conexiones, y una reformulación cualitativamente diferente. ; The objective of this doctoral thesis is to study the forms acquired by the class experience of the assemblies that have spoken publicly against the metalliferous mega mining in the last decade in the province of La Rioja. The construction of this object of study is the result of the link between a particular theoretical and analytical position about the class and its formation, on the one hand; and the observation of the particular conditions of emergence and political struggle of the environmental assemblies in La Rioja, on the other.In Argentina, analyzes of struggles for environmental issues offer strong evidence regarding two issues that make a class approach relevant to the processes of constituting subjects: the always renewed forms of capitalist domination that these struggles denounce; and, the practices or proposals of alternative projects that suggest or perform more or less systematically. Based on this set of antecedents, this work theoretically supports the procedural, relational and dynamic character of the political formation of the class: the class refers to the subjective form from which the subjects recognize themselves and act in the frame of a set of antagonistic confrontations that have with other subjects for having established, reorganized or altered their social conditions of existence.At the analytical level, it is the Thompsonian category of experience that allows us to disaggregate a series of dimensions that guide the systematic and comparative analysis: 1) a class situation (the set of relationships and social positions that, for the subjects, are presented defining their living conditions); 2) some interests that summon them and oppose others, with a certain intensity and scale; 3) certain strategies of political action, which are a response to the strategies of their adversaries; 4) and, finally, some forms of solidarity, from and towards other subjects in struggle. The process of class formation of a collective in struggle is resolved in the particular combination and historical disposition of all these aspects that involve their class experience.The main guiding hypothesis with which this study was conducted supported the possibility of identifying a specific class experience of the Riojan assemblies. Furthermore, we presume that, during 10 years, that class experience would not constitute a linear and permanent process over time, but would produce displacements or modulations. These assumptions explain that the materials and techniques of production and data analysis correspond to a qualitative methodological design of the research. On the one hand, this work constituted a corpus of 117 public communiqués written by the Riojan assemblies, between 2006 and 2016. To this is added 34 in-depth interviews with members of these assemblies between 2010 and 2016. On the other side, inorder to reconstitute the contexts of struggle over 10 years, we resort to the analysis of secondary data: journalistic notes, legal documents (laws, policies, ministerial resolutions) and results of other investigations. The qualitative analysis of thesematerials includes a combination of content analysis techniques -supported by the use of computer tools-and techniques of discourse analysis -especially based on the marks of enunciation. The main result of the analysis exposes a class experience in Riojan assemblies that, at least in the period studied, is not expressed in an explicit self-identification as a class. This, however, is not an obstacle to corroborate, through discourse, a particular class experience that observes three different modulations; these correspond to three ways of elaborating the four analytical dimensions that we define as part of the class experience. Analyzing the class situation, the interests of struggle, the strategies of action and the forms of solidarity, allowed us to open an important range of answers about how the Riojan assemblies come into conflict, how they are organized and how they define themselves being political subjects in struggle; how they pose, solve or re-organize the relationships of antagonisms that sustain and lead.In their correspondence and relationship, these modulations constitute three "moments" or "instants" of the class experience of the Riojan assemblies that, in their particular (dis)continuity, create a temporality of their own. Accessing that (dis)continuous temporality requires, uniting those "instants" or exceptional "instants" in which the class experience of the Riojan assemblies emerges, inaugurating a unique mode of class constitution in and because of historical and changing relationshipsof struggle. Finally, the relationship between such "moments" of the class experience is a relationship of rupture that opens new channels to the politicization of the experience of struggle and its planes of political action. These moments can not simplybe superimposed on each other for a comparative purpose; they do not represent "additions" or "rearrangements" of aspects or meanings -as if they were, for example, cubes of equal size that only show variations in their internal components, or cubes of different sizes that can be introduced inside each other. Rather, the "passage" from one "moment" of class experience to another is better understood as a "catharsis" that involves the liberation or elimination of the old connections, and a qualitatively different reformulation. ; Fil: de la Vega Avila Tulian, Candela. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Área de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina

In support of the Climate Change and Low Carbon Green Growth Program of Romania (LCGGP), the World Bank has prepared the current report with the aim of helping the Romanian Government to operationalize the strategic path chosen by the country for implementing its National Climate Change and Low Carbon Green Growth Strategy 2016-20302 (NSCC) and the associated 2016-2020 Action Plan for Climate Change (APCC). This includes some relevant institutional arrangements and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) activities for existing Climate Change (CC) related policies and measures, notably those derived from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, plus the requirements for European Union (EU) Member States regarding the monitoring and evaluation of the EU-level climate and energy package and the Europe 2020 goals for a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. It was recommended that the Romanian government should build upon current obligations for M&E of public policies, whilst recognizing that the M&E system initially established for the NSCC and APCC for Romania must not be considered as static, but rather as an on-going continuum that will evolve, expand and improve over time. The report highlights some key weaknesses in institutional capacity for CC-related M&E and identifies several sector-specific examples of areas for improvement. The report usefully reviews international good practices for the M&E of CC strategies and action plans under the headings of General good practice; Green Growth good practices; Special considerations for CC adaptation (including the selection of indicators), and; European examples (including short case studies on relevant M&E practices from Germany and France). In order to facilitate the necessary learning processes for policy-makers and other key stakeholders it is recommended that the Romanian government adopts a "theory-based" approach (in conjunction with the OECD DAC criteria) as the evaluation framework for the NSCC and APCC. The theory-based approach follows an iterative process of design, evaluation, and redesign based on lessons learned about whether specific interventions are successful or not, why they succeeded or failed and how they can be improved. The report concludes with numerous additional practical recommendations for development of a simple, affordable and cost effective M&E system for the NSCC and APCC. These recommendations are grouped into four categories: (i) general recommendations; (ii) recommendations for improving institutional arrangements; (iii) recommendations for developing a solid evaluation framework; and (iv) recommendations for reporting. Finally, to ensure a robust framework, the M&E and Reporting system should clearly define goals, indicators, responsibilities and communication strategies. It should facilitate continuous learning by policy-makers and other key stakeholders in order to underpin the long-term development of the knowledge and understanding needed to better design, implement and deliver future CC strategies and action plans for Romania.

Twenty million people in Central America cook with biomass using open fires or rudimentary stoves. The number of people using biomass for cooking in the region will remain significant for a long time due to high incidence of poverty, high Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) prices coupled with unsustainable LPG subsidies, as well as relatively easy access to fuel wood in the region. Providing these people with clean and efficient cooking solutions is not just an energy issue, but one related to poverty, gender inequality, public health, environmental sustainability, local employment, climate change, agriculture, and local employment. A new generation of improved biomass cook stoves (ICS) has recently become available in Central America. The economic benefits from improving public health, reducing deforestation, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions well outweigh the costs of ICS dissemination. Efforts involving donor agencies, governments, non-governmental organizations, as well as local entrepreneurs have been made to disseminate ICS in the region in the last 10 years. The objective of this study is to better understand current developments in clean and efficient biomass cooking solutions, factors that have precluded a larger penetration of ICS within the region, and lessons learned from past programs-both in the region and in other countries-that may be relevant to Central America. The study recommends key actions that may help the region step up its current dissemination efforts and promote sustained use of ICS, a first step toward universal access to ICS by fuel wood users. Its intended audience includes different stakeholders, including government agencies, regional and international organizations, as well as various implementing entities who are thinking or rethinking appropriate technologies, policy interventions, financing, and delivery mechanisms for Central America to promote ICS.

This document provides a summary assessment of (presented) scaled-up crediting instruments as well as existing project-based crediting schemes against a number of important general characteristics of such instruments. Its purpose is to provide insights that may inform the design and use of possible scaled-up crediting instruments. This summary assessment begins with an examination of proposals for scaled-up crediting mechanisms. It considers existing crediting instruments, that is, (i) Kyoto project mechanisms (clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation (JI)); and (ii) voluntary emission reductions (VER) schemes (in the non-compliance and voluntary markets). The characteristics (or issues) covered are: (i) national and international circumstances for market-based mechanisms and how these interact; (ii) coverage and boundary setting; (iii) participation and incentives for participation; (iv) caps, baselines, and allocations (or issuance); (v) market integrity and credibility; (vi) monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV); (vii) program authority and administration; and (viii) potential scaling up modalities.

International audience ; Im Jahr 1933 trat Karl zu Löwenstein in die SA ein, während Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrierte und versuchte, die internationale Öffentlichkeit vor dem deutschen Nationalsozialismus zu warnen. 1948 übernahm Karl die Leitung der Katholikentage. Hubertus hingegen gelang es nicht, in der Politik Fuß zu fassen. Wie lässt sich erklären, dass Karl eine der einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der Bundesrepublik war und der Republikaner Hubertus gleichzeitig ein Außenseiter blieb ? Karl profitierte vom Einfluss seines Vaters und von dem besonderen Kontext der Nachkriegszeit, als man wieder eine Beziehung zu den konservativen Eliten aufbauen wollte. Diese standen einerseits für eine nationale Vergangenheit, die durch den Nationalsozialismus nicht in den Schmutz gezogen worden war. Andererseits betrachtete die Mehrheit der Deutschen sie als Opfer, obwohl sie sich durchaus auch hatten verführen lassen. Der Weitblick von Hubertus hingegen, der schon 1930 die Gefährlichkeit des Nationalsozialismus erkannt hatte, wurde als störend empfunden, weil er die Deutschen mit ihrer eigenen Blindheit konfrontierte. \\\ ///. In English: In 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein joined the SA while Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrated and did one's utmost to warn the international public opinion against Nazi Germany. In 1948, Karl took over as the head of the Catholic congresses. Meanwhile, Hubertus did not manage to get a foothold in the political arena. How is it possible to explain that Karl was one of the most influential personalities of the Federal Republic whereas Hubertus remained as an outsider? Karl took advantage of his father's influence and used the particular context of the post-war years dominated by the need to renew with conservative elites, both symbols of a national past which had not been soiled by Nazism and still they presented themselves as victims of Nazism, like most Germans believed to be, even those elites who had been seduced. Hubertus' perspicacity, who had understood Nazism dangerousness as early as 1930, was bringing Germans out because it led them to look at their own blindness. ; En 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein entra à la SA tandis que Hubertus zu Löwenstein émigra et s'efforça de mettre en garde l'opinion publique internationale contre l'Allemagne nazie. En 1948, Karl prit la tête des Katholikentage. De son côté, Hubertus ne réussit pas à prendre pied sur la scène politique. Comment expliquer que Karl fut l'une des personnalités influentes de la République fédérale alors que le républicain Hubertus resta un outsider ? Karl profita de l'influence de son père et du contexte particulier des années d'immédiate après-guerre, dominées par le besoin de renouer avec les élites conservatrices, à la fois symboles d'un passé national non souillé par le nazisme et victimes du nazisme, comme la majorité des Allemands estimaient l'être, même quand ces élites s'étaient laissées séduire. La perspicacité de Hubertus, qui avait compris dès 1930 la dangerosité du nazisme, dérangeait puisqu'elle renvoyait les Allemands à leur propre aveuglement.

International audience ; Im Jahr 1933 trat Karl zu Löwenstein in die SA ein, während Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrierte und versuchte, die internationale Öffentlichkeit vor dem deutschen Nationalsozialismus zu warnen. 1948 übernahm Karl die Leitung der Katholikentage. Hubertus hingegen gelang es nicht, in der Politik Fuß zu fassen. Wie lässt sich erklären, dass Karl eine der einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der Bundesrepublik war und der Republikaner Hubertus gleichzeitig ein Außenseiter blieb ? Karl profitierte vom Einfluss seines Vaters und von dem besonderen Kontext der Nachkriegszeit, als man wieder eine Beziehung zu den konservativen Eliten aufbauen wollte. Diese standen einerseits für eine nationale Vergangenheit, die durch den Nationalsozialismus nicht in den Schmutz gezogen worden war. Andererseits betrachtete die Mehrheit der Deutschen sie als Opfer, obwohl sie sich durchaus auch hatten verführen lassen. Der Weitblick von Hubertus hingegen, der schon 1930 die Gefährlichkeit des Nationalsozialismus erkannt hatte, wurde als störend empfunden, weil er die Deutschen mit ihrer eigenen Blindheit konfrontierte. \\\ ///. In English: In 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein joined the SA while Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrated and did one's utmost to warn the international public opinion against Nazi Germany. In 1948, Karl took over as the head of the Catholic congresses. Meanwhile, Hubertus did not manage to get a foothold in the political arena. How is it possible to explain that Karl was one of the most influential personalities of the Federal Republic whereas Hubertus remained as an outsider? Karl took advantage of his father's influence and used the particular context of the post-war years dominated by the need to renew with conservative elites, both symbols of a national past which had not been soiled by Nazism and still they presented themselves as victims of Nazism, like most Germans believed to be, even those elites who had been seduced. Hubertus' perspicacity, who had understood Nazism dangerousness as early as 1930, was bringing Germans out because it led them to look at their own blindness. ; En 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein entra à la SA tandis que Hubertus zu Löwenstein émigra et s'efforça de mettre en garde l'opinion publique internationale contre l'Allemagne nazie. En 1948, Karl prit la tête des Katholikentage. De son côté, Hubertus ne réussit pas à prendre pied sur la scène politique. Comment expliquer que Karl fut l'une des personnalités influentes de la République fédérale alors que le républicain Hubertus resta un outsider ? Karl profita de l'influence de son père et du contexte particulier des années d'immédiate après-guerre, dominées par le besoin de renouer avec les élites conservatrices, à la fois symboles d'un passé national non souillé par le nazisme et victimes du nazisme, comme la majorité des Allemands estimaient l'être, même quand ces élites s'étaient laissées séduire. La perspicacité de Hubertus, qui avait compris dès 1930 la dangerosité du nazisme, dérangeait puisqu'elle renvoyait les Allemands à leur propre aveuglement.

International audience ; Im Jahr 1933 trat Karl zu Löwenstein in die SA ein, während Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrierte und versuchte, die internationale Öffentlichkeit vor dem deutschen Nationalsozialismus zu warnen. 1948 übernahm Karl die Leitung der Katholikentage. Hubertus hingegen gelang es nicht, in der Politik Fuß zu fassen. Wie lässt sich erklären, dass Karl eine der einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der Bundesrepublik war und der Republikaner Hubertus gleichzeitig ein Außenseiter blieb ? Karl profitierte vom Einfluss seines Vaters und von dem besonderen Kontext der Nachkriegszeit, als man wieder eine Beziehung zu den konservativen Eliten aufbauen wollte. Diese standen einerseits für eine nationale Vergangenheit, die durch den Nationalsozialismus nicht in den Schmutz gezogen worden war. Andererseits betrachtete die Mehrheit der Deutschen sie als Opfer, obwohl sie sich durchaus auch hatten verführen lassen. Der Weitblick von Hubertus hingegen, der schon 1930 die Gefährlichkeit des Nationalsozialismus erkannt hatte, wurde als störend empfunden, weil er die Deutschen mit ihrer eigenen Blindheit konfrontierte. \\\ ///. In English: In 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein joined the SA while Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrated and did one's utmost to warn the international public opinion against Nazi Germany. In 1948, Karl took over as the head of the Catholic congresses. Meanwhile, Hubertus did not manage to get a foothold in the political arena. How is it possible to explain that Karl was one of the most influential personalities of the Federal Republic whereas Hubertus remained as an outsider? Karl took advantage of his father's influence and used the particular context of the post-war years dominated by the need to renew with conservative elites, both symbols of a national past which had not been soiled by Nazism and still they presented themselves as victims of Nazism, like most Germans believed to be, even those elites who had been seduced. Hubertus' perspicacity, who had understood Nazism dangerousness as early as 1930, was bringing Germans out because it led them to look at their own blindness. ; En 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein entra à la SA tandis que Hubertus zu Löwenstein émigra et s'efforça de mettre en garde l'opinion publique internationale contre l'Allemagne nazie. En 1948, Karl prit la tête des Katholikentage. De son côté, Hubertus ne réussit pas à prendre pied sur la scène politique. Comment expliquer que Karl fut l'une des personnalités influentes de la République fédérale alors que le républicain Hubertus resta un outsider ? Karl profita de l'influence de son père et du contexte particulier des années d'immédiate après-guerre, dominées par le besoin de renouer avec les élites conservatrices, à la fois symboles d'un passé national non souillé par le nazisme et victimes du nazisme, comme la majorité des Allemands estimaient l'être, même quand ces élites s'étaient laissées séduire. La perspicacité de Hubertus, qui avait compris dès 1930 la dangerosité du nazisme, dérangeait puisqu'elle renvoyait les Allemands à leur propre aveuglement.

International audience ; Im Jahr 1933 trat Karl zu Löwenstein in die SA ein, während Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrierte und versuchte, die internationale Öffentlichkeit vor dem deutschen Nationalsozialismus zu warnen. 1948 übernahm Karl die Leitung der Katholikentage. Hubertus hingegen gelang es nicht, in der Politik Fuß zu fassen. Wie lässt sich erklären, dass Karl eine der einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der Bundesrepublik war und der Republikaner Hubertus gleichzeitig ein Außenseiter blieb ? Karl profitierte vom Einfluss seines Vaters und von dem besonderen Kontext der Nachkriegszeit, als man wieder eine Beziehung zu den konservativen Eliten aufbauen wollte. Diese standen einerseits für eine nationale Vergangenheit, die durch den Nationalsozialismus nicht in den Schmutz gezogen worden war. Andererseits betrachtete die Mehrheit der Deutschen sie als Opfer, obwohl sie sich durchaus auch hatten verführen lassen. Der Weitblick von Hubertus hingegen, der schon 1930 die Gefährlichkeit des Nationalsozialismus erkannt hatte, wurde als störend empfunden, weil er die Deutschen mit ihrer eigenen Blindheit konfrontierte. \\\ ///. In English: In 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein joined the SA while Hubertus zu Löwenstein emigrated and did one's utmost to warn the international public opinion against Nazi Germany. In 1948, Karl took over as the head of the Catholic congresses. Meanwhile, Hubertus did not manage to get a foothold in the political arena. How is it possible to explain that Karl was one of the most influential personalities of the Federal Republic whereas Hubertus remained as an outsider? Karl took advantage of his father's influence and used the particular context of the post-war years dominated by the need to renew with conservative elites, both symbols of a national past which had not been soiled by Nazism and still they presented themselves as victims of Nazism, like most Germans believed to be, even those elites who had been seduced. Hubertus' perspicacity, who had understood Nazism dangerousness as early as 1930, was bringing Germans out because it led them to look at their own blindness. ; En 1933, Karl zu Löwenstein entra à la SA tandis que Hubertus zu Löwenstein émigra et s'efforça de mettre en garde l'opinion publique internationale contre l'Allemagne nazie. En 1948, Karl prit la tête des Katholikentage. De son côté, Hubertus ne réussit pas à prendre pied sur la scène politique. Comment expliquer que Karl fut l'une des personnalités influentes de la République fédérale alors que le républicain Hubertus resta un outsider ? Karl profita de l'influence de son père et du contexte particulier des années d'immédiate après-guerre, dominées par le besoin de renouer avec les élites conservatrices, à la fois symboles d'un passé national non souillé par le nazisme et victimes du nazisme, comme la majorité des Allemands estimaient l'être, même quand ces élites s'étaient laissées séduire. La perspicacité de Hubertus, qui avait compris dès 1930 la dangerosité du nazisme, dérangeait puisqu'elle renvoyait les Allemands à leur propre aveuglement.