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"Through an examination of the Irish language context this volume examines the changing value and function of minority languages and what this may mean for future efforts to revive the Irish language. It provides an account of four sites of minority language use including television, comedy, Hip Hop, and tourism. Each of these sites represents domains in which the use of Irish has changed significantly as a consequence of processes of globalization. Through an examination of these four areas, it becomes clear that they offer transgressive spaces for minority language ideologies and use"--

Preface; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo -- Injustice and Redemption: The Education of Latinx Emergent Bilinguals; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo -- Part I: Setting the "State": The Old and Subtractive Ways Haven't Worked -- Bilingual Education Policy in Texas: Promise and Lost Opportunities; David Hinojosa -- Compounded Inequities: Tracking School Finance Equity for Districts Serving Low-Income Emergent Bilingual Students; David S. Knight, Jesus Mendoza -- Assessment and English Language Learners in Special Education; Edgar M. Torres Ovando, Danika L. S. Maddocks, Angela Valenzuela -- To Want the Unwanted: English Language Learners on the Border; Reynaldo Reyes III -- Part II: Bilingualism, Biliteracy, and Dual Language Education -- Dual Language Education for All; Wayne P. Thomas, Virginia Collier -- A More Comprehensive Perspective in Understanding the Development and Learning in Dual Language Learners; Eugene E. García -- Biliteracy and Translanguaging in Dual Language Bilingual Education; Susana Ibarra Johnson, Ofelia García, Kate Seltzer -- Preparing Leaders for Latina/o Academic and Language Success: Frameworks, Perspectives and Strategies; Juan Manuel Niño, Enrique Alemán, Jr. -- Part III: Leading the Way to Dual Language Education -- Dual Language for All: Central Office Leadership in the El Paso Independent School District; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews, David Knight, James Coviello -- Leading Dual Language: Twenty Years of Innovation in a Borderland Elementary School; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews, Estefania Balderas, Becca Gregory -- A School Leadership Framework for Dual Language; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo, Stephen Kotok -- The Challenges of Recruiting and Retaining Dual Language Teachers; Elizabeth Howard, Angela M. López-Velásquez -- Implications for the Future; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the international Joint Modular Languages Conference, JMLC 2003, held in Klagenfurt, Austria in August 2003. The 17 revised full papers and 10 revised short papers presented together with 5 invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from 47 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on architectural concepts and education, component architectures, language concepts, frameworks and design principles, compilers and tools, and formal aspects and reflective programming

Language shift, the process by which a language loses speakers until it becomes extinct, is occurring in speech communities all over the world. This process is influenced by internal and external political, social, and economic factors unique to each community. As its causes and effects are not uniform, a universal model for reversing language shift does not exist. However, several broad principles can be applied across multiple contexts and situations for successful language revitalization. It is essential for the speech community to be the primary decision maker in any program. A thorough assessment of the community's current status, challenges, and resources will help in designing an effective strategy. It is also important for the community to set realistic goals and create or improve a language education program. Navajo is a local example of a community engaging in language revitalization. Using the Graded International Disruption Scale developed by Joshua Fishman, the current position of the Navajo language, as well as target areas for future goals, can be assessed. While speech communities face significant challenges to keep their languages alive, efforts to revitalize minority languages are worthwhile and success is possible with time, dedication, and access to needed resources.

In almost every part of the world, minority languages are being threatened with extinction. At the same time, dedicated efforts are being made to document endangered languages, to maintain them, and even to revive once-extinct languages. The book presents a comprehensive overview of language endangerment and revitalization. Among the examined aspects are: degrees of endangerment, definitions of language death, causes of endangerment, types of speakers in endangerment situations, methods of documentation. The book is of interest to a wide readership, including linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, and educators

As demand for proficient English speakers increases worldwide, there is growing concern about the standard of English achieved by students during their schooling. With English teachers (rightly or wrongly) receiving much of the blame for a perceived decline in language standards, policy-makers are increasingly interested in the language-related competencies of English teachers: both their language proficiency (or 'communicative language ability', CLA) and their 'knowledge about language' (or Teacher Language Awareness, TLA). As a result, the assessment of English teachers' language-related competencies has become more widespread. In any attempt to measure those competencies, however, several important interrelated issues have to be confronted. Some relate to the precise nature of the knowledge/awareness that English teachers have of the language they teach, and the difficulties inherent in setting/measuring standards of Teacher Language Awareness. Others concern the language model(s) of which English teachers are expected to be aware, and about which teachers themselves feel they should be aware. The present paper examines some of these issues. It begins by exploring the nature of TLA, and some of the challenges in TLA measurement. It then considers questions relating to the varieties of English which form models for TLA, with particular reference to Hong Kong.