Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-3 microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 536ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent byrock outcrops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 13soil series and 24soil phases (management units) and 6land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. About 10 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 73 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent sandy soils. About 58per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m)in available water capacity. About 92 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%)lands. An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and68 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 12per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 2 per cent soils are strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),54 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and3 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in47 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 68 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 28 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm). Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 64 per cent area,26per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 6 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 36 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 33 per cent area. Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 256 (48) 87 (16) Pomegranate 53 (10) 226 (42) Maize 37 (7) 179 (34) Guava 53 (10) 101 (19) Bajra 154 (29) 162 (30) Jackfruit 52(10) 100 (19) Red gram 53 (10) 226 (42) Jamun 29 (5) 204 (38) Bengalgram 102 (19) 280 (52) Musambi 122 (23) 157 (29) Groundnut 29 (5) 262 (49) Lime 122 (23) 157 (29) Sunflower 122 (23) 157 (29) Cashew 67 (12) 87 (16) Cotton 132 (25) 212 (40) Custard apple 256 (48) 196 (37) Chilli 154 (29) 63 (12) Amla 154 (29) 298 (56) Tomato 154 (29) 87 (16) Tamarind 29 (5) 117 (22) Drumstick 53 (10) 260 (49) Marigold 67 (12) 276 (52) Mulberry 53 (10) 236 (44) Chrysanthemum 67 (12) 276 (52) Mango 29 (5) 24 (4) Jasmine 67 (12) 174 (33) Sapota 53 (10) 100 (19) Crossandra 67 (12) 243 (45) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 110 (55.28%) men and 89 (44.72%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 4.46, small farmers' was 4.63, semi medium farmers' was 4.3 and medium farmers' was 5. The data indicated that, 39 (19.6 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (41.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (30.15 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.05%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Gabbur-3 had 43.72 per cent illiterates, 32.66 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.51 per cent of them had middle school education, 7.54 per cent of them had high school education, 7.54 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.50 per cent of them had diploma and 2.01 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 88.64 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 13.64 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.10 per cent of the household members, 59.30 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.50 per cent was in private service, 16.08 per cent of them were student and 4.02 per cent were children. The results show that only 1.01 per cent of the household members have participated in NGOs and 98.99 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 11.36 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 68.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 18.18 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results shows that 77.27 per cent of the households possess TV, 61.36 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.36 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 43.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 79.55 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 5075, mixer grinder was Rs.1903, motor cycle was Rs.47473, mobile phone was Rs.2108 and bicycle was Rs.1600. About 45.45 per cent of the households possess plough, 18.18 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 4.55 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 4.55 per cent of the households possess tractor, 20.45 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 56.82 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1550, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15625, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 1571, 2 the average value of tractor was Rs. 250600, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1758 and the average value of weeder Rs.80. The results indicate that, 31.82 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 31.82 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.27 per cent of the households possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.49, average hired labour (men) available was 13.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.89. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-3 micro watershed possess 23.38 ha (40.61%) of dry land and 34.19 ha (59.39%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.02 ha (86.97%) of dry land and 1.05 ha (13.03%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.14 ha (78.55%) of dry land and 1.95 ha (21.45%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 2.14 ha (15.03%) of dry land and 12.13 ha (84.97%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.07 ha (27.07%) of dry land and 19.06 ha (72.93%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 299238.49 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 358119.30. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 526743.52 for dry land and Rs. 1709999.98 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 237903.69 for dry land and Rs. 819917.0 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 186415.09 for dry land and Rs. 424441.11 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169.565.22 for dry land and Rs. 194033.97 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 30 functioning bore wells and 24 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 72.73 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 53.06 meters. The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.58 hectares, small farmers had 2.76 hectares, semi medium farmers had 12.13 hectares and medium farmers had 18.62 hectares. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (29.14 ha), bajra (14.49 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), sugarcane (2.23 ha), bengalgram (2.11 ha), cotton (1.71 ha), redgram (1.62 ha), sunflower (1.62 ha) and sapota (0.91 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-3 micro watershed was found to be 88.60 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 83 per cent and medium farmers had a cropping intensity of 71.43 per cent. 3 The results indicate that, 65.91 per cent of the households possess bank account and savings in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, 69.23 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small, 60.0 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicate that 3.45 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank. The results indicate that, semi medium have availed a credit of Rs.12500. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent of the households opined that the loan helped them to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 63406.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 162690.67. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 99284.17, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.57. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27366.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39524.14. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 12158.052, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44. The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30365.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30642.85. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 277.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 38588.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55008.96. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 16420.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43. The total cost of cultivation for Sapota was Rs. 29035.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 262300.89. The net income from Sapota cultivation was Rs. 233265.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:9.03. The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 41171.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45975.22. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 2409.43, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.12. The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 38588.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55008.96. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 16420.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31812.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53105. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21292.33, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.67. 4 The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 38703.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 137289.48. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 98586.02, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.55. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 17728.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41496. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 23767.05, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34. The results indicate that, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 2.27 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also, 31.82 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 32,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 60,307.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 69,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 120,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 117,125.38. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,656.59. For landless households it was Rs. 2,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs 5,847.63, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,468.75, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,583.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 6,410.94. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 33 coconut trees, 5 guava trees, 31 mango trees and 3 orange trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 85 neem trees, 19 teak trees, 5 tamarind trees, 4 acacia trees, 12 banyan and 3 peepul trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.4,022.73 for land development, Rs.454.55 for irrigation facility and Rs.545.45 for improved crop production. The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility and for 4.55 per cent for improved crop production. Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 2.27 per cent of households for land development and for 2.27 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development, for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility and for 4.55 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 11.36 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 95.22 per cent, bengalgram was sold to the extent of 80.39 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 96.22 per cent, paddy and redgram were sold to the extent of 50 per cent. Cotton, sapota, sugarcane and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 93.18 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 9.09 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. 5 The results indicated that 95.45 per cent of the farmers have used tractor and 2.27 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 65.91 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 47.73 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 52.27 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 86.36 percent used fire wood and 13.64 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, 90.91 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 6.82 per cent possessed APL card and 2.27 per cent did not possess any PDS card. The results indicated that, 43.18 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.73 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 79.55 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20.45 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 31.82 per cent, fruits were adequate for 29.55 per cent, milk was adequate for 15.91 per cent and eggs were adequate for 20.45 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.27 percent, pulses were inadequate for 18.18 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 59.09 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 47.73 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40.91 per cent, milk were inadequate for 40.91 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 54.55 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 13.64 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 18.18 per cent and fruits were market surplus for 4.55 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 63.64 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.18%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (43.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (13.64%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.64%), high rate of interest on credit (18.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (13.64%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (13.64%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (13.64%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Jabbalgudda-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 449 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 58 per cent is covered by soil, 40 per cent by rock out crops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils. About 3 per cent loamy (sandy loam) and 55 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 11 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 54 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 47 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 0.75%) in entire area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 14 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 25 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 33 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 38 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 177 (39) Pomegranate - 48(11) Maize - 159 (36) Guava - 27(6) Bajra - 192(43) Jackfruit - 27(6) Redgram - 47(11) Jamun - 20(5) Bengal gram - 193(43) Musambi - 48(11) Groundnut - 156 (35) Lime - 48(11) Sunflower - 48 (11) Cashew - - Cotton - 177(39) Custard apple - 193(43) Chilli - 156(35) Amla - 192 (43) Tomato - 173(39) Tamarind - 20(5) Drumstick - 48(11) Marigold - 177(39) Mulberry - 30(7) Chrysanthemum - 177 (39) Mango - 3(<1) Jasmine - 173(39) Sapota - 27(6) Crossandra - 173(39) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Jabbalgudda-1 micro watershed among them 6(17.14%) were marginal farmers, 18 (51.43 %) were small farmers, 5 (14.29%) were semi medium farmers and 1 (2.86%) were medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The data indicated that there were 162 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 96 (59.26%) men and 66 (40.74 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 4, marginal and medium farmers were 6, small and semi medium farmers were 5. The data indicated that 31 (19.14%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (41.98%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (31.48 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.41%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Jabbalgudda-1 had 34.57 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent were functional literates, 33.95 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.85 per cent of them had middle school, 11.73 per cent them had high school education, 7.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.62 per cent of them had diploma, ITI and masters, 3.09 per cent of them had degree education and 4.94 per cent them had others. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were general labour. The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 65.43 per cent of the household members, 3.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 8.64 per cent were general labours, 1.85 percent were in private sector, 16.67 per cent of them were students and 3.09 per cent of them were children. In case of landless households 4.76 per cent were agricultural labours, 66.67 per cent were general labourers, 4.76 per cent were in private service and 19.05 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 71.43 per cent were both agriculturist and 3.57 per cent were agricultural labour and 14.29 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 81.48 per cent of them were agriculturist, 2.47 per cent of them were agriculture labour, 1.23 per cent was in private service and 11.11 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 61.54 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 3.85 per cent were agriculture labour and in private service and 26.92 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 50 per cent of them were students. The results showed 100 per cent of the farmers have not participated in any local institutions. 2 The results indicated that 91.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and 5.71 per cent of them possess Thatched house. The results showed that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 71.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 22.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder and bicycle, 11.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 80 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results showed that the average value of radio was Rs.500, television was Rs. 9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1875, bicycle was Rs.6125, motor cycle was Rs.26250 and mobile phone was Rs.1682. About 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 51.43 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results showed that the average value of plough was Rs. 650, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4000 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 50. The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of small farmers, 5.56 per cent of households possess bullock and 16.67 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 20 per cent of the households possess bullock and local cow respectively. The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.33, average hired labour (men) available was 8.19 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.90. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was also 1.17, average hired labour (men) was 8.50 and average hired labour (women) available was also 4.33. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.06, average own labour (women) was 1.39, average hired labour (men) was 7.47 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.95. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.80, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 12.20 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.20. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. The results indicated that, households of the Jabbalgudda-1 micro watershed possess 24.25 ha (66.34 %) of dry land and 12.31 ha (33.66%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.36 ha (89.25%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (10.75%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 17.97 ha (79.23%) of dry land and 4.71 ha 3 (20.77%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.92 ha (38.57%) of dry land and 4.65 ha (61.43%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.54 (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 350,325.38 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 633,541.60. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 565,421.69 for dry land and Rs. 988,000.00 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 339,270.43 for dry land Rs. 870,017.18 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 171,052.64 for dry land and Rs. 536,956.52 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 315,151.52 for irrigated land. The results indicated that, there were 12 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 34.29 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 32.22 meters. The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.40 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 4.71 ha of irrigated land, in case of semi medium farmers there was 4.66 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 1.21 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 10.99 ha of irrigated land. The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (6.19 ha), maize (18.24 ha), paddy (8.51 ha) and groundnut (0.45 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra and paddy. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, paddy and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only paddy. The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Jabbalgudda-1 micro watershed was found to be 92.10 per cent. In case of marginal and medium farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of small farmers cropping intensity was 89.99 per cent and in semi medium farmers it was 93.48 per cent. The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among small farmers 16.67 percent of them possess bank account and savings respectively. 40 per cent of semi medium farmers possess bank account and savings correspondingly. The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of small and 40 per cent of semi medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicated that, 20 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank and 80 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank. 4 The results indicated that, small and semi medium, farmers have availed Rs. 110,000 and Rs. 115,000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 112,000. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production. Results indicated that100 percent of the households have unpaid their institutional credit. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that institutional source of credit was helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34882.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37944.06. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 3061.16, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 35091.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41594.39. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6502.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 128045.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 130222.80. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 2177.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 110872.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 276772.32. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 165899.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.5. The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder were adequate respectively. The table indicated that, in case of landless, the average income from wage Rs. 124000. In case marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.28333.33 and agriculture was Rs.67666.67. In small farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 29,166.67 and agriculture was Rs. 119,652.78. In semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.27000, wage was Rs.2000 and agriculture was Rs.152040. In medium farmers the average income from agriculture was Rs.120000. The results indicated that, in case of land less, the average expenditure from wage Rs. 85200. In marginal farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.37333.33 and agriculture was Rs.39000 In small farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.36777.78 and agriculture was Rs.59666.67. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.50000, 5 wage was Rs.6000 and agriculture was Rs.75600. In medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.60000. The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 8 coconut trees in their field and also planted 1 coconut trees in their back yard. The results indicated that, households have planted 29 neem trees in their field and 1 neem tree in their back yard. The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent respectively. The results indicated that, 45.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 48.57 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. The results indicated that 94.29 per cent of them have used tractor as a mode of transport. The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 66.67 percent of marginal farmers, 72.22 per cent of small farmers, 40 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 percent of medium farmers. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 77.14 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 22.86 per cent of the households have used LPG. The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 31.43 per cent households, 45.71 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water and 22.86 per cent of them were using lake/tank. The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 16.67 per cent of marginal, 44.44 per cent of the small, 40 per cent of the semi medium and 100 medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 50 percent of the marginal, 38.89 per cent of the small, 20 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers respectively. The results indicated that, cereals, milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent of the household correspondingly. Vegetables and fruits were adequate for 11.43 per 6 cent of the household respectively. Pulses, oilseed and meat were adequate for 91.43 per cent, 2.86 per cent and 8.57 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits and meat were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, 97.14 per cent, 88.57 per cent, 82.86 per cent and 91.43 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households experienced by lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint, wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (42.86%), high rate of interest on credit (45.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (71.43%), inadequate extension services (71.43%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilkamuki microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 659 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 17 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). About 14 per cent area has sandy soils, 48 per cent area has loamy soils and 24 per cent area has clay soils. About 34 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 12 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 74 per cent area has very gently to gently sloping (1-5%) lands. About 19 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 67 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands. About 52 per cent area is strongly to slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 17 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. Entire area is non saline (0.75%) in 75 per cent area. About 19 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 67 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 33 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. About 40 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 67 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 70 per cent area. Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 30 (5) 193(29) Pomegranate 40 (6) 220 (33) Maize 27(4) 232 (35) Guava 40 (6) 124 (19) Bajra 50 (8) 384 (58) Jackfruit 40 (6) 124 (19) Groundnut 63 (10) 262 (40) Jamun - 237 (36) Sunflower 30 (5) 130 (20) Musambi 43 (7) 217 (33) Cotton 3 (<1) 219 (33) Lime 43 (7) 217 (33) Red gram 27 (4) 109 (17) Cashew 40 (6) 140 (21) Bengalgram 72 (11) 214 (32) Custard apple 67 (10) 409 (62) Chilli 27 (4) 100 (15) Amla 64 (10) 412 (63) Tomato 27 (4) 100 (15) Tamarind - 113 (17) Drumstick 41 (6) 181 (27) Marigold 27 (4) 196 (30) Mulberry 42 (6) 298 (45) Chrysanthemum 27 (4) 196 (30) Mango - 41 (6) Jasmine 27 (4) 100 (15) Sapota 40 (6) 124 (19) Crossandra 27 (4) 127 (19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Chilkamuki micro watershed among them 15 (42.86%) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 1(2.86 %) were semi medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The data indicated that there were 148 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 80 (54.05%) men and 68 (45.95 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 3, marginal farmers and medium farmers were 4, small farmer was 6 and semi medium farmer was 5. On an average the family size was 4. The data indicated that 18(12.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (48.65 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (23.38 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.81%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Chilkamuki had 38.51 per cent illiterates, 20.95 per cent of them had primary school education, 12.84 per cent of them had both middle school, 18.24 per cent them had high school education, 6.76 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.68 per cent them had ITI education, 1.35 per cent of them had degree education and 0.68 per cent them had others. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 5.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour 8.57 per cent of the household heads were general labour. The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 72.30 per cent of the household members, 4.05 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.76 per cent were general labours and 14.86 per cent of them were students. In case of landless households 31.25 per cent were agriculture labour, 56.25 per cent were general labourers and 12.50 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 89.83 per cent were agriculturist and 10.17 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 75 per cent of them were agriculturist and 17.65 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 60 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 40 per cent of them were students. The results showed that 1.35 per cent of them participated in self help groups and 98.65 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. The results indicated that 82.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and Thatched house respectively. The results showed that, 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV and Mixer grinder, 80 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 11.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile. 2 The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 3000, mixer grinder was Rs.1018, bicycle was Rs.1089, motor cycle was Rs.26000 and mobile phone was Rs.772. Data showed that 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 37.14 per cent of them possess plough, 20 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 85.71 per cent of the households possess weeder and 22.86 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter. The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20000; the average value of plough was Rs. 591, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3571, the average value of weeder was Rs. 31 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 2500. The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. In case of marginal farmers, 26.67 per cent of the households possess bullock. In case of small farmers, 64.29 per cent of households possess bullock and 7.14 per cent possess crossbred cow. The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 11.23 average own labour (women) available was 10.97, average hired labour (men) available was 1.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.83. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 8.33, average own labour (women) was also 8.53, average hired labour (men) was 1.53 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.87. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 14.64, average own labour (women) was 13.79, average hired labour (men) was 1.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.86. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 7, average own labour (women) was 8, average hired labour (men) was 2 and average hired labour (women) available was 1. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. The results indicated that, households of the Chilkamuki micro watershed possess 30.97 ha (96.23 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (3.77%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.02 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 19.95 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 1.21 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293,701.82 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 411,666.67. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 389,904.55 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 240,535.60 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 411,666.67 for irrigated land. The results indicated that, there were 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. 3 The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 2.44 meters. The results indicated that, in case of semi medium farmers there was 0.81 ha of irrigated land. The results indicated that, farmers have grown groundnut (9.66 ha), Navane (0.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (1.62 ha), sunflower (4.98 ha) and maize (1.62 ha). Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, navane and sunflower. Small farmers have grown groundnut, redgram, sunflower and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown paddy. The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Chilkamuki micro watershed was found to be 100 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 103per cent, in small farmers it was 100 and in semi medium farmers it was 66.67. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have bank account including 40 per cent of the landless and 100 per cent of the marginal, small and semi medium farmers respectively. The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the landless, 86.67 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small and semi medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicated that, 11.76 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank and friends/ relatives correspondingly, 52.94 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank, 23.52 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 29.41 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs. The results indicated that, marginal, small and semi medium have availed Rs.10000, Rs. 11923.08 and Rs. 16428.57 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 13500. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan institutional credit for agriculture production. The results indicated that, about 80 percent of private credit was taken for agriculture production and 20 per cent of the loan taken for household consumption. Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their institutional loan. Results indicated that 82.82 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially, 9.09 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 9.09 per cent of them fully paid their loan. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24649.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22656.01. The net income from 4 maize cultivation was Rs. -1993.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35697.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 109359.25. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 73661.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.06. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 43389.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56396.58. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 13007.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 26654.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45506.01. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 18851.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.71. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 16982.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 131217.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:8.73. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 17558.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23341.50. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. 5783.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33. The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The table indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 51000. In marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.5333.33, wage was Rs.41000 and agriculture Rs.28654. In case of small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.6785.71, wage was Rs.28928.57, agriculture was Rs.57380 and dairy farm was Rs.964.29. In case of semi medium farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.10000 and agriculture Rs.110000. The results indicated that, in landless farmer, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 1250.In marginal farmers; the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.15866.67. In small farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.35071.43 and dairy farm was Rs.8000. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.65000. The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 9 coconut trees and 6 mango tree in their field. The results indicated that, households have planted 1 teak trees, 69 neem trees, 5 tamarind tress and 2 banyan trees in their field. 5 The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1428.57 for land development, Rs. 571.43 for improved crop production and Rs.2571.43 for improved livestock management. Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6000 for improved livestock management. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3571.43 for land development and Rs.1428.57 for improved crop production. The results indicated that for 2.86 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for land development and irrigation facility and improved crop production respectively. 5.71 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, maize, navane, paddy, red gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra and groundnut were sold to the extent of 98.78 per cent and 90.65 per cent respectively. The results indicated that, 25.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 68.57 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. The results indicated that 62.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport, and 31.43 per cent have used truck. The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 26.67 percent of marginal farmers and 28.57 per cent of small farmers. The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 94.29 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 8.57 percent of the households used LPG. The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent and 2.86 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water. The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 14.29 per cent of small and 100 per cent of semi medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 62.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, marginal and semi medium and 7.14 percent of the small farmers respectively. The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent, 94.29 per cent, 2.86 per cent, 45.71 per cent, 14.29 per cent, 74.29 per cent and 8.57 per cent of the households respectively. 6 The results indicated that, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent,65.71 per cent, 54.29 per cent,88.57 per cent, 25.71 per cent, 85.71 and 97.14 per cent of the households respectively. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 51.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (62.86%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (65.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60%), inadequate extension services (28.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), less rainfall (14.29%) and Source of Agritechnology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kukanapalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 639 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by habitation. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 9 Land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). About 3 per cent area has sandy soils, 36 per cent area has loamy soils and 54 per cent area has clay soils. About 36 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 10 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 82 per cent area has very gently to gently sloping (1-5%) lands. About 45 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 48 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands. Very minor (0.75%) in 67 per cent area. About 36 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 56 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 12 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. About 55 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) 12 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 36 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 56 per cent area. Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 65 (10) 259 (41) Sapota 28 (4) 16 (3) Maize 28 (4) 296 (46) Pomegranate 28 (4) 162 (25) Bajra 28 (4) 312 (49) Guava 28 (4) 16 (3) Groundnut - 148 (23) Jackfruit 28 (4) 16 (3) Sunflower 65 (10) 125 (20) Jamun - 81 (13) Cotton 37 (6) 288 (45) Musambi 65 (10) 125 (20) Red gram 28 (4) 80 (13) Lime 65 (10) 125 (20) Bengalgram 37 (6) 248 (39) Cashew 39 (6) 5 (<1) Chilli 28 (4) 113 (18) Custard apple 81 (13) 266 (42) Tomato 28 (4) 113 (18) Amla 44 (7) 303 (48) Brinjal 44 (7) 287 (45) Tamarind - 83 (13) Onion 39 (6) 109 (17) Marigold 28 (4) 296 (46) Bhendi 39 (6) 293 (46) Chrysanthemum 28 (4) 296 (46) Drumstick 39 (6) 158 (25) Jasmine 28 (4) 150 (24) Mulberry 39 (6) 168 (27) Crossandra 28 (4) 232 (36) Mango - 39 (6) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 104 (55.32%) men and 84 (44.68%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 6.33, small farmers' was 4.30, semi medium farmers' was 5.82 and medium farmers' was 4.33. The data indicated that, 37 (19.68%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (41.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (28.72%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.11%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Kukanpalli-2 had 27.13 per cent illiterates, 27.13 per cent of them had primary school education, 12.77 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.09 per cent of them had high school education, 9.04 per cent of them had PUC education and 3.72 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.33 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 11.11 per cent were general labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.23 per cent of the household members, 6.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 6.91 per cent were general labour, 0.53 per cent were in private service, 21.28 per cent were students, 0.53 per cent were housewives and 2.13 per cent were children. The results show that 98.94 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. Only 0.53 per cent of the population participated in gram panchayat and self help group. The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.78 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 19.44 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 63.89 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent of them possess car/four wheeler, 2.78 per cent of the households possess landline and 86.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.3608, mixer grinder was Rs.1607, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.39060, car/four wheeler was Rs.500000, landline was Rs.2000 and mobile phone was Rs.2929. About 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 5.56 per cent of the households possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them possess sprayer, 8.33 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 38.89 per cent of them possess weeder, 5.56 per cent possess harvester, 2.78 per cent possess thresher and 16.67 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.7000, plough was Rs.1331, the average value of tractor drill was Rs.500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.416, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3100, the average value of harvester was Rs.200000, the average value of thresher was Rs.166, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.562, and the average value of weeder was Rs.220. The results indicate that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.56 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 6.83, average own labour (women) available was 12.61, average hired labour (men) available was 1.31 and average hired labour (women) available was 2. The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Kukanpalli-2 micro watershed possess 35.37 ha (68.46%) of dry land and 16.29 ha (31.54%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.32 ha (89.13%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (10.87%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.35 ha (95.65%) of dry land and 0.61 ha (4.35%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 16.27 ha (69.07%) of dry land and 7.28 ha (30.93%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (23.39%) of dry land and 8 ha (76.71%) of the farmers possess irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 285,467.44 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 460,134.13. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 753,048.79 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 295,741.13 for dry land and Rs. 1,317,333.33 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 205,833.33 for dry land and Rs. 466,555.56 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123,500 for dry land and Rs. 325,000 irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 22.22 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.70 meters. The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 6.48 ha and 6.70 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (40.31 ha), groundnut (4.34 ha), bajra (4.09 ha), sunflower (1.31 ha), paddy (1.21 ha) and tomato (0.80 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Small farmers have 3 grown maize, groundnut, bajra and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, groundnut, bajra, paddy and tomato. Medium farmers have grown groundnut and maize. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kukanpalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 89.05 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 79.53 and medium farmers it was 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 6.67 per cent of the households have availed loan from commercial bank, another 6.67 per cent of the households have availed loan from grameena bank and 13.33 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs. The results indicate that, landless, marginal and small farmers have availed Rs. 20000, Rs. 23333 and Rs. 11166.67 respectively. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agriculture production (50%) and household consumption (50%). The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. Results indicated that 50 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources and 50 per cent did not repay it. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53954.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 124634.36. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 70680.31, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 19343.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34686.73. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 15343.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 28509.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92872. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 64362.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.26. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30067.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38562.42. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 8495.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 28509.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38216.63. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 9707.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.34. 4 The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 187339.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 432249.99. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 244910.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31. The results indicate that, 38.89 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 100,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 72,975, for small farmers it was Rs. 106,640, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 169,545.45 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 346,666.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,473.61. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,194.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,996.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,477.27, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 52,222.22. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 184 coconut and 606 mango tree in their fields. Households have planted 173 neem trees, 10 teak and 2 tamarind trees in their field. They have also grown 3 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, groundnut 80 per cent, paddy 44.44 per cent and tomato 90 per cent. The results indicated that, about 30.56 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 69.44 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 13.89 per cent have used truck and 5.56 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 36.11 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 50 per cent of the small farmers, 18.18 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used fire wood and 27.78 per cent used LPG. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 72.22 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and lake/tank were the source of drinking water for 16.67 per cent of the households respectively. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5 The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 33.33 per cent of the marginal, 50 per cent of the small, 27.27 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, 97.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 30.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 55.56 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.22 per cent, milk was adequate for 58.33 per cent, eggs were adequate for 19.44 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.56 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 63.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 38.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 75 per cent, milk was inadequate for 36.11, eggs were inadequate for 77.78 per cent and meat was inadequate for 91.67 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 2.50 per cent, vegetables, milk and meat were market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 83.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75%), inadequacy of irrigation water (19.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.56%), high rate of interest on credit (30.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.89%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75%), inadequate extension services (25%) and less rainfall (16.67%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkashindhag-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 637 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soil and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. About 5 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 90 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 64 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 21 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 73 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 54 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 41 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 2 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 38 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 55 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 3 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 64 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 30 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 3 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (1.0) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 28 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 44(7) 387(61) Sapota 19(3) 72(11) Maize 19(3) 412(65) Pomegranate 19(3) 230(36) Bajra 91(14) 328(51) Musambi 30(5) 218(34) Groundnut 32(5) 59(9) Lime 30(5) 218(34) Sunflower 30(5) 218(34) Amla 91(14) 340(54) Redgram 19(3) 209(33) Cashew - 59(9) Bengal gram 12(2) 419(66) Jackfruit 19(3) 72(11) Cotton 12(2) 419(66) Jamun - 229(36) Chilli 32(5) 59(9) Custard apple 103(16) 328(52) Tomato 32(5) 59(9) Tamarind - 214(34) Brinjal 59(9) 372(59) Mulberry 76(12) 161(25) Onion - 91(14) Marigold 19(3) 412(65) Bhendi - 431(68) Chrysanthemum 19(3) 412(65) Drumstick 63(10) 186(29) Jasmine 19(3) 254(40) Mango - 108(17) Crossandra 19(3) 105(17) Guava 19(3) 72(11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 105 (57.69%) men and 77 (42.31%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 5.06, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 4. The data indicated that, 22 (12.09%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 95 (52.2%) were in 16-35 years of age, 56 (30.77%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (4.95%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Chikkashindhag-2 had 25.82 per cent illiterates, 16.48 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.04 per cent of them had middle school education, 28.57 per cent of them had high school education, 10.99 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent had ITI education, 6.59 per cent of them ha degree education and 1.10 per cent of them had degree level education. The results indicate that, 55.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 41.67 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.56 per cent of the household members, 36.26 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.20 per cent were private service, 15.38 per cent were students, 3.85 per cent were housewives and 2.75 per cent were children. The results show that, 3.30 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in user group and 96.70 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 83.33 per cent of the households possess katcha, 11.11 per cent of the households pucca/RCC and5.56 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house. The results show that 75 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 58.33 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 44.44 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 91.67 per cent of them possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,333, DVD/VCD player was Rs. 2,000, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,952, motor cycle was Rs. 42,687 and mobile phones was Rs. 1,980. About 5.56 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 30.56 per cent of them possess plough, 19.44 per cent of them possess sprayer and 52.78 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18,000, plough was Rs. 1,636, sprayer was Rs. 4,428 and weeder was Rs.75. The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.22 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent possess crossbreed cow and goat and 5.56 per cent of them possess buffalo. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, average own labour (women) available was 1.29, average hired labour (men) available was 13.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.74. The results indicate that 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Chikkashindhag-2 micro-watershed possess 26.67 ha (67.76 %) of dry land and 12.69 ha (12.69 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.71 ha (75.19%) of dry land and 1.55 ha (24.81%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.22 ha (52.17%) of dry land and 2.95 ha (47.83%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.26 ha (69.80%) of dry land and 5.31 (30.20%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (69.23%) for dry land and 2.88 ha (30.77 %) for irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 401,107.91 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 653,939.39. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,379,295.53 for dry land and Rs. 1,801,041.66 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 341,761.01 for dry land and Rs. 677,640.61 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 220,099.01 for dry land and Rs. 546,376.81 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 61,750 for dry land and Rs. 208,438.81 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 41.67 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 44.87 meters. The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.96 ha, 5 ha, 3.36 ha, 6.93 ha and 2.88 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (23.72 ha), sunflower (3.24 ha), Bengal gram (2.83 ha), sorghum (2.43 ha), sugarcane (1.7 ha), jowar (0.81 ha), cotton (0.41 ha), bajra, cluster bean and onion (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, Bengal gram, cotton, bajra, cluster bean and onion. Small farmers had grown maize,. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, Bengal gram, sorghum, sugarcane, and jowar. Medium farmers had grown maize and sunflower. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chikkashindhag-2 micro-watershed was found to be 84.92 per cent. The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative and grameena bank. 3 The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 205,000. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from high rate of interest. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 36799.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31616. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -5183.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86. The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 162755.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 262007.31. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 99251.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61. The total cost of cultivation for Beans was Rs. 40614.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88920. The net income from Beans cultivation was Rs. 48305.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.19. The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 62559.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47681.83. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 14877.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.76. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 24327.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33962.50. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 9635.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 43641.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61186.67. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 17545.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 95996.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 197600. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 101603.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.06. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 27307.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 19004.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7. The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 22141.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27052.38. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 4911.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22. The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 22.22 green fodders was adequate, 5.56 per cent of the households opine dry fodder was in adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. 4 The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 39,533.33 for for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 36,666.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 104,375 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 110,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,373.84. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,708.89, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,366.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,578.13 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 30,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 48 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 34 teak, 49 neem and 4 tamarind tree in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,750.22 for land development, Rs. 361.11for improved crop production and Rs. 277.78 for improved crop production. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 13.51 per cent for land development and improved crop production and 8.11 per cent for irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development and improved crop production and 5.41 per cent for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, bajra and sorghum was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, beans and Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent, cotton, sugarcane and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.62 per cent and onion was sold to the extent of 98 per cent. The results indicated that, about 8.33 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 47.22 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 19.44 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 13.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used tractor and 13.89 per cent of the households use truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 36.11 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 77.78 per cent of the households bore well and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent and 2.78 per cent of the households used kerosene lamp in micro watershed. 5 The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 27.78 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 25 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 47.22 per cent, fruits were adequate for 16.67 per cent, egg were adequate for 80.56 per cent and meat were adequate for 77.78 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 66.67 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 52.78 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 75 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate were 5.56 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 8.33 per cent and fruits were market surplus for 2.78 per cent and meat were market surplus for 11.11 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil water and inadequacy of irrigation water was the constraint experienced by 72.22 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (86.11%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (69.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (75%), low price for the agricultural commodities(8.33%), less rainfall (22.22%) and Source of Agri-technology information (8.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil, two per cent by rock out crops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 6 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils. About 10 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 60 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 26 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface. About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 23 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 56 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5), 34 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils and 7 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 38 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 8(2) - Pomegranate - 83(18) Maize - 8 (2) Guava - 75(17) Bajra - 90(20) Jackfruit - 75(17) Redgram - 8 (2) Jamun - 83(18) Bengal gram 8(2) 7(2) Musambi 8(2) 75(17) Groundnut - 303 (68) Lime 8 (2) 75(17) Sunflower 8(2) - Cashew - 184(41) Cotton 8(2) - Custard apple 8(2) 419(94) Chilli - - Amla - 427 (96) Tomato - - Tamarind - 8(2) Drumstick - 236(53) Marigold - 8(2) Mulberry - 421(94) Chrysanthemum 8(2) Mango - - Jasmine - - Sapota - 75(17) Crossandra - 8(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 78 (60%) men and 52 (40%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.3, small farmer was 2.9, semi medium farmer was 4.1, medium farmer was 7 and for landless farmers it was 4. The data indicated that the there were 22 (16.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 50 (38.46%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (33.85 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (10.77%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Kanakapura-2 had 23.08 per cent illiterates, 20.77 per cent of them had primary school education, 15.38 per cent of them had middle school education, 25.38 per cent of them had high school education, 6.92 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.77 per cent of them had diploma, 5.38 per cent of them had degree education and 2.31 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 64.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 2.94 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 8.82 per cent were general labourers and 11.76 per cent of the households heads were doing other occupation. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 56.92 per cent of the household members, 0.77 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.15 per cent were general labours,0.77 percent were in private service, 26.15 per cent of them were students and 3.85 per cent were housewives. The results shows that 1.54 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.77 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 4.62 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank, 0.77 percent of them participated in zilla panchayat and 92.31 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. The results indicate that 91.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.88 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8.82 per cent of them possess thatched house. Cent percent of the landless farmers possess katcha house. The results shows that 79.41 per cent of the households possess TV, 70.59 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 55.88 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. About 50 per cent of the households possess plough, 29.41 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 41.18 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 100 per cent of the households possess weeder. Other implements owned by households in the micro watershed were tractor, sprinkler, harvester, thresher, groundnut decorticator, JCB and earth remover/duster. 2 The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.775, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18200, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1715, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 5000, the average value of harvester was Rs. 30000, the average value of thresher was Rs. 45000 and the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000. The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.88 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows and 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.17, average hired labour (men) available was 4.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.39. The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate. There was 1 person each migrated from micro watershed who belonged to landless and small farmer category. Total migration in the micro watershed was only 1.54 per cent. People have migrated on an average of 527 Kms and average duration was 8 months. Landless farmers have migrated 455 kms and on an average for 9 months. Small farmers migrated 600 kms and on an average for 7 months. Job/work was the most important reasons for migration for all the migrants. Improved quality of the life was the major positive consequences of migration for 100 per cent of the persons migrated. The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapura-2 micro watershed possess 30.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 3.44 ha (9.98%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.48 ha (94.87%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (5.13 %) permanent fallow. Small farmers possess 17.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.4 ha (81.64%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (18.36%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.23 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs.233054 and average value of irrigated land was Rs.443202. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 469662 for dry land and Rs. 1235000 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 1 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. There were 2 functioning and 1 defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 20.59 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 11.65 meters and the depth of open well was 3.23 meters. 3 The results indicate that, there were around 11.34 ha of irrigated area in kharif and 7.69 ha of irrigated area in rabi. Farmers have grown Anthorium (0.81 ha), Bajra (4.16 ha), Cotton (0.81 ha), Groundnut-Kharif (1.3 ha), Horse gram (1.43 ha), Jowar (1.21 ha), Maize (23.35 ha), Paddy (2.43 ha), Red gram (1.3 ha), Sorghum (0.85 ha), Tomato (0.4 ha), Groundnut-Rabi (4.6 ha), Navane (2.43 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapura-2 micro watershed was found to be 96.32 per cent. The results indicate that, 97.06 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among landless farmers 75 percent of them possess bank account and savings. Hundred per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium category of farmers possess bank account and also savings. The results indicate that, 75 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. Around 66.67 per cent have availed loan in grameena bank and 21.21 per cent have availed loan in money lender. Landless, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed loans to the exent Rs. 43333, Rs. 48500, Rs. 76250, Rs. 276428 and Rs. 200000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is Rs. 111060. The results indicate that, from institutional sources around 95.45 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture and 4.55 per cent of them have borrowed loan for social functions like marriage. Landless farmer has borrowed credit for social functions and all other category of farmers have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Around 66.67 per cent farmers borrowed credit for agriculture production purpose, 16.67 per cent borrowed for house hold consumption and another 16.67 percent of small farmers also borrowed loan for education purpose from non-institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs.29848.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45530.08. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs.15681.22, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.53. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42148.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80968.77. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs.38820.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 16353.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22620.68. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6267.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.38. 4 The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 34734.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20616.37. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 14118.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 10587.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23547.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 12959.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.22. The total cost of cultivation for horse gram was Rs. 13526.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16781.39. The net income from horse gram cultivation was Rs. 3254.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24. The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79. The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 23.53 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 2.94 per cent opined that green fodder is inadequate. The results indicated that the average annual gross income of households in the micro watershed was Rs.124166. Landless farmers had an income of Rs. 86250, marginal farmers had Rs.109908, small farmers had Rs. 88469, semi medium farmers had Rs. 187994 and medium farmers had Rs. 400000 average annual gross income. The average annual expenditure of households in the micro watershed was Rs.14792. Landless farmers had an expenditure of Rs.21562, marginal farmers had Rs. 4775, small farmers had Rs. 3720, semi medium farmers had Rs. 16325 and medium farmers had Rs. 210000 average annual expenditure. The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, jowar, maize, navane, paddy, red gram and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only 14.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants. About 91.18 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. Around 44.12 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 61.76 per cent have used tractor. 5 The results indicated that, 8.82 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 8.33 percent of small farmers and 28.57 percent semi medium farmers. The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 38.24 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 55.88 per cent of the farmers. Farm pond was adopted by 42.86 per cent of semi medium farmers. Around 7.96 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 92.31 per cent opined that dull replacement required. About 66.67 per cent of the households who adopted farm pond opined that the ponds are in good condition and 33.33 per cent opined that they need full replacement. About 35.29 per cent of soil conservation structure were constructed by farmers on their own, 29.41 per cent of the soil conservation structures were constructed by the government, 5.88 per cent were constructed. The results indicated that, 91.18 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel and another 8.82 percent of the households used LPG. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless 100 per cent of marginal, 91.67 per cent of small farmers, 85.71 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers. Another 2.94 per cent of the household had bore well as their major source of drinking water. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed and another 2.94 per cent of the households used kerosene lamp. The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 75 per cent of landless, 50 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farm households had sanitary toilet facility. Around 82.35 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 17.65 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 100 percent of the marginal, 25 per cent of the small, 57.14 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 41.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.59%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.47%), inadequacy of irrigation 6 water (82.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85,92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.29%), inadequate extension services (85.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.29%), less rainfall (88.24%) and source of agri-technology information was a constraint for 85.29 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadalapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 693 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 665 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 27 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 27 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm). About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 10 per cent area in loamy and 83 per cent clayey soils at the surface. Maximum of 63 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 12 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 26 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 27 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 96 per cent area. 5 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 38 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 53 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 61 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha). Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. About 77 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm). The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 218(31) 251(36) Guava - 134(19) Maize - 468(68) Sapota - 79(11) Bajra - 468(68) Pomegranate - 297(43) Groundnut - 106(15) Musambi 163(24) 134(19) Sunflower 163(24) 134(19) Lime 163(24) 134(19) Redgram - 297(43) Amla - 468(68) Bengal gram 218(31) 180(26) Cashew - - Cotton 218(31) 180(26) Jackfruit - 79(11) Chilli - 414(60) Jamun - 218(31) Tomato - 414(60) Custard apple 242(35) 226(33) Brinjal - 468(68) Tamarind - 218(31) Onion 71(10) 179(26) Mulberry - 79(11) Bhendi 71(10) 397(57) Marigold - 469(68) Drumstick - 297(43) Chrysanthemum - 469(68) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 89 (55.63%) men and 70 (43.75%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.3, marginal farmers' was 5.2, small farmers' was 3.8, semi medium farmers' was 4.1 and medium farmers' was 5.3. The data indicated that, 23 (14.37%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (41.88 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 56 (35%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (18.75%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Yadalapur had 41.25 per cent illiterates, 15.63 per cent of them had primary school, 3.13 per cent of them had middle school, 199.38 per cent of them had high school education, 5 per cent of them had PUC, 0.63 per cent of them had diploma, 1.25 per cent of them had ITI and 11.88 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and agricultural laborers, 5.56 per cent of the household heads were General Labour and 2.78 per cent of the household's heads were private service and housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 10 per cent of the household members, 51.88 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.88 per cent were in general labour and children, 3.75 per cent were private service, 21.25 per cent were student and 6.88 per cent were housewives. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 2.78 per cent of the households possess thatched and pucca/RCC house and 97.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The results show that 97.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 19.44 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.56 per cent of the households possess landline phone, 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.78 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,828, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,928, motor cycle was Rs. 47,687, landline phone was Rs.4,000, mobile phone was Rs. 1,970 and computer/laptop was Rs. 1,500. About 13.89 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and weeder,19.44 per cent of the households possess Plough, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sprayer, harvester and chaff cutter, 13.89 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 24,600, plough was Rs. 6,750, sprayer was Rs. 3,000, weeder was Rs. 70, harvester was Rs. 400 and the average value of Harvester was Rs. 300. The results indicate that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.56 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.78 per cent of the households possess crossbreed and Buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.27, average own labour (women) available was 1.21, average hired labour (men) available was 8.64 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.76. The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 55.56 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results show that, 2.5 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated. The results show that, average distance of migration was 813 kms and average duration of migration was 10 months. The results show that, job/wage/work are the main purpose of migration for 75 per cent of the population in micro-watershed and education of the children are the purpose of migration for 25 per cent of the population in micro-watershed. The results indicate that, households of the Yadalapur micro-watershed possess 60.55 ha (95.84%) of dry land, 2.23 ha (3.52%) of irrigated land and 0.4 ha (0.64%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 7.37 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.57 ha (97.1%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (2.9%) of permanent fallow land. Semi medium farmers possess 22.1 ha (90.85%) of dry land and 2.23 ha (9.15%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 17.52ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 240,136.02, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 449,090.91 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs.12.35. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 477,714.96 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 214,150.92 for dry land and the average value was Rs.12.35. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 199,952.38 for dry land and Rs. 449,090.91 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 211,062.36 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.56 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.23 meters. 3 The results indicate that, semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.23 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (44.43 ha), groundnut (5.34 ha), sorghum (3.8 ha), green gram (2.02 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), paddy (1.01 ha) and black gram (0.97 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and black gram. Small farmers have grown red gram, groundnut and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, groundnut, sorghum, green gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown red gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadalapur micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of the households have bank account and 61.11 per cent of the households have savings. The results indicate that, 47.22 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 12 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 24 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 15,848. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 11.11 per cent opined that forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 24388.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86450. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 62061.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.54. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 26727.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43177.22. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 16449.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.62. The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 36400.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50754.90. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 14354.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 11389.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21525.05. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 10135.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.89. 4 The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 42391.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42128.32. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. -262.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99. The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 16015.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39520. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 23504.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.47. The total cost of cultivation for Black gram was Rs. 22486.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65866.66. The net income from Black gram cultivation was Rs. 43380.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.93. The results indicate that, 22.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 53,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 48,700, for small farmers it was Rs. 75,410, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 152,200 and medium farmers it was Rs. 176,666.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,249.85. For landless households it was Rs. 16,666.67, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,033.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,755, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,611.11 and medium farmers it was Rs. 95,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 15 mango tree in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 77 neem, 3 tamarind and 16 acacia trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,805.56 for land development, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,805.56 for improved crop production, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 13.89 for improved livestock management and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 361.11 for orchard development/ maintenance. The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 41.67 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 33.33 per cent for land development, 22.22 per cent for improved crop production, 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management and 5.56 per cent for orchard development/ maintenance. The results indicated that, balck gram, cotton green gram, sorghum and paddy was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 95.24 per cent and Redgram was sold to the extent of 86.68 per cent. 5 The results indicated that, about 25 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 63.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets and 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households have used tractor and 22.22 per cent of the households have used truck as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 86.11 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 11.11 per cent have adopted field bunding, Summer Ploughing and dead furrow, 8.33 per cent have adopted mulching, contour cultivation and combination of deep and shallow root crops. The results indicated that, 77.78 per cent of the households used firewood and 22.22 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 44.44 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and bore well was the source of drinking water for 52.78 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. The results indicated that, 55.56 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 69.44 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 41.67 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 47.22 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 75 per cent, fruits were adequate for 19.44 per cent, milk were adequate for 36.11 per cent and egg were adequate for 13.89 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 27.78 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 55.56 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 47.22 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 22.22 per cent, fruits and meat were inadequate for 58.33 per cent, milk were inadequate for 36.11 per cent and egg were inadequate for 77.78 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (72.22%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (27.78%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (50 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals 6 (58.33%), high rate of interest on credit (38.89%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), inadequacy extension service (68.57 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.56%), Inadequate extension services (41.67%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (47.22 %), less rainfall (36.11%) and Source of Agri-technology information(8.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 486 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 335 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 142 ha by forest and 9 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 69 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 5 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm). About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 52 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed is gravelly (15-35%) and 18 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m). About 68 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 1 per cent has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands. An area of about 68 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded. An area of about 55 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 14 per cent area is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content An area of about 7 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 17 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) and 45 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the cultivated soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 44 per cent cultivated area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 168 (35) 120 (25) Guava - 14 (3) Maize - 288 (59) Sapota - 14 (3) Bajra - 289 (59) Pomegranate - 14 (3) Groundnut - 73 (15) Musambi 166 (34) 17 (3) Sunflower 168 (35) 14(3) Lime 166 (34) 17 (3) Redgram - 183 (38) Amla - 288 (59) Bengal gram 168 (35) 106 (22) Cashew - - Cotton 168 (35) 106 (22) Jackfruit - 14 (3) Chilli - 289 (59) Jamun - 168 (35) Tomato - 286 (59) Custard apple 166 (34) 123 (25) Brinjal 3 (<1) 286 (59) Tamarind - 168 (35) Onion 3 (<1) 120 (25) Mulberry - 14 (3) Bhendi 3 (<1) 286 (59) Marigold - 289 (60) Drumstick - 183 (38) Chrysanthemum - 289 (60) Mango - 3 (<1) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 97 (56.4%) men and 75 (43.6%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 5.09, small farmers' was 5.16, semi medium farmers' was 4.66 and medium farmers was Rs.6. The data indicated that, 31 (19.50 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (43.40 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (28.30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.81 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-1 had 50 per cent illiterates, 18.02 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.58 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.37 per cent of them had high school education, 4.07 per cent of them had PUC education, 4.65 per cent of them had diploma, 0.58 per cent of them had ITI and 5.81 per cent had degree education. The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 26.47 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborer. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 37.21 per cent of the household members, 26.16 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.49 per cent were in private service, 22.09 per cent were students, 6.40 per cent were in housewives and 2.91 per cent were children. The results show that, 1.16 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in taluk panchayat, 1.74 per cent of the population has not participated in sthree shakthi sangha 97.09 per cent population has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 5.88 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 70.59 per cent of them possess Katcha house and 29.41 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 82.35 per cent of the households possess TV, 41.18 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 52.94 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 82.35 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,892, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,500, motor cycle was Rs. 49,526, and mobile phone was Rs. 2,424. About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 29.41 per cent of them possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, 5.88 per cent of them possess tractor and harvester, 20.59 per cent of them possess weeder. The result indicated that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 24,000, Plough was Rs. 1,700, transplanter/grinder was Rs. 12,000, tractor was Rs.800,000, weeder was Rs. 450 and harvester was Rs. 150. 2 The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.82 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep, 5.88 per cent of the households possess goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 10.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.59. The results indicate that, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that the labour was inadequate. The results show that, 4.65 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated. The results show that, average distance of migration was 720 kms and average duration of migration was 10 months. The results show that, job/wage/work are the main purpose of migration for 100 per cent of the population in micro-watershed. The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed possess 40.16 ha (91.57%) of dry land and 3.69 ha (8.43%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.73 ha (95.03 %) of dry land and 0.40 ha (4.97%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 15.62 ha (90.33%) of dry land and 1.67 ha (9.67%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.81 ha (87.94%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (12.06%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 411,957.07 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 649,288.05. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 736,734.69 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 409,639.81 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 717,675.52. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 317,535.14 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 370,500 of irrigated land. In medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 139,886.74 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 3 de-functioning and 4 functioning bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water-shed for 11.76 per cent of the farmers and open well was the irrigation source in the micro water-shed for 2.94 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 6.81 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.27 meters. The results indicate that marginal and small, semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.4 ha and 2.43 ha, respectively. 3 The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (33.67 ha), jowar (4.96 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha), sorghum (1.34 ha), paddy (1.27 ha) and cotton (1.21 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 79.41 per cent of the households have savings. The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 11.11 per cent of the households have cooperative, fiends/relatives and moneylender and 100 per cent of the households have grameena bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 179,833.33. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 16.67 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources. The results indicate that, around 9.09 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, around 50 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 39113.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56381.43. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 17268.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44. The cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 57136.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 168377.46. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 111241.32. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95. The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 25833.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 18626.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.72. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 27477.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39316.25. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11838.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43. 4 The total cost of cultivation for Coconut was Rs. 41867.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82333.33. The net income from Coconut cultivation was Rs. 40466.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97. The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 42,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 194,045.45, for small farmers it was Rs. 108,030.77, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 151,333.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 364,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 18,927.24. For landless households it was Rs. 13,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 18,158.80, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,398.42, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,100 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 90,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 coconut, 14 mango and 2 sapota trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 4 eucalyptus and banyan, 21 teak, 101 neem, 9 tamarind and 2 acacia trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,882.35 for land development, Rs. 882.35 for irrigation facility and Rs. 676.47 for improved crop production. The results indicated that own funds was the source of additional investment for 61.76 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 23.53 per cent improved crop production. The results indicated that, coconut, groundnut and paddy was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, jowar was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 99.53 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 94.29 per cent. The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to to local/village merchants and 5.88 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households used dung cake, 85.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 41.18 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households, 20.59 per cent of the household used bore well and 2.94 per cent of the households used lake/tank in the micro watershed. 5 Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 69.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 79.41 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 61.76 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 70.59 per cent, fruits and egg was adequate for 26.47 per cent milk were adequate were 61.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 20.59 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 23.53 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate were 20.59 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 38.24 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 29.41 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 73.53 per cent, milk were inadequate for 32.35 per cent, egg were inadequate for 64.71 per cent and meat were inadequate for 70.59 per cent. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 100 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.06%). frequent incidence of pest and diseases (73.53%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (82.35%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (38.24%), inadequate extension services (58.82%) and source of Agri-technology information (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Budihalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 792 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 21 soil series and 33 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. About 58 per cent has clayey soils, 35 per cent has loamy and 2 per cent has sandy soils at the surface. About 66 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 5 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) and 88 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. About 58 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 1 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 27 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 12 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 18 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is non-saline (0.75%) in 33 per cent soils. Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in about 59 per cent soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 47 per cent, 47 per cent are medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) and 1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 20 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in about 21 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 72 per cent soils. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 282 (36) 389 (49) Sapota 169 (21) 180 (23) Maize 87 (11) 584 (74) Pomegranate 175 (22) 334 (42) Bajra 334 (42) 362 (46) Musambi 271 (34) 238 (30) Groundnut 174 (22) 313 (39) Lime 271 (34) 238 (30) Sunflower 271 (34) 228 (29) Amla 334 (42) 395 (50) Red gram 169 (21) 286 (36) Cashew 109 (14) 235 (30) Bengalgram 111 (14) 585 (74) Jackfruit 169 (21) 174 (22) Cotton 237 (30) 434 (55) Jamun 126 (16) 321 (41) Chilli 184 (23) 317 (40) Custard apple 445 (56) 284 (36) Tomato 184 (23) 323 (41) Tamarind 126 (16) 154 (20) Brinjal 208 (26) 460 (58) Mulberry 149 (19) 365 (46) Onion 166 (21) 333 (42) Marigold 144 (18) 527 (66) Bhendi 166 (21) 502 (63) Chrysanthemum 144 (18) 527 (66) Drumstick 175 (22) 349 (44) Jasmine 144 (18) 362 (46) Mango 126 (16) 49 (6) Crossandra 171 (22) 476 (60) Guava 148 (19) 195 (25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 97 (53.59%) men and 84 (46.41%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.5, marginal farmers' was 4.4, small farmers' was 5.0, semi medium farmers' was 5.2, medium farmers' was 6.2 and for large farmers' it was 7.0. The data indicated that 22 (12.15%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (41.99%) were in 16-35 years of age, 62 (34.25 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.60%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Budihalu micro watershed had 34.81 per cent illiterates, 0.55 per cent were functional literates, 19.89 per cent of the people had primary school education, 6.63 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.02 per cent of them had high school education, 10.50 per cent of them had PUC education, 5.52 per cent of them had degree education and 0.55 had studied ITI. The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 2.86 per cent of the household heads were in government service and 8.57 per cent of the households heads had other occupation. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.80 per cent of the household members, 14.36 per cent were agricultural labourers, 16.57 per cent were students, 3.31 per cent were children and housewives, 1.66 per cent were in government service. The results show that 96.69 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institution, 1.10 per cent have participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 0.55 per cent each have participated in gram panchayat, taluk panchayat, dairy cooperative and raitha sangha. The results indicate that 68.57 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca house, 2.86 per cent of them possess thatched house and 17.14 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. The results shows that 74.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 42.86 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 82.86 per cent of the households possess mobile phones, 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 5.71 per cent of the households possess DVD player and 5.71 per cent of the households possess auto. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.4730, mixer grinder was Rs. 2033, bicycle was Rs.3686, motor cycle was Rs. 29214, auto was Rs. 175000, mobile phone was Rs.1477, radio was Rs. 1000 and DVD player was Rs. 1600. About 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.86 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sprayer, and 2.86 per cent of the households possess tractor. 2 The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2333, bullock cart was Rs.22250, sprayer was Rs.3000 and tractor was Rs.300000. The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25.17 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 8.57 per cent of the households possess goat, 5.71 per cent of the households possess sheep and 45.71 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour (men) available in the micro watershed was 2.39, average own labour (women) available was 1.67, average hired labour (men) available was 2.30 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.67. The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 34.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 55.56 per cent of the marginal farmers, 70 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 medium farmers and 50 per cent of large farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Budihalu micro watershed possess 53.60 ha (73%) of dry land and 19.83 ha (27%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.99 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 170,772.45 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 357,971.02. The results indicate that, there were 13 functioning and 5 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed which was possessed by small farmers, medium farmers, semi medium farmers and large farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 34.21 meters. The results indicate that, small farmers had 1.01 ha, semi medium farmers had 5.67 ha, medium farmers had 8.24 ha and large farmers had 3.24 ha of irrigated area. Farmers have grown Maize (26.66 ha), Bajra (4.78 ha), Sunflower (4.05 ha), Redgram (8.1 ha), Bengal gram (1.01 ha) and Sorghum (2.23 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, cotton, bajra, sunflower, sorghum and groundnut. Small farmers have grown maize, cotton, bajra, and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, cotton, sunflower, sorghum and banana. Medium farmers have grown maize, red gram, cotton, bajra, sunflower, onion, sorghum and bengal gram. Large farmers have grown maize, cotton and chilly. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Budihalu micro watershed was found to be 61.92 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 76.94 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 78.95 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.67 per cent and large farmers had a cropping intensity of 35.71 per cent. 3 The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households have bank account and 17.14 per cent of the households have savings. Among landless, medium and large farmers nobody possessed bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of marginal, 30 per cent of small and 16.67 per cent semi medium have borrowed credit from different sources. Around 25 per cent have availed loan from commercial bank, 12.5 per cent have availed loan from cooperative bank, 37.5 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank and 12.5 per cent have availed loan from money lender. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is Rs. 234000. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agricultural production purpose. The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households have repaid their loan partially. The data also shows that 66.67 per cent of households have unpaid their loans and only 16.67 per cent of households have fully repaid their loans taken from institutional sources. Around 100 per cent of the households have not repaid their loan borrowed from non institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30217.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37123.44. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6905.72, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 10077.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14806.28. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs.4728.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 34942.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54239.18. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 19296.30, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 54100.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 12054.82. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 42045.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.22. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31049.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31250.07. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 200.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 16968.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19924.67. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 2956.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 17508.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61750. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 44241.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.53. 4 The total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 40661.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 3161600. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 3120938.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:77.75. The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 47423.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 1729.00. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -45694.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.04. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 28538.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32968.22. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4429.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16. The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 16581.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 12350. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. - 4231.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74. The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 8.57 per cent of marginal farmers and 40 per cent of small farmers. Around 40 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 8.57 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate. The results indicated that, banana, Bengal gram, chilly, groundnut, jowar, onion, redgram and sorghum were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Around 34.29 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 68.57 per cent of the households have sold their produce to village merchants, 28.57 per cent of the households have sold their produce in regulated markets and 11.43 per cent of the households have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society. Around 17.14 per cent of the households have carried head load, 77.14 per cent have used cart and 57.14 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 22.22 per cent of marginal farmers, 10 per cent of small farmers and 14.29 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 22.22 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small farmers, and 14.29 per cent of medium farmers. Around 8.57 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, and another 5.71 per cent is constructed by farmers' organization. The results indicated that, 3.03 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel, 93.94 per cent used fire wood and another 3.03 per cent of the households used LPG. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 48.57 per cent of the households, bore well was the major source for 40 per cent of the households, open 5 well was the major source for 11.43 per cent of the households and canal was the major source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 44.44 per cent of the marginal, 30 per cent of the small, 50 per cent of the semi medium and 14.29 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. Around 80 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 14.29 per cent possessed APL card. Around 60 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of landless farmers, 33.33 percent of the marginal, 50 per cent of the small, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium, 85.71 percent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the small farmers. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 60 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 20 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 40 per cent of the households, fruits were adequate for 25.71 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 48.57 per cent of the households, eggs were adequate for 22.86 per cent of the households and meat was adequate for 28.57 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 3.03 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (60.61%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.52%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (15.15%), high rate of interest on credit (24.24%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (12.12%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (90.91%), less rainfall (100%), source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (96.97). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
The year 2015 is pivotal in international development. In the lead-up to 2000, the global community came together at various conferences to agree on, for the first time in known history, shared development goals. The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set 18 targets that were aimed at significantly reducing disease, illiteracy, gender inequality, hunger, and poverty, and improving access to water and sanitation by 2015. Leading up to this point where the era of the MDGs concludes, progress has been monitored and discussions started well ahead of this momentous year to define and meet the more ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), building on and bringing to fruition what has been started under the MDG agenda. Much progress has been made toward achieving the MDGs. The world reached the poverty reduction target five years ahead of schedule, and progress has been reported in a number of other areas. However, considerable challenges remain: even while declaring success on MDG1, roughly a billion people remained in poverty. A large number of MDG targets will not be met by the end of 2015, and progress remains uneven among the different countries. Moreover, new challenges to progress are emerging deriving from natural and manmade calamities. To deliver on the twin goals and the post-2015 agenda, the Bank Group would benefit from a clearly articulated role, approach, and expected contribution to the SDGs, both externally for enhancing partnerships and internally to facilitate prioritization and synergies. As this paper has shown, the World Bank Group works actively in many areas relevant to the SDGs, actually many more than covered here, but various evaluations have pointed to the importance of multi-sector integrated approaches that challenge countries and their partners to find new ways of working. The challenges that the SDGs aim to address, and the SDGs themselves, are complex, and solutions will have to be tailored to context, bring together multiple actors, and benefit from dynamic, constantly adjusted planning and execution that is informed by ongoing monitoring and evaluation.
Land and property rights, migration, and citizenship are complex issues that cut across all social, economic, and political spheres of West Africa. This paper provides an overarching scoping of the most pressing contemporary issues related to land, migration, and citizenship, including how they intersect in various contexts and locations in West Africa. The way issues are analytically framed captures structural challenges and sets them against the regional and global meta-trends of which policy makers and practitioners should be aware for conflict-sensitive planning. The paper points to some of the effective practices in managing and mitigating these issues and also raises several questions on areas for future research. Part one lays out the migratory context in West Africa. It points to the type, nature, and extent of mobility that characterizes the region. Part two sets out West Africa's land tenure and management systems, including structural challenges, general management policies, and key issues related to land tenure and migrants. Part three frames the key land and migration meta-trends in the context of fragility. Part four concludes with an overall exploration of the paper's results and puts forward a series of research questions that are necessary in order to discern the most effective and realistic operational approaches.
The process by which different ecological conditions and historical trajectories interacted to create different social and cultural systems resulted in major differences in economic development performance within Southeast Asia. In the late 19th century, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand commonly experienced vent-for-surplus development through exploitation of unused lands. Nevertheless, different agrarian structures were created. Indonesia s development was mainly based on the exploitation of tropical rain forest under Dutch colonialism. It resulted in the bifurcation of the rural sector between rice-farming peasant proprietors and large plantations for tropical export crops based on hired labor. In the Philippines, exploitation of the same resource base under Spanish rule resulted in pervasive landlessness among the rural population. Relatively homogeneous landowning peasants continued to dominate in Thailand, where delta plains that were suitable only for rice production formed the resource base for development. These different agrarian structures associated with different social value systems have accounted for differential development performance across the three economies in the recent three decades.
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
Against the backdrop of the ongoing Gaza war and an enraged Arab street, the future of 2,500 U.S. troops stationed in Iraq is once again in question. Despite a full withdrawal in 2011, the government of Iraq "invited" U.S. forces to return in 2014 to combat Daesh, or ISIS. But seven years after the "Caliphate" was pronounced defeated, the multinational Combined Joint Task Force-Operation Inherent Resolve maintains a large military presence in Iraq, ostensibly to "work by, with and through regional partners to militarily defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS, in order to enable whole-of-coalition governmental actions to increase regional stability."Despite those laudable intentions, attacks against U.S. military personnel have intensified and so has political pressure to conclude the mission, far beyond similar calls for expulsion following the targeting of Qassim Soleimani in 2020. The presence of foreign forces in general and the U.S. troops in particular is vexing to Iraq with its long history of occupation (although calling 2,500 non-combat forces an occupation is a bit of a stretch), but is also an opportunity, particularly among Iranian-backed political parties and militias, to create a strawman responsible for all of the country's ills.For many Iraqis the counter-ISIS coalition is like the guest who has overstayed his welcome."The presence of U.S. military forces on Iraqi soil has been increasingly causing problems to Iraq and its neighbors; it also gives a pretext to terrorists to resume their attacks on Iraqis," said Dhia Al-Asadi, former minister of state who headed the Al-Ahrar (Sadrist) Bloc in parliament. "These forces should withdraw immediately so that a legitimate, nationalist Iraqi government can take the lead and build its military and security capacity without unsolicited U.S. interference."Yet, not all Iraqis concur with those views."Despite the considerable strength of militia forces in Iraq, surpassing that of the Iraqi national army, their calls for the withdrawal of Americans and allies are primarily rhetorical," said Nahro Zagros, editor in chief of Kurdistan Chronicle and former vice president of Soran University in Erbil. "If the decision rested with the Iraqi populace, the majority would prefer the continued presence of Americans. However, Iraqi affairs are not under Iraqi control but influenced by neighboring powers."According to Falah Mustafa, a close adviser to the president of the Kurdistan Region on Foreign Policy Affairs, "any decision [on the future of the coalition forces] must be based on national consensus.""For the Kurdistan Region, certainly we are part of Iraq and we will abide by any decision that Iraq makes, but one single group of Iraqi society cannot determine this alone, because Iraq is a diverse country. Shias, Sunnis, Kurds, Turkmen, Chaldeans, Assyrians, and Christians, we all need to agree on this issue because it is about the stability, security of this country," he said.While the U.S. has sought to maintain a military presence in Iraq, arguments to keep them there do not stand up to scrutiny. There is an unspoken proposition that Iraq could be used as a launch platform for attacks against Iran or elsewhere, but this is specifically prohibited by the 2008 Strategic Framework Agreement, which remain the foundational document for the Iraq-U.S. relationship. It says, "The United States shall not use Iraqi land, sea, and air as a launching or transit point for attacks against other countries; nor seek or request permanent bases or a permanent military presence in Iraq."Besides, Iraq is not needed for this purpose. The U.S. currently has a major logistical base in Kuwait with over 13,000 army troops, a naval base in Bahrain housing the U.S. Fifth Fleet and Al Udeid Air Base in Doha is the largest military installation in the region with over 8,000 troops. The Persian Gulf can fit a Carrier Battle Group with ease. These, in addition to other bases in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Jordan and Turkey, maintain more than sufficient ground, air and naval assets to challenge any military force in the region. A second argument is the often-stated rhetorical trope that leaving Iraq would be a victory for the Iranians. While it may be a rhetorical victory for Iran, rhetoric should not be the basis for foreign policy. A military withdrawal from Iraq would be seen in Tehran as stabilizing Iran's western borders, but it must be acknowledged that the U.S. seeks the same outcome on its borders. The Monroe Doctrine has been the cornerstone of U.S. hemispheric policy for 200 years, just as Persian influence has driven similar aspirations towards Iraq for over a millennium. Former Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif famously said, "Look at the map. The U.S. military has travelled 10,000 kilometers to dot all our borders with its bases. There is a joke that it is Iran that put itself in the middle of U.S. bases."The U.S. argument conflates influence with interference. The economies and cultures of the two societies are vastly intermingled, shown most clearly with the hundreds of thousands of pilgrims which peacefully cross the borders annually to visit Qom and Najaf. Yet, the fundamental U.S. concern should not be one of Iranian influence but of Iranian interference, of which its insinuation into the political and economic structures will continue, regardless of the U.S. troop presence.Last, some would argue for a continued U.S. troop presence, asserting that the counter-ISIS mission is not finished, and ISIS remains a significant threat to both Iraq and the international community. While there may be some validity to this argument, it begs the question whether the Iraqis need continued foreign assistance or can accomplish this mission unilaterally. A U.S.-Iraq Higher Military Commission has recently been meeting to analyze these and other concerns to determine the rationale for a continued military mission. Mustafa, who previously served as head of KRG's Department of Foreign Relations, said it is important to remember that "this should not be emotional; it should not be affected by other factors.""Iraqis, the U.S. — the relevant people — need to sit down together, discuss and assess the situation on the ground, review the extent of engagement, assess the threats, Iraqi capabilities and determine together the nature and shape of future arrangements and future relations between Iraq and the U.S., and the rest of coalition countries," he said.According to Al-Asadi, "Daesh, like al-Qaida before it, will not cease to exist as a threat not only to Iraq but to the region and the entire world. Names, strategies and means may change, but the masterminds and beneficiaries of such groups will always keep them ready to strike, and sometimes they serve as a hired gun."However, he added: "Iraqi forces are qualified and capable of dealing with this threat. They may need some up-to-date technology, training and honest cooperation with regional and world countries who ought to share the same amount of concern about the growing danger of these terrorist groups."While the need for "up-to-date technology, training and honest cooperation" is important, it could be provided by other nations' forces, contractors or remotely, rather than by the physical presence of U.S. forces.A final argument suggests the continued presence of U.S. forces is an insurance against internal Iraqi threats. According to Zagros, "the most significant danger originates from within Iraq itself, where militia forces persist in attacking fellow Iraqis and opposing factions.""I firmly believe that without the presence of Americans and their allies, Iraq and the broader region face the risk of fragmentation and collapse," he said.Yet, those same militia forces are using the presence of U.S. forces as a casus belli to wage a deadly campaign against the forces of occupation, aligning themselves with the Iranian "Axis of Resistance" to receive equipment, training and funding from the Quds Force. Counterintuitively, the very presence of U.S. troops strengthens the hands of the militias and creates instability, especially when the United States unilaterally targets militia leaders and infringes on Iraqi territorial sovereignty to do so.These four factors, alone, imply that the U.S. troop presence comes at high costs and marginal benefits. The U.S. continues to be painted as an occupier, an aggressor, a foreign agitator and the cause of Iraqi society's near-collapse since the 2003 invasion.As Al-Asadi notes, "Why does the U.S. want to negotiate its withdrawal from Iraq? If they really want to stabilize Iraq and the region, they should withdraw their military troops first, then they can diplomatically negotiate their future relations with Iraq. Given the fragility of the situation and institutional dysfunctionality, we cannot hope for a better situation. The major denominator is the existence of foreign military troops in Iraq."Since October 7, U.S. support for Israel has aggravated the anger, and has brought the question of continued U.S. presence to the fore. While some arguments for remaining may exist, and Iraq is certainly more important than Otto von Bismarck's famous quote that the Balkans are not "worth the bones of a Pomeranian grenadier," the U.S. should reflect, clear-eyed, on the risk to American lives, the provocation to Iran, the almost paternalistic view that the Iraqi security establishment can't succeed against ISIS on its own, or can't find other alternatives, and the significant animosity against U.S. policy throughout the region. The Counter-ISIS Coalition performed brilliantly, but it is time to say, "Mission Accomplished."
ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mempunyai tujuan untuk mengetahui dampak dari pengungkapan secara dimensi individu laporan Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR) terhadap profitabilitas dalam bank umum syariah. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode regresi data panel serta dengan bantuan alat statistik yaitu Eviews 9. Terdapat 10 bank umum syariah di Indonesia pada periode 2016-2020 yang dijadikan sebagai sampel dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran pengungkapan ICSR dilakukan dengan teknik konten analisis berdasarkan item-item yang mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai Islam pada laporan tahunan bank sehingga menghasilkan indeks pengungkapan Index Social Reporting (ISR). Hasil dari pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan pengungkapan ICSR berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap profitabilitas bank umum syariah. Secara parsial, pengungkapan dimensi per individu ICSR tidak mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara dimensi individu ICSR terhadap profitabilitas, kecuali untuk 'komitmen terhadap karyawan', 'komitmen terhadap debitur', dan 'komitmen terhadap komunitas'.Kata Kunci: Pengungkapan, Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility, Profitabilitas, Bank Umum Syariah. ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the impact of the disclosure of individual dimensions of Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility (ICSR) reports on profitability in Islamic commercial banks. In this study, a quantitative approach was used with the panel data regression method and with the help of a statistical tool, namely Eviews 9. There were 10 Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia in the 2016-2020 period which were used as samples in this study. The measurement of ICSR disclosure is carried out using content analysis techniques based on items that describe Islamic values in the bank's annual report so as to produce a disclosure index of the Index Social Reporting (ISR). The results of hypothesis testing indicate that simultaneously the disclosure of ICSR has a significant positive effect on the profitability of Islamic commercial banks. Partially, the disclosure of individual dimensions of ICSR does not have a statistically significant relationship between individual dimensions of ICSR on profitability, except for 'commitment to employees', 'commitment to debtors', and 'commitment to community'.Keywords: Disclosure, Islamic Corporate Social Responsibility, Profitability, Islamic Commercial Banks.DAFTAR PUSTAKAChariri, A., & Ghozali, I. (2007). Teori akuntansi. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Ahmad, N. N. N., & Sulaiman, M. (2004). Environment Disclosures in Malaysian Annual Reports: A Legitimacy Theory Perspective. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 14(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1108/10569210480000173Aribi, Z. A., & Arun, T. (2015). Corporate social responsibility and Islamic financial institutions (IFIs): Management perceptions from IFIs in Bahrain. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(4), 785–794.Aribi, Z. A., & Gao, S. S. (2012). Narrative disclosure of corporate social responsibility on Islamic financial institutions. Managerial Auditing Journal, 27(2), 199–222.Arshad, R., Othman, S., & Othman, R. (2012). Islamic corporate social responsibility, corporate reputation and performance. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 64, 1070–1074.Asutay, M. (2007). Conceptualisation of the secondbest solution in overcoming the social failure of Islamic banking and finance: Examining the overpowering of homoislamicus by homoeco- nomicus. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 15(2), 167–195.Athanasoglou, P. P., Brissimis, S. N., & Delis, M. D. (2008). Bank- specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18, 121–136.Barnett, M. L., & Salomon, R. M. (2012). Does it pay to be really good? Addressing the shape of the relationship between social and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33, 1304–1320.Baydoun, N., & Willet, R. (1997). Islam and accounting: Ethical issues in the presentation of financial information, accounting, commerce and finance. The Islamic Perspective, 1(1), 1-25.Beerli, et al. (2004). A model of customer loyalty in the retail banking market. European Journal of Marketing, vol. 38.Buckingham, G., Gregory, A., & Whittaker, J. (2011). Do markets value corporate social responsibility in the United Kingdom? Retrieved July 17, 2013 from http://business-school.exeter.ac.uk/ documents/papers/finance/2011/1107.pdf.Burke, L. and Logsdon, J. M. (1996). How Corporate Social Responsibility Pays Off. Long Range Planning, 29(4), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(96)00041-6Bourke, P. (1999). Concentration and other determinants of bank profitability in Europe, North America and Australia. Journal of Banking & Finance, 13, 65–79.Chambers, C.L., & Day, R. (2009). The Banking sector and CSR: An unholy alliance. Financial Regulation International, 12(9), 1-7.Chronopoulos, D. K., Liu, H., McMillan, F. J., & Wilson, J. O. S. (2013). The dynamics of US bank profitability. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1972835.Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Huizinga, H. (2000). Financial structure and bank profitability. Policy Research Working Paper Series 2430. The World Bank.Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. The Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65–91.Evangelinos, K.I., Skouloudis, A., Nikolaou, I.E., & Filho, W. L. (2009). An analysis of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability reporting assessment in the Greek banking sector. In S.O. Idowu & W. L. Filho (Eds.), Professionals' perspectives of corporate social responsibility (pp. 157-177). London, New York: Springer.Farag, H., Mallin C., & Ow-Yong K. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance in Islamic banks. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 103(July 2014), S21-S38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.001.Fishman, R., Heal, G., & Nair, V. (2005). Corporate social responsibility: Doing well by doing good? Working Paper. University of Pennsylvania.Fitria, Soraya., & Hartanti. (2010). Islam dan tanggung jawab sosial: Studi perbandingan pengungkapan berdasarkan global reporting initiative indeks dan Islamic social reporting indeks. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi XIII, Purwokerto.Gao, L., & Zhang, J. (2013). Firms' earnings smoothing, corporate social responsibilities, and valuation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 32(June 2015), 108-127Ghozali, I. (2007). Manajemen risiko perbankan. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Gray, et al. (1995). Accounting and accountability: Changes and challenges in corporate social and environment reporting. London: Prentice Hall Europe.Haniffa, R., & Hudaib, M. (2007). Exploring the ethical identity of Islamic banks. Journal of Business Ethics, 76, 97–116.Hassan, M. K., Rashid, M., Imran, Md Y, & Shahid, A. I. (2010). Ethical gaps and market value in the Islamic banks of Bangladesh. Review of Islamic Economics, 14(1), 49–75.Hillman, A. J., & Keim, G. D. (2001). Shareholder value, stakeholder management, and social issues: What's the bottom line? Strategic Management Journal, 22, 125–139.Juliansyah, N. (2011). Metode penelitian kualitatif. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.Kapopoulos, P., & Lazaretou, S. (2007). Corporate ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from Greek firms. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 144–158.Kementrian Agama Republik Indonesia. (2021). Al Qur'an dan terjemahannya. Jakarta: Kemenag RI.Kosmidou, K. (2008). The determinants of banks' profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration. Managerial Finance, 34(3), 146–159.Kuncoro, M. (2011). Metode kuantitatif. Yogyakarta: Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen YKPN.Maali, B., Casson, P., and Napier, C. (2013). Social reporting by Islamic banks. Abacus, 42(2): 266-289.Mahoney, L., & Roberts, R. W. (2007). Corporate social performance, financial performance and institutional ownership in Canadian firms. Accounting Forum, 31, 233–253.Mahoney, L., & Thorne, L. (2005). Corporate social responsibility and long-term compensation: Evidence from Canada. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(3), 241–253.Makni, R., Francoeur, C., & Bellavance, F. (2009). Causality between corporate social performance and financial performance: Evidence from Canadian firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 409–422.Mallin, C., Farag, H., & Ow-Yong, K. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance in Islamic banks. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 103, S21–S38.Sulaiman, Maliah. (2010). Tessting A Model of Islamic Corporate financial Reports: Some Experimental Evidence. The International Islamic University Malaysia. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 9(2), 115-39.Marom, I. Y. (2006). Toward a unified theory of the CSP–CFP link. Journal of Business Ethics, 67, 191–200.McGuire, J. B., Sundgren, A., & Schneeweis, T. (2008). Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 854–872.Meutia, Inten. (2010). Shariah enterprise theory sebagai dasar pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial untuk bank syariah. Disertasi tidak diterbitkan. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.Platonova, E., Asutay M., Dixon R., & Mohammad S. (2018). The impact of corporate social responsibility disclosure on financial performance: Evidence from the GCC Islamic banking sector. Journal Business Ethics, 151, 451-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016- 3229-0.Prabowo, R. (2015). Analisis beban kerja untuk menentukan jumlah karyawan optimal (Studi kasus: PT. Sanjayatama Lestari Surabaya). Skripsi tidak diterbitkan. Surabaya: ITATS.Preston, L. E., & O'Bannon, D. P. (1995). The corporate social financial performance relationship: A typology and analysis. Business Society, 36, 419–429.Purwanto, A. (2011). Pengaruh tipe industri, ukuran perusahaan, profitabilitas, terhadap corporate social responsibility. Jurnal Akuntansi & Auditing, 8(1), 1-94.Roberts, R. W. (2012). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure: An application of stakeholder theory. Accounting, Organisations and Society, 17(6), 595-612.Scholtens, B. (2009). Corporate social responsibility in the international banking industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 159-175.Simpson, W. G., & Kohers, T. (2002). The link between corporate social and financial performance: Evidence from the banking industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 35, 97–109.Short, B. K. (1999). The relation between commercial bank profit rates and banking concentration in Canada, Western Europe and Japan. Journal of Banking and Finance, 3, 209–219.Steers, R., & Porter, L. W. (2011). Motivation and work behavior, New. York: Academic Press.Untung, H. B. (2008). Corporate social responsibility. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.Waddock, S. A., & Graves, S. B. (1997). The corporate social performance—financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18(4), 303–319.
