Suchergebnisse

The academic research on book history in Estonia started in the 1920s when the conditions of an independent state made it possible to develop national science on a full scale. Prior to the emergence of scholarly studies, Estonian intellectuals used to concentrate on the popularisation of sciences. The article deals with the communication of popular knowledge on book history in the Estonian language during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (until 1917). The sample includes textbooks and articles in the periodical press. No separate books on this topic were issued during the period under study.In order to establish the representation of book-historical topics in Estonian textbooks and periodical publications, the study employs the bibliometric approach and thematic analysis. The latter is based on the model elaborated by T. R. Adams and N. Barker. Among textbooks, readers and special history textbooks were chosen for the study. The sample of periodical press includes all the news and articles on the topic in all the Estonian-language newspapers and magazines identified on the basis of the card catalogue of the Archive Library of the Estonian Literary Museum.The results of the study demonstrate that one third of the readers issued during the period under study and nearly all history textbooks included pieces of reading on book and printing history. The first treatments of the topic in periodicals were issued in the 1820s. However, the more regular communication of the topic started in the 1880s. The press gave preference to the Estonian book history and the history of writing. Thus, the treatment of the topics helped to shape the national consciousness of Estonian people, enlightening the origins and development of the national book culture. ; Tallinn University, Institute of Information StudiesNarva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn, EstoniaE-mail: aile@tlu.eeVisavertis nacionalinis mokslas Estijoje iš esmės prasidėjo dvidešimtojo amžiaus trečiajame dešimtmetyje, susikūrus nepriklausomai Estijos valstybei. Iki to laiko intelektinis elitas daugiausia telkė dėmesį į mokslinių idėjų populiarinimą estų kalba. Tą patį galima pasakyti apie knygos istorijos tyrinėjimus, kurie irgi prasidėjo trečiajame dešimtmetyje.Šiame straipsnyje tiriama, kaip estiškai kalbantiems gyventojams buvo pristatomos knygos istorijos žinios devynioliktajame amžiuje ir dvidešimtojoamžiaus pradžioje (iki 1918 metų). Kadangi šia tema per visą nagrinėjamą laikotarpį nebuvo išleista nė vienos knygos, tyrime teko nagrinėti pavyzdžius iš vadovėlių (skirtų paprastiems skaitytojams ir istorikams) bei iš įvairiausiuose laikraščiuose ir žurnaluose publikuotų straipsnių. Vadovėlių paieška atlikta tiesioginės prieigos kataloge ESTER, o straipsniai identifikuoti remiantis Estijos literatūros muziejaus kortelių katalogu.Siekiant nustatyti, kaip knygos istorijos tematika pristatoma estiškuose vadovėliuose ir periodiniuose leidiniuose, tyrime naudojami bibliometrijosmetodai ir teminė analizė. Pastarasis remiasi knygos tyrimo modeliu, kurį išplėtojo T. R. Adams ir N. Barker. Jis apima penkis knygos gyvenimo įvykius: tai leidyba, gamyba, platinimas, priėmimas ir išlikimas. Jų seka sudaro komunikacijos sistemą. Koduojant tekstus atsižvelgiama ir į geografinį aspektą, skiriami straipsniai apie bendrąją knygos istoriją (Gutenbergo išrasta spauda ir tolesnė knygos ir spausdinimo raida), Rusijos knygos istoriją ir Estijos knygos istoriją.Temų, susijusių su knygos istorija, populiarinimas estų kalba prasidėjo pirmoje XIX amžiaus pusėje, bet reguliaresnis tapo antroje šio amžiaus pusėje. Jau pirmasis reguliarus laikraštis estų kalba "Marahva Näddala-Leht" ("Valstiečio savaitraštis"), leistas amžiaus pradžioje, gana plačiai rašė apie spaudos atsiradimą ir Estijos knygos istorijos pradžią. Kitas gana išsamus spausdinimo ir popieriaus gamybos aprašymas pasirodė mokslo populiarinimo žurnale "Ma-ilm ja mõnda, mis seal sees leida on" (1849) ("Pasaulis ir šis bei tas, kas jame yra"). Šis žurnalas nebuvo labai paplitęs jo leidimo metu, bet paskesniais dešimtmečiais labai išpopuliarėjo. Jis buvo plačiai naudojamas mokyklose kartu su skaitinių knygomis ir specialiais istorijos vadovėliais. Apskritai, tik trečdalyje skaitinių knygelių užsimenama apie pagrindinius knygos istorijos įvykius, nors šia tema kalbama beveik visuose istorijos vadovėliuose, išleistuose aptariamuoju laikotarpiu. Antroje XIX amžiaus pusėje tarp skaitytojų populiariausia buvo (1867–1906 metais pasirodė 16 knygos leidimų) C. R. Jakobson Kooli Lugemise raamat ("Mokyklos skaitinių knyga"), kurioje buvo ir tekstas apie knygos istoriją.Per 60 metų (1857–1917) periodinėje spaudoje šia tema pasirodžiusių tekstų skaičius buvo gana kuklus (iš viso 41: naujienų žinutės ir straipsniai). Aplinka tekstams, aptariantiems knygas, buvo palanki – XIX amžiaus pabaigoje dauguma estų buvo raštingi, ir nemažai šeimų namie turėjos kelias bent jau religinio turinio knygas. Periodinėje spaudoje knygos istoriniai aspektai reguliariau buvo aptariami nuo devintojo dešimtmečio, kai oficialioji valdžia savo politiką pasuko rusifikacijos kryptimi ir spaudai teko atsisakyti ideologinių barnių bei atkreipti dėmesį į kultūrinį švietimą. Žinutės ir straipsniai periodiniuose leidiniuose pasirodydavo sporadiškai ir buvo išsklaidyti po įvairius leidinius. Kai kurie leidiniai, pavyzdžiui, laikraščiai "Postimees ir Olevik" bei žurnalas "Linda", knygos istorijos reikalus nušviesdavo reguliariau. K. A. Hermann ir A. Grenzstein, atitinkamai "Postimees" ir "Olevik" savininkai, aktyviai dalyvavo knygų versle, rašė, redagavo ir leido įvairias publikacijas, kurios buvo spausdinamos jų spaustuvėse. Tai tikriausiai ir paskatino jų domėjimąsi šia sritimi. Periodiniai leidiniai daugiausia dėmesio skyrė Estijos knygos istorijai ir rašto sistemų istorijai.Skaitinių knygos ir straipsniai periodiniuose leidiniuose neblogai supažindino skaitančiąją visuomenę su esminiais knygų ir rašto istorijos klausimais. Šie tekstai įnešė savo indėlį į tautinės sąmonės ir nacionalinės tapatybės formavimą. Šis periodas parengė dirvą ateinančiam vystymosi etapui, kai Estijos knygos istorija tapo nacionalinių tyrinėtojų mokslinio darbo objektu.

Hegel and Foucault are typically represented in the literature as antipodes, but they both raise the question of the historicity of knowledge. This study elaborates this theme using a comparison of the Phenomenology of Spirit and the Archeology of Knowledge. It reveals how their conceptions are both critically related to Kant's critique of reason, and illuminates the convergence of their theories with respect to the evolution of knowledge.

The methods of intellectual history have not yet been applied to studying the invention of technology for printing texts and images ca. 1375–ca. 1450. One of the several conceptual developments in this period reflecting the possibility of mechanical replication is a view of the relationship of eternity to durational time based on Gregory of Nyssa's philosophy of time and William of Ockham's. The article considers how changes in these ideas helped enable the conceptual possibilities of the dissemination of ideas. It describes a direct connection of human perceptual knowledge to divine knowledge that enhanced the authority of printed production to transfer and reproduce the true and the good.

Abstract The sustainable hydropower development program, launched by the Turkish state in early 2000s, has not only privatized rivers, by transferring the use rights of the stream flow to private companies, but also the hydropower sector by transferring the functions of state institutions to the private sector, including planning, designing, constructing and operating hydroelectric plants. This overwhelming program has faced strong opposition and local people have opened court cases to cancel emerging private hydropower projects in their areas. This legal struggle has transformed juridical knowledge-making into a process that produces environmental knowledge, and legitimizes it as official knowledge. By tracing the trajectory of the court case over the Cevizlik hydroelectricity plant and analyzing the scientific expert reports and court verdicts, this article discusses juridical knowledge-making under the uncertainty of natural conditions while demonstrating its strengths and limitations. I argue that the plurality of the knowledge produced through juridical knowledge-making practice reveals its political character. I conclude that the debates over juridical knowledge-making practices from the political ecology perspective can contribute to improving them, and help understand the future of rivers in Turkey under the pressure of hydropower development. Key words: Political ecology, knowledge-making, juridical knowledge-making, uncertainty of knowledge, hydropower development, the İkizdere River, Turkey.

In Modern Chinese, xing is the character most commonly used to denote sex, gender and sexuality. However, the character was a specialist Confucian term originally meaning 'human nature' in Classical Chinese, and only came to signify both sex and human nature in the early twentieth century. This usage was invented by Japanese intellectuals in the late nineteenth century for their translations of sexological texts from Europe, in which they encountered the concept of sex as a natural drive and the fundamental core of individuals. This article investigates the convoluted linguistic career of xing, and argues that in China in the 1920s, sex/xing became the point of anchorage for a new politics, which naturalised sex, legitimised talk about reproduction and desire, and made imperative the intensification of the production of scientific knowledge on sex (and by extension 'human nature'). It is emphasised that the history of xing in China in the 1920s is not just a curiosity or appendage to more 'mainstream' history of sexuality; rather, it is impossible to appreciate the global nature of modernity without a thorough understanding of the circulation of sexual ideas.

The article discusses the application significance and specifics of heuristic teaching method in China's university vocal teaching. The heuristic teaching method can effectively strengthen students' mastery of vocal knowledge and promote the development of divergent thinking among students. It aims to mobilize students' creativity through guidance and inspiration around the teaching objectives of vocal.

In tropical latitudes, phytoliths represent an important indicator of the paleoenvironmental reconstitutions. Yet, they are still modestly used in past environments studies of Mayan Lowlands, despite the low potential of other vegetation bioindicators. It is in this context, and through the rich sedimentary archives of the Naachtun archaeological site and its surroundings, that we propose a new approach to exploit the inherent advantages of these siliceous microfossils for the study of past environments. Located in the extreme north of Guatemala in the subtropical Petén forest, the territory of Naachtun has been the subject of archaeological and geoarchaeological research since 2010. With its geographical location in the middle of the major Mayan political centers, this site represents a crucial space in the evaluation of the interactions between Mayan societies and the environment over the last 4 millennia, the main issue of this doctoral dissertation. To answer this question, two methodological axes have been privileged. The first axis concerns an actualist approach and aims to calibrate modern phytolith assemblages about the current natural and anthropogenic ecosystems of Naachtun and its region. The second axis, palaeoenvironmental, aims to use fossil phytolith assemblages recorded in off-site contexts, in the bajo palustrine sediments, and intra-site, to propose a reconstruction of the socio-environmental history of Naachtun. This thesis research demonstrates the potential of this new tool for the approach of palaeoenvironments in the Mayan lowlands, but it also provides new knowledge on the use of wetlands by Mayan populations. More broadly, this work is part of the current construction of an imaginary of Mayan societies conscious of their environment and adapted to its changes, a counter-example to our modern problems and crises. ; En las latitudes tropicales, los fitolitos representan un indicador esencial en la reconstitución de paleoambientes. Sin embargo, todavía se utilizan modestamente en estudios ...

This research examines the uses and purposes of history in a high school in relation to citizen training. Historical knowledge has great criticism potential and allows acquiring criteria to act democratically. Semi-structured interviews with two teachers and questionnaires and narratives will be used for students in 1st and 4th ESO. The research shows a hybrid teaching position, finding traits of traditional models in teaching (the scarce treatment of controversial topics), and critics, such as the belief in the transformative potential of the subject. In the students, objectivist positions about the past will be observed, which coexist with examples of greater agency capacity in the face of current issues. The deepening of didactic strategies that address political education from History will result in the acquisition of skills and attitudes to live in democracy. ; En esta investigación se examinan los usos y finalidades de la historia en un instituto en relación a la formación ciudadana. El saber histórico tiene gran potencial crítico y permite adquirir criterios para actuar democráticamente. Se emplearán entrevistas semiestructuradas a dos docentes y cuestionarios y narrativas a su alumnado de 1.º y 4.º ESO. La investigación constata un posicionamiento docente híbrido, encontrando rasgos de modelos tradicionales en la enseñanza (el escaso tratamiento de temas controversiales), y críticos, como la creencia en el potencial transformador de la materia. En el alumnado se observarán posiciones objetivistas acerca del pasado, que conviven con ejemplos de mayor capacidad de agencia ante cuestiones actuales. La profundización en estrategias didácticas que aborden la educación política desde la historia redundará en la adquisición de habilidades y actitudes para vivir en democracia.

Deported for acts of resistance in Nazi concentration camps, Charlotte Delbo, Jorge Semprun and Germaine Tillion testify about this horrific experience through their works. Their autobiographical, fictional or historical writings convey the uncertainty and anxiety that deportees felt as they arrived at the camp, immersed in an unknown and incomprehensible world. This study explores the various lacks of knowledge and understanding, and their consequences, expressed in their works. To resist the dehumanization and the destruction of the self, some detainees fought actively for information. This was especially true for Tillion. Her training as an ethnologist gave her the tools to gather information and to analyze the concentration camp system. This dissertation examines the methods used by Tillion for the collection, analysis and dissemination of information. It focuses particularly on the role of Le Verfügbar aux Enfers, her humorous operetta written while detained in Ravensbrück, in the propagation of concentration camp knowledge to the other inmates in the camp. The works of the three writers also mention the problems of knowledge and understanding that survivors faced after returning from concentration camps. However, the authors express the need both to understand this experience and to be understood. To do so, Tillion published three editions of her historical work Ravensbrück before authorizing the publication of the play Le Verfügbar aux Enfers at the end of her life. Delbo chose a mixture of prose and poetry in the trilogy Auschwitz et après, and also turned to theater. As for Semprun, he prefered the novel and the autobiography, incorporating fiction into reality. This research investigates the role of writing, and more specifically literature, in the transmission of the experience and the knowledge that ensues from it.

"Communities great and small across Europe for eight centuries have contracted with doctors. Physicians provided citizen care, helped govern, and often led in public life. Civic Medicine stakes out this timely subject by focusing on its golden age, when cities rivaled territorial states in local and global Europe and when civic doctors were central to the rise of shared, organized written information about the human and natural world. This opens the prospect of a long history of knowledge and action shaped more by community and responsibility than market or state, exchange or power"--

This thesis is a translated edition of Books 57 & 58 of Cassius Dio's Roman History, with a philological and historical commentary. The latter edition of Cassius Dio's work is now outdated, and so are the French translations based upon it. Our work constitutes a part of a larger programme that aims to provide an up-to-date edition with a translation of the complete works of Cassius Dio. In books 57 & 58, the Greek historian, living under the Severans, follows thoroughly the evolution of the Tiberian Principate, with a particular focus on the political crisis from military rebellions in Pannonia and Germania to Sejanus' conspiracy. His analyses are founded both on his literature searches and on his own political experience as a Roman senator, and reveal an accurate knowledge of the institutional realities of the Early Principate. The main goal of the two books is to show how Tiberius, as the successor of Augustus, completes the founding work of his great predecessor while debasing the political ideals defined by Maecenas in book 52. In this train of thought, Dio pays special attention to the relationships between the Emperor and the Senators and how they evolve. Combining biographical patterns with an annalistic framework, the narration provides an original point of view on the figure of Tiberius, beside the earlier testimonies of Suetonius and Tacitus which remain incomplete with regard to the fall of Sejanus. Accordingly, the present work focusses on three main areas, including first the narrative structure, then the profiling of Tiberius as a political leader in relation to other rulers, and finally the distanced and ironic view on the political and human comedy. ; Cette thèse, une édition traduite et commentée de deux livres de l'Histoire romaine (livres 57 et 58), s'inscrit dans un programme d'édition critique complète et moderne de cette œuvre. Dans ce diptyque faisant suite au cycle augustéen des livres 51 à 56, Dion Cassius retrace, avec le recul d'un sénateur romain de l'époque sévérienne, le ...

Abstract
This article analyses the function of illness-metaphors for the construction of economic and social crises in public discourse. Three periods of crises in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany are contemplated: the oil crisis in 1973/74, the public dispute about Schröder's so-called Agenda 2010 in 2003 and the financial crisis in 2008/09. It will show that illness-metaphors are used in combination with other metaphors involving other source domains. Thus, conceptual metaphors unfold scenarios, which explain the essence of and the coping with a crisis without requiring specific knowledge about economic relations.

The revolution of 1688–9 has been studied from a variety of angles, but few historians have paid much attention to the sheer depth of William of Orange's acquaintance with a broad swathe of British society. Many of the choices the prince made during the invasion and in the years leading up to it were influenced by his contacts in Britain. He knew the court well and had made some efforts to influence the timings of parliaments and the direction of policy under his uncles, Charles II and James II. The shape of the regime that emerged after his successful overthrow of James II was also informed by his knowledge of a number of senior British politicians and this is reflected in a list compiled by one of his followers, Gilbert Burnet, in the course of the revolution. This article seeks to cast new light on the preparations that lay behind the invasion and the reasons for the appointments that were made in the new administration of William and Mary.

"This volume calls attention to the worst massacre of Christians that has occurred on the African continent, a 1937 attack on the monastic village of Debre Libanos that has previously been hidden from public knowledge. Now available in English, this book's analysis of the events culminating in the massacre, including the cover-up afterward, is a necessary record for scholars of European colonialism, Christian history, and colonial Africa"--

Abstract
By examining the horizontal and vertical, international knowledge and technology transfer of specific industrial water-treatment-technologies, this paper reflects on their interaction with beer production. Against the background of the discrepancy between the importance of narratives on naturalness and originality in relation to brewing water and the industrial mass production in its historicity, an insight into a largely invisible but nevertheless fundamentally important technology will be given.