Suchergebnisse

[cat] El càncer colorectal és una malaltia causada per canvis genètics i epigenètics. La inactivació de gens supressors de tumors i l'activació d'oncogens són fites clau en la progressió tumoral. Els pacients amb càncer en estadi III o IV són sotmesos a cirurgia seguida de quimioteràpia. No obstant això, només el 30% dels pacients mostren una resposta objectiva fins i tot als millors agents quimioterapèutics disponibles. En aquest estudi es van utilitzar assajos d'alt rendiment de tot el genoma per caracteritzar millor els aspectes importants de la progressió oncogènica, com la desregulació de la proliferació i l'expressió aberrant causada per mecanismes epigenètics. La ràpida proliferació tumoral s'associa al pitjor pronòstic del pacient, aquí hem caracteritzat la signatura transcripcional de les cèl.lules de càncer colorectal amb ràpida proliferació de cèl.lules en un intent d'identificar els gens importants per sostenir el creixement tumoral i que podrien ser utilitzats com a dianes terapèutiques. Per comprendre millor els mecanismes subjacents a la profunda reprogramació transcripcional observada en les cèl.lules canceroses, es va investigar l'associació entre els nivells de metilació de l'ADN en els promotors i els nivells d'expressió d'aquests gens en línies cel.lulars de càncer colorectal. Els resultats d'aquest estudi poden contribuir a la identificació de noves dianes quimioterapèutics per a pacients amb càncer colorectal, i la caracterització de nous gens / vies amb activitat supressora de tumors, que són silenciats epigeneticament. ; [eng] Colorectal cancer is a disease caused by genetic and epigenetic changes. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes are key landmarks in tumor progression. However, the list of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes is far from complete, even in the case of the tumor types that are best characterized, such as colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death in the Western world and is a serious health issue for the European Union. Patients having stage III or IV cancer undergo surgery followed by chemotherapy. However, the clinical management of these patients is far from optimal, and only about 30 % of the patients show an objective response to even the best chemotherapeutic agents available. In this study genome-wide high throughput assays were used to better characterize important aspects of the oncogenic progression such as deregulation of proliferation and aberrant expression caused by epigenetic mechanisms. Because rapid tumor proliferation is associated with poor patient prognosis, here we characterized the transcriptional signature of rapidly proliferating colorectal cancer cells in an attempt to identify genes important to sustain tumor growth and that could be used as novel therapeutic targets. The proliferation rate of 52 colorectal cancer cell lines was determined and genome-wide expression profiling of a subset of these lines was assessed by microarray analysis. The expression of 1,290 genes was significantly correlated with the growth rates of colorectal cancer cells. These included genes involved in cell cycle, RNA processing/splicing and protein transport. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPDX) were shown to have higher expression in faster growing cancer cells. Importantly, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of GAPDH or PPDX reduced the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the profound transcriptional reprogramming observed in cancer cells, we investigated the association between the levels of DNA methylation in the promoters of >14,000 genes and the levels of expression of these genes in a panel of 45 colorectal cancer cell lines. A group of cell lines with significantly higher methylation levels was observed, supporting the notion that there is a group of colorectal tumors with a CpG methylator phenotype (CIMP+). A significant negative regulation between methylation and expression levels was observed for 1,409 genes, suggesting that these genes are silenced during the tumorigenic process through this epigenetic mechanism. A significant number of these genes were zinc finger proteins, suggesting an important role of these DNA-binding proteins on the tumorigenic process. Strikingly, approximately one fourth of these genes are not associated with CpG islands, indicating that DNA methylation outside these CpG rich regions is an important mechanism regulating gene expression and significantly contribute to tumor progression. In addition, we postulate that at least some of those genes have tumor suppressor activity. As a proof-of-concept, we show that restoration of the expression of ZNF238, a gene showing a significant methylation/expression correlation, resulted in reduced growth of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, in this study we shed new light on the mechanisms underlying the uncontrolled proliferation of colon cancer cells and the expression reprograming imposed in these cells through CpG methylation. The results of this study may contribute to the identification of novel chemotherapeutic targets for patients with colorectal cancer, and the characterization of novel genes/pathways with tumor suppressor activity, that are epigenetically silenced.

International audience ; The Sharing Economy is much more than collaborative consumption (Botsman and Rogers, 2011) even if this appears as the most visible achievement of this sector. Production, consumption, finance, exchanges are disrupted by the sharing economy revolution. But what are the common points between Airbnb, Uber, Wikipedia, Ulule, Blablacar, Kickstarter, the FabLabs/hackespaces, the Local exchange trading systems (LETS), Linux, etc.?Most of these achievements rely upon digital platforms (Kenney and Zysman, 2015) enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. These digital platforms act as « weapon of mass collaboration » (Tapscott & Williams - 2007), flattening relationships between Internet users and inside organizations (Castells, 1996 ; 2002).Specifying what the sharing economy is isn't an easy task. For-profit, non-profit, reciprocity, competition can be observed at a stage or another in the sharing economy galaxy. A bright constellation in this galaxy is the think tank Ouishare created in France in 2012. It's s a « global community that connects people, organizations and ideas around fairness, openness and trust » (ouishare.net). For them collaborative economy deals with five phenomena: collaborative consumption, crowdfunding, open knowledge (open data, open education, open governance), the maker movement (open design and manufacturing, do it yourself), open and horizontal governance (participatory budgeting, open government initiatives, co-operatives, open value networks, do-ocracries, holacracies).Internet seems to enable peer-to-peer exchanges between consumers (Bauwens, 2005) who are also sometimes producers (Tapscot and William - 2007 speak about "prosumers" to stress how the lines have been blurring). Of course Uber and Airbnb's algorithms are working like digital auctioneers: tiny invisible hands enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. Could this be the return of Smith or Hayek? Why am I asking this question? Because Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's founder, pointed out "Hayek's work on price theory is central to my own thinking about how to manage the Wikipedia project" (Mangu-Ward, 2007). In order to figure out how to understand the complexity of the sharing economy we propose to explore three paths to characterize it. In the first one we'll distinguish, with Karl Polanyi, two kinds of economy. Then we will try to figure out where to position the sharing economy (1). In the second one we'll see if all the sharing economy organizations really share everything and how (2). The last way to characterize the sharing economy is around its global political project (3).1) The economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought. He distinguishes two ways to understand economy: formal and substantive (Polanyi, 1944). The formal meaning refers to an economy interested only in minimizing means and maximizing results (in neoclassical words: utility maximization under conditions of scarcity). The substantive meaning refers to how humans make a living interacting within their social and natural environments. In this case the economy is embedded in society. Karl Polanyi identifies four principles (or forms of integration) of economic behavior, three in a substantive meaning (reciprocity, redistribution, domestic administration) and the last in the formal sense (market exchange). These principles will be used to classify sharing economies.2) The sharing economy seems to offer a third way between state and market, the collaborative commons (Rifkin, 2014), which are aimed to produce, innovate, manage, all in common (Ostrom, 1990; Hess & Ostrom, 2007). Some projects or organizations of the sharing economy are managed as common pool resources (Wikipedia, Linux). These projects/organizations have been deeply influenced by the free culture movement (Lessig, 2004 ; Suber, 2012 ; Stallman, 1985) very present in Internet culture (Castells, 1996 ; Benkler 2002) and are close to a an economy in its substantive meaning. The principles of common pool resource management (Ostrom, 1990) are, according to us, useful tools to characterize sharing economy projects.3) Proponents of the sharing economy advocate action. This is to participate in the creation of a new world by being an agent of change. Acting is a way to test ideas and overcome the internal contradictions of the movement. 3D printers, laser cutters, digital milling machine found in all FabLabs provide access to a new form of bricolage, an interconnected DIY (Anderson, 2012 ; Lallement, 2015). More than a political project, a way of being: to not be a passive consumer and join the ranks of the makers (Anderson, 2012). The concept of bricolage (Levi-Strauss, 1962 ; Duymedian et Rüling, 2010 ; Gundry et al., 2003 ; Garud et Karnøe, 2003) could help us in identifying the real spirit of the sharing economy.On the one hand the culture of open access (Suber, 2012) where peers gather behind a socially useful project and produce in common; on the other huge corporations that take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the internet to establish a " netarchical capitalism" (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014). The sharing economy concentrates contradictions. We hope to give, in this paper, some guidelines to identify sharing economies.

The provision of electronic participation services (e-participation) is a complex socio-technical undertaking that needs comprehensive design and implementation strategies. E-participation service providers, in the most cases administrations and governments, struggle with changing requirements that demand more transparency, better connectivity and increased collaboration among different actors. At the same time, less staff are available. As a result, recent research assesses only a minority of e-participation services as successful. The challenge is that the e-participation domain lacks comprehensive approaches to design and implement (e-)participation services. Enterprise Architecture (EA) frameworks have evolved in information systems research as an approach to guide the development of complex socio-technical systems. This approach can guide the design and implementation services, if the collection of organisations with the commonly held goal to provide participation services is understood as an E Participation Enterprise (EE). However, research & practice in the e participation domain has not yet exploited EA frameworks. Consequently, the problem scope that motivates this dissertation is the existing gap in research to deploy EA frameworks in e participation design and implementation. The research question that drives this research is: What methodical and technical guides do architecture frameworks provide that can be used to design and implement better and successful e participation? This dissertation presents a literature study showing that existing approaches have not covered yet the challenges of comprehensive e participation design and implementation. Accordingly, the research moves on to investigate established EA frameworks such as the Zachman Framework, TOGAF, the DoDAF, the FEA, the ARIS, and the ArchiMate for their use. While the application of these frameworks in e participation design and implementation is possible, an integrated approach is lacking so far. The synthesis of literature review and practical insights in design and implementation of e participation services from four projects show the challenges of adapting architecture frameworks for this domain. However, the research shows also the potential of a combination of the different approaches. Consequently, the research moves on to develop the E-Participation Architecture Framework (EPART-Framework). Therefore, the dissertation applies design science research including literature review and action research. Two independent settings test an initial EPART-Framework version. The results yield into the EPART-Framework presented in this dissertation. The EPART-Framework comprises of the EPART-Metamodel with six EPART-Viewpoints, which frame the stakeholder concerns: the Participation Scope, the Participant Viewpoint, the Participation Viewpoint, the Data & Information Viewpoint, the E-participation Viewpoint, and Implementation & Governance Viewpoint. The EPART-Method supports the stakeholders to design the EE and implement e participation and stores its output in an architecture description and a solution repository. It consists of five consecutive phases accompanied by requirements management: Initiation, Design, Implementation and Preparation, Participation, and Evaluation. The EPART-Framework fills the gap between the e participation domain and the enterprise architecture framework domain. The evaluation gives reasonable evidence that the framework is a valuable addition in academia and in practice to improve e-participation design and implementation. The same time, it shows opportunities for future research to extend and advance the framework. ; Die Bereitstellung elektronischer Beteiligungsverfahren (E-Partizipation) ist ein komplexes sozio-technisches Unterfangen, das eine sorgfältige Vorgehensweise erfordert. Die Herausforderung ist, dass Regierungen oder Kommunalverwaltungen, als häufigste Anbieter, bei der ganzheitlichen Planung und Umsetzung nur unzureichend unterstützt werden. Infolgedessen beschreibt die Literatur nur wenige E-Partizipationsangebote als erfolgreich. Die Wirtschaftsinformatik entwickelte das Konzept der Enterprise Architectures um die Entwicklung komplexer sozio-technischer Systeme zu unterstützen. Versteht man die Gruppe an Organisationen, die E-Partizipationsverfahren bereitstellt nun als Enterprise, so können die Prinzipien von Enterprise Architectures angewendet werden. Nichtsdestotrotz wurde dieser Ansatz in der E-Partizipationspraxis und –Forschung bisher kaum beachtet. Motiviert durch diese Forschungslücke, untersucht die Dissertation bestehende Ansätze aus der E-Partizipationspraxis und –Forschung auf Besonderheiten und Schwachstellen, um anschließend den Nutzen bestehender Rahmenwerke für Enterprise Architectures im Kontext von E-Partizipation zu analysieren. Die Literaturstudie überprüft sowohl konzeptionelle als auch prozedurale Ansätze aus Praxis und Wissenschaft auf ihre Ganzheitlichkeit und identifiziert die Herausforderungen. Im Rahmen von vier Projekten wird das Vorgehen beim Entwurf und der Umsetzung von elektronisch unterstützten Beteiligungsverfahren dokumentiert und ausgewertet sowie Verbesserungspotenziale aufgezeigt. Enterprise Architecture Frameworks (Zachman Framework, TOGAF, DoDAF, FEA, ARIS, und ArchiMate) werden auf Anforderungen und Nützlichkeit für E-Partizipation untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Herausforderungen bei der Übernahme existierender Enterprise Architecture Frameworks, aber auch das Potential einer Kombination aus speziellen Ansätzen für E-Partizipation mit Enterprise Architectures auf. Folglich ist das Ziel der weiteren Forschung die Entwicklung eines Architekturrahmenwerks für E-Partizipation. Die vorliegende Dissertation führt die Ergebnisse der Literaturstudien und Aktionsforschung zusammen und wendet dementsprechend Konstruktionsforschung (Design Science Research) bei der Entwicklung des E-Participation Architecture Framework (EPART-Framework) an. Die initiale Version dieses Rahmenwerks wird in zwei unterschiedlichen Umgebungen angewandt und getestet. Die Erkenntnisse führen zu dem EPART-Framework, das in dieser Dissertation vorgestellt wird. Es besteht aus dem EPART-Metamodel, das E Partizipation aus sechs verschiedenen Perspektiven unterschiedlicher Akteure (den sog. EPART-Viewpoints) betrachtet. Die EPART-Method unterstützt den Entwurf und die Umsetzung von E-Partizipation mit Hilfe des EPART-Frameworks. Sie beschreibt fünf, durch Anforderungsmanagement begleitete, Phasen: Initiierung, Entwurf, Umsetzung, Partizipation und Evaluation. Die Ergebnisse während diesen Phasen werden in der Architekturbeschreibung (Architecture Description) und dem Solution Repository gespeichert. Das finale EPART-Framework wird im Rahmen der Arbeit evaluiert, um Empfehlungen für die Anwendung sowie weiteren Forschungsbedarf aufzuzeigen. Die Ergebnisse geben Grund zur Annahme, dass das EPART-Framework die Lücke zwischen E-Partizipation und Enterprise Architectures füllt und Forschung und Praxis in dem Feld wertvoll ergänzt.

International audience ; The Sharing Economy is much more than collaborative consumption (Botsman and Rogers, 2011) even if this appears as the most visible achievement of this sector. Production, consumption, finance, exchanges are disrupted by the sharing economy revolution. But what are the common points between Airbnb, Uber, Wikipedia, Ulule, Blablacar, Kickstarter, the FabLabs/hackespaces, the Local exchange trading systems (LETS), Linux, etc.?Most of these achievements rely upon digital platforms (Kenney and Zysman, 2015) enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. These digital platforms act as « weapon of mass collaboration » (Tapscott & Williams - 2007), flattening relationships between Internet users and inside organizations (Castells, 1996 ; 2002).Specifying what the sharing economy is isn't an easy task. For-profit, non-profit, reciprocity, competition can be observed at a stage or another in the sharing economy galaxy. A bright constellation in this galaxy is the think tank Ouishare created in France in 2012. It's s a « global community that connects people, organizations and ideas around fairness, openness and trust » (ouishare.net). For them collaborative economy deals with five phenomena: collaborative consumption, crowdfunding, open knowledge (open data, open education, open governance), the maker movement (open design and manufacturing, do it yourself), open and horizontal governance (participatory budgeting, open government initiatives, co-operatives, open value networks, do-ocracries, holacracies).Internet seems to enable peer-to-peer exchanges between consumers (Bauwens, 2005) who are also sometimes producers (Tapscot and William - 2007 speak about "prosumers" to stress how the lines have been blurring). Of course Uber and Airbnb's algorithms are working like digital auctioneers: tiny invisible hands enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. Could this be the return of Smith or Hayek? Why am I asking this question? Because Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's founder, pointed out "Hayek's work on price theory is central to my own thinking about how to manage the Wikipedia project" (Mangu-Ward, 2007). In order to figure out how to understand the complexity of the sharing economy we propose to explore three paths to characterize it. In the first one we'll distinguish, with Karl Polanyi, two kinds of economy. Then we will try to figure out where to position the sharing economy (1). In the second one we'll see if all the sharing economy organizations really share everything and how (2). The last way to characterize the sharing economy is around its global political project (3).1) The economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought. He distinguishes two ways to understand economy: formal and substantive (Polanyi, 1944). The formal meaning refers to an economy interested only in minimizing means and maximizing results (in neoclassical words: utility maximization under conditions of scarcity). The substantive meaning refers to how humans make a living interacting within their social and natural environments. In this case the economy is embedded in society. Karl Polanyi identifies four principles (or forms of integration) of economic behavior, three in a substantive meaning (reciprocity, redistribution, domestic administration) and the last in the formal sense (market exchange). These principles will be used to classify sharing economies.2) The sharing economy seems to offer a third way between state and market, the collaborative commons (Rifkin, 2014), which are aimed to produce, innovate, manage, all in common (Ostrom, 1990; Hess & Ostrom, 2007). Some projects or organizations of the sharing economy are managed as common pool resources (Wikipedia, Linux). These projects/organizations have been deeply influenced by the free culture movement (Lessig, 2004 ; Suber, 2012 ; Stallman, 1985) very present in Internet culture (Castells, 1996 ; Benkler 2002) and are close to a an economy in its substantive meaning. The principles of common pool resource management (Ostrom, 1990) are, according to us, useful tools to characterize sharing economy projects.3) Proponents of the sharing economy advocate action. This is to participate in the creation of a new world by being an agent of change. Acting is a way to test ideas and overcome the internal contradictions of the movement. 3D printers, laser cutters, digital milling machine found in all FabLabs provide access to a new form of bricolage, an interconnected DIY (Anderson, 2012 ; Lallement, 2015). More than a political project, a way of being: to not be a passive consumer and join the ranks of the makers (Anderson, 2012). The concept of bricolage (Levi-Strauss, 1962 ; Duymedian et Rüling, 2010 ; Gundry et al., 2003 ; Garud et Karnøe, 2003) could help us in identifying the real spirit of the sharing economy.On the one hand the culture of open access (Suber, 2012) where peers gather behind a socially useful project and produce in common; on the other huge corporations that take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the internet to establish a " netarchical capitalism" (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014). The sharing economy concentrates contradictions. We hope to give, in this paper, some guidelines to identify sharing economies.

International audience ; This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs: methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for Northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20 year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH 4 ) and black carbon emissions by about 50 and 80%, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH 4 SLCPs, elimination of high emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11–12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with these ESMs were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulations, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70±0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041–2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22±0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22±0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH 4 SLCPs contribute ∼22% to this response and CH 4 78%. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90% of the temperature response to CH 4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH 4 SLCP emission reductions and black carbon (BC) specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the emission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, largely because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea-ice responses may counteract the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39–0.49) largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in Southern Europe, where the surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6–21) mm yr -1 (more than 4% of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE project.

A contemporary organization is becoming more and more complex and dynamic. Managing such an organization often requires new solutions in order to face the fast-expanding comprehensiveness in economy, politics and private life. Understanding complex connections between the elements of a system can remedy this situation. Therefore, when planning and making decisions a lot of factors should be taken into consideration and their interdependencies should be seen. Know-why methodology, thanks to which systems, their parts and interdependencies between these parts can be examined, may be used to understand the individual situation of a given organization. The central point of know-why methodology concerns presenting mutual interactions between factors in the form of a connections network. Such visualization enables scrutinizing these connections, analyzing them and conducting a simulation of their future state. Know-why thinking lets one recognize and diagnose key factors of success and explains, in a metasystemic way, what distinguishes and characterizes an efficient system. The efficient system model in the know-why methodology is the belief that in the process of evolution the system which attains success is the one which adapts in the longer period to its environment (integrates) but it also, for a longer or shorter time, changes together with the environment or in relation to competition (develops) (Neumann, 2008, p.15). Thus, an efficient organization finds itself in equilibrium between integration and development for a longer period. Such a way of thinking can be represented graphically by means of so-called space of events (larger parameter space), which R. Thom was using in his catastrophe theory (Thom, 1989, p.35). When presenting the know-why thinking by means of a wave one can investigate in which 'place' on the wave a given situation is presently 'located' and whether or not effective integration and development are occurring in this case. The organization's development can be looked at through the prism of hard or soft factors. Standardization protects an organization from falling from the wave to the right over its crest and organizational culture, which gives a certain extent of freedom, makes the organization develop itself or move up towards the wave's peak. Development should therefore be of a dual nature otherwise there is a threat of catastrophe (Neumann, 2012, p.144). Integration within an organization through values, ideals and primary goals can be an alternative for standardization. Factors which significantly influence the functioning of an organization were also shown through a network of connections. It is possible to observe within the network that the ability to think independently, effective communication channels, creativity, motivation and team work are vital factors which can be shaped through adequate management quality, suitable attitudes of employees and utilization of IT tools. It is clearly visible on the picture in the network that the mutual interaction of factors such as strategic transparency, Corporate Identity, team work, flat organizational hierarchy as well as understanding and support influence the shaping of a successful organization. Organizational culture which accepts mistakes and an afterthought concerning connections and mutual interactions between key factors of organizational success also influence prosperity of an organization. The network also includes employee motivation as an important factor contributing to the organization's success. Motivation conditioned by the vast range of emotions that work brings with itself is very effective and crucial for a large number of employees. There are negative feelings of overload, suppression and uncertainty and positive feelings of safety and joy connected with the possibility of influencing the shape of emergent situation and with accomplishing goals. Thus, the sensation of integration and development appears or lack of thereof is felt. It is worthwhile to observe d analyze the situation to see where on the wave a given employee is located and whether in this case effective integration and development are taking place or if rather, due to long lasting imbalance, he or she is feeling overloaded, isolated and tense. While climbing up the wave's peak workers can fulfill their need for experiencing integration and development. Every feeling known to man can be subjected either to the need of integration or the need of development. The criteria however, thanks to which people can experience these emotions are very individualistic. It is hard to determine what is finally going to work - the only thing that can be done is creating appropriate possibilities for sensing integration and development. There are some organizations which can keep the balance between integration and development and there are others where imbalance occurs as their organizational culture unilaterally supports only development or integration. When employees do not get integrated and do not improve themselves in organizations for a long time they start looking for the feeling of integration and development in their private lives.

This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs; methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20-year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH4) and black carbon (BC) emissions by about 50 and 80 %, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH4 SLCPs, elimination of high-emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU, the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11.12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with the four ESM were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulation, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70 +/- 0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041-2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22 +/- 0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22 +/- 0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH4 SLCPs contribute ~ 22 % to this response and CH4 78 %. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90 % of the temperature response to CH4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH4 SLCP emission reductions and BC specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the mission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, possibly because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea ice responses cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may counteract (and, thus, mask) the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39-0.49)K the largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in southern Europe, where surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6.21) mm yr^-1 more than 4 % of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE roject.

The Impact of Factory Alcoholic Beverages "Kasegaran" Against Public Health in Calaca County District of Wenang Manado City. The opening chance for the entrepreneur a large scale, Medium and small industry to establish factories and households of course have positive and negative impact on the surrounding community. Positive impact with many industry , will certainly reduce unemployment and increase public welfare indonesia, because during this is the problem of unemployment and poverty being a big problem for the people of indonesia . The Government of Indonesia also should pay attention and think about the negative impact with many industrial plants, which would also be detrimental to society and the environment, namely pollution occurs, both water pollution, soil and air.Over time, the garbage or waste it will increase more and more.The alcoholic drinks "kasegaran " violating act number 23 / 1997 of the research found a few things that violate the regulation and the laws about the environment, that the alcoholic drinks "kasegaran" it turns out:a. Having no environmental impact analysis (AMDAL).b. Throw out the liquid waste directly to sewers or water channel.c. Solid waste in accordance the laws act on environment number 23 / 1997d. Don't have a tub for recycling waste.This offence is very harmful to the environment, especially for the health of the surrounding community because it may cause diseases caused by the toxic poisoning is absorbed through the mouth, skin and breathing, the material can be toxic H2S, CO in high doses as well as intoxication Arsenic, lead, mercury and asbestos that can cause death for patients with poisoning.In processing of alcoholic beverages "kasegaran" emit steam alcohol and smog happened evaporation alcohol issue of organic compounds and inorganic will be suspended with other chemical compounds to the air to be inhaled by people who are in the factory and are in the factory sekitaran will experience pusing-pusing and other is queasy. So also for in the process of cooking and the furnace of the issue of smoke that turned into smog that enveloped the whole factory and surrounding areas. The smog containing CO2 (carbondioksida) if inhaled will cause people to be experienced shortness of breath.Due to breach made by the company alcoholic drink factory "kasegaran" that operates in the midst of the city center has led to some disciples junior high school (SMP) garuda endured the pain resulting from intoxication toxic that out by management process the alcoholic beverages. And distorts of environmental health that result disruption of public health around the factory.Key Words: The impact of factory kasegaran, of environmental health, public healthAbstractDibukanya kesempatan bagi para pengusaha skala besar, menengah dan kecil untuk mendirikan pabrik dan industri rumah tangga tentunya mempunyai dampak positif dan negatif pada masyarakat sekitar. Dampak positif dengan banyaknya industri, tentu akan mengurangi angka pengangguran dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Indonesia, karena selama ini masalah pengangguran dan kemiskinan menjadi masalah besar bagi bangsa Indonesia. Pemerintah Indonesia juga harus memperhatikan dan memikirkan dampak negatif dengan banyaknya pabrik industri, yang juga akan merugikan masyarakat dan lingkungan yaitu terjadi pencemaran, baik pencemaran air, tanah dan udara. Seiring berjalannya waktu, sampah/limbah ini akan bertambah dan semakin banyak.Pabrik Minuman Beralkohol "Kasegaran" telah melanggar Undang-Undang No 23 tahun 1997 Dari hasil penelitian di dapati beberapa hal yang melanggar peraturan dan Perundangan-Undangan tentang Lingkungan Hidup, yaitu pabrik minuman beralkohol "Kasegaran " ternyata:a. Tidak Memiliki Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL).b. Membuang Limbah cair langsung Ke selokan/Saluran Air,c. Membuang Limbah padat tidak sesuai Undang-undang tentang Lingkungan Hidup No. 23/1997.d. Tidak mempunyai bak untuk Daur Ulang limbah.Pelanggaran ini sangat berbahaya bagi lingkungan hidup, terutama bagi kesehatan masyarakat sekitarnya karena dapat menimbulkan penyakit akibat keracunan toksik yang terserap melalui mulut, kulit dan pernapasan, bahan toksik tersebut dapat berupa H2S, CO dalam dosis tinggi serta keracunan Arsen, Timbal, raksa dan asbes yang dapat menyebabkan kematian bagi penderita keracunan.Dalam Proses pengolahan Minuman Beralkohol "Kasegaran" Mengeluarkan Uap Alkohol dan kabut asap terjadi penguapan alkohol mengeluarkan senyawa organik dan anorganik yang akan tersuspensi bersama senyawa kimia lainnya ke udara yang akan dihirup oleh orang-orang yang berada di lokasi pabrik dan berada di sekitaran lokasi pabrik akan mengalami pusing-pusing dan mual-mual. Begitu juga selama Dalam proses memasak maka tungku tersebut mengeluarkan asap yang berubah menjadi kabut asap yang menyelimuti seluruh pabrik dan wilayah sekitarnya. Kabut asap tersebut mengandung CO2 (carbondioksida) yang jika dihirup akan mengakibatkan orang-orang akan mengalami sesak napas.Akibat pelanggaran Yang dilakukan oleh pihak perusahaan Pabrik Minuman beralkohol "Kasegaran" yang beroperasi di tengah-tengah pusat kota telah mengakibatkan beberapa orang murid Sekolah menengah Pertama (SMP) Garuda mengalami sakit akibat keracunan Toksik yang di keluarkan oleh Proses pengolahan Minuman beralkohol tersebut. Serta mengganggu kesehatan lingkungan yang berakibat terganggunya kesehatan masyarakat disekitar lokasi pabrik.Kata Kunci : Dampak Pabrik Kasegaran, Kesehatan Lingkungan, Kesehatan Masyarakat

International audience ; This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs: methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for Northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20 year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH 4 ) and black carbon emissions by about 50 and 80%, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH 4 SLCPs, elimination of high emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11–12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with these ESMs were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulations, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70±0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041–2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22±0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22±0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH 4 SLCPs contribute ∼22% to this response and CH 4 78%. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90% of the temperature response to CH 4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH 4 SLCP emission reductions and black carbon (BC) specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the emission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, largely because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea-ice responses may counteract the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39–0.49) largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in Southern Europe, where the surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6–21) mm yr -1 (more than 4% of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE project.

In Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs), trusted Certification Authorities (CAs) issue public key certificates which bind public keys to the identities of their owners. This enables the authentication of public keys which is a basic prerequisite for the use of digital signatures and public key encryption. These in turn are enablers for e-business, e-government and many other applications, because they allow for secure electronic communication. With the Internet being the primary communication medium in many areas of economic, social, and political life, the so-called Web PKI plays a central role. The Web PKI denotes the global PKI which enables the authentication of the public keys of web servers within the TLS protocol and thus serves as the basis for secure communications over the Internet. However, the use of PKIs in practice bears many unsolved problems. Numerous security incidents in recent years have revealed weaknesses of the Web PKI. Because of these weaknesses, the security of Internet communication is increasingly questioned. Central issues are (1) the globally predefined trust in hundreds of CAs by browsers and operating systems. These CAs are subject to a variety of jurisdictions and differing security policies, while it is sufficient to compromise a single CA in order to break the security provided by the Web PKI. And (2) the handling of revocation of certificates. Revocation is required to invalidate certificates, e.g., if they were erroneously issued or the associated private key has been compromised. Only this can prevent their misuse by attackers. Yet, revocation is only effective if it is published in a reliable way. This turned out to be a difficult problem in the context of the Web PKI. Furthermore, the fact that often a great variety of services depends on a single CA is a serious problem. As a result, it is often almost impossible to revoke a CA's certificate. However, this is exactly what is necessary to prevent the malicious issuance of certificates with the CA's key if it turns out that a CA is in fact not trustworthy or the CA's systems have been compromised. In this thesis, we therefore turn to the question of how to ensure that the CAs an Internet user trusts in are actually trustworthy. Based on an in depth analysis of the Web PKI, we present solutions for the different issues. In this thesis, the feasibility and practicality of the presented solutions is of central importance. From the problem analysis, which includes the evaluation of past security incidents and previous scientific work on the matter, we derive requirements for a practical solution. For the solution of problem (1), we introduce user-centric trust management for the Web PKI. This allows to individually reduce the number of CAs a user trusts in to a fraction of the original number. This significantly reduces the risk to rely on a CA, which is actually not trustworthy. The assessment of a CA's trustworthiness is user dependent and evidence-based. In addition, the method allows to monitor the revocation status for the certificates relevant to a user. This solves the first part of problem (2). Our solution can be realized within the existing infrastructure without introducing significant overhead or usability issues. Additionally, we present an extension by online service providers. This enables to share locally collected trust information with other users and thus, to improve the necessary bootstrapping of the system. Moreover, an efficient detection mechanism for untrustworthy CAs is realized. In regard to the second part of problem (2), we present a CA revocation tolerant PKI construction based on forward secure signature schemes (FSS). Forward security means that even in case of a key compromise, previously generated signatures can still be trusted. This makes it possible to implement revocation mechanisms such that CA certificates can be revoked, without compromising the availability of dependent web services. We describe how the Web PKI can be transitioned to a CA revocation tolerant PKI taking into account the relevant standards. The techniques developed in this thesis also enable us to address the related problem of ``non-repudiation'' of digital signatures. Non-repudiation is an important security goal for many e-business and e-government applications. Yet, non-repudiation is not guaranteed by standard PKIs. Current solutions, which are based on time-stamps generated by trusted third parties, are inefficient and costly. In this work, we show how non-repudiation can be made a standard property of PKIs. This makes time-stamps obsolete. The techniques presented in this thesis are evaluated in terms of practicality and performance. This is based on theoretical results as well as on experimental analyses. Our results show that the proposed methods are superior to previous approaches. In summary, this thesis presents mechanisms which make the practical use of PKIs more secure and more efficient and demonstrates the practicability of the presented techniques.

This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs; methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20-year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH4) and black carbon (BC) emissions by about 50 and 80 %, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH4 SLCPs, elimination of high-emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU, the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11.12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with the four ESM were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulation, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70 +/- 0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041-2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22 +/- 0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22 +/- 0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH4 SLCPs contribute ~ 22 % to this response and CH4 78 %. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90 % of the temperature response to CH4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH4 SLCP emission reductions and BC specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the mission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, possibly because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea ice responses cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may counteract (and, thus, mask) the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39-0.49)K the largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in southern Europe, where surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6.21) mm yr^-1 more than 4 % of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE roject.

International audience ; This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs: methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for Northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20 year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH 4 ) and black carbon emissions by about 50 and 80%, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH 4 SLCPs, elimination of high emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11–12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with these ESMs were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulations, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70±0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041–2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22±0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22±0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH 4 SLCPs contribute ∼22% to this response and CH 4 78%. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90% of the temperature response to CH 4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH 4 SLCP emission reductions and black carbon (BC) specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the emission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, largely because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea-ice responses may counteract the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39–0.49) largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in Southern Europe, where the surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6–21) mm yr -1 (more than 4% of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE project.

In the thesis we consider combinatorial optimization problems that are defined by means of networks. These problems arise when we need to take effective decisions to build or manage network structures, both satisfying the design constraints and minimizing the costs. In the thesis we focus our attention on the four following problems: - The Multicast Routing and Wavelength Assignment with Delay Constraint in WDM networks with heterogeneous capabilities (MRWADC) problem: this problem arises in the telecommunications industry and it requires to define an efficient way to make multicast transmissions on a WDM optical network. In more formal terms, to solve the MRWADC problem we need to identify, in a given directed graph that models the WDM optical network, a set of arborescences that connect the source of the transmission to all its destinations. These arborescences need to satisfy several quality-of-service constraints and need to take into account the heterogeneity of the electronic devices belonging to the WDM network. - The Homogeneous Area Problem (HAP): this problem arises from a particular requirement of an intermediate level of the Italian government called province. Each province needs to coordinate the common activities of the towns that belong to its territory. To practically perform its coordination role, the province of Milan created a customer care layer composed by a certain number of employees that have the task to support the towns of the province in their administrative works. For the sake of efficiency, the employees of this customer care layer have been partitioned in small groups and each group is assigned to a particular subset of towns that have in common a large number of activities. The HAP requires to identify the set of towns assigned to each group in order to minimize the redundancies generated by the towns that, despite having some activities in common, have been assigned to different groups. Since, for both historical and practical reasons, the towns in a particular subset need to be adjacent, the HAP can be effectively modeled as a particular graph partitioning problem that requires the connectivity of the obtained subgraphs and the satisfaction of nonlinear knapsack constraints. - Knapsack Prize Collecting Steiner Tree Problem (KPCSTP): to implement a Column Generation algorithm for the MRWADC problem and for the HAP, we need also to solve the two corresponding pricing problems. These two problems are very similar, both of them require to find an arborescence, contained in a given directed weighted graph, that minimizes the difference between its cost and the prizes associated with the spanned nodes. The two problems differ in the side constraints that their feasible solutions need to satisfy and in the way in which the cost of an arborescence is defined. The ILP formulations and the resolution methods that we developed to tackle these two problems have many characteristics in common with the ones used to solve other similar problems. To exemplify these similarities and to summarize and extend the techniques that we developed for the MRWADC problem and for the HAP, we also considered the KPCSTP. This problem requires to find a tree that minimizes the difference between the cost of the used arcs and the profits of the spanned nodes. However, not all trees are feasible: the sum of the weights of the nodes spanned by a feasible tree cannot exceed a given weight threshold. In the thesis we propose a computational comparison among several optimization methods for the KPCSTP that have been either already proposed in the literature or obtained modifying our ILP formulations for the two previous pricing problems. - The Train Design Optimization (TDO) problem: this problem was the topic of the second problem solving competition, sponsored in 2011 by the Railway Application Section (RAS) of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). We participated to the contest and we won the second prize. After the competition, we continued to work on the TDO problem and in the thesis we describe the improved method that we have obtained at the end of this work. The TDO problem arises in the freight railroad industry. Typically, a freight railroad company receives requests from customers to transport a set of railcars from an origin rail yard to a destination rail yard. To satisfy these requests, the company first aggregates the railcars having the same origin and the same destination in larger blocks, and then it defines a trip plan to transport the obtained blocks to their correct destinations. The TDO problem requires to identify a trip plan that efficiently uses the limited resources of the considered rail company. More formally, given a railway network, a set of blocks and the segments of the network in which a crew can legally drive a train, the TDO problem requires to define a set of trains and the way in which the given blocks can be transported to their destinations by these trains, both satisfying operational constraints and minimizing the transportation costs.

ABSTRAKAir bersih merupakan kebutuhan masyarakat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, sehingga pemerintah memberikan pelayanan berupa perusahaan air bersih (PAM/PDAM). Masyarakat sebagai konsumen air bersih mengeluhkan pelayanan PDAM karena kualitas air yang tidak memenuhi standar kesehatan untuk dikonsumsi. Dalam Undang Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen (UUPK) dinyatakan, hak konsumen atas kenyamanan dan keselamatan dalam mengkonsumsi serta mempunyai hak atas informasi yang benar, jelas dan jujur mengenai kondisi dan jaminan barang dan/atau jasa dalam hal ini air bersih dari PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa Pontianak. Oleh karena itu menjadi permasalahan tentang perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dalam pelayanan air bersih oleh PDAM sesuai Undang Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Faktor- faktor penyebab tidak dipenuhinya hak-hak konsumen serta upaya penyelesaian tuntutan konsumen terhadap kelalaian yang dilakukan oleh PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa Pontianak.Metode penelitian dilakukan secara pendekatan yuridis normatif, yaitu penelitian terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan khususnya Undang Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen serta dokumen yang terkait dengan perlindungan konsumen air bersih, serta didukung dengan wawancara kepada konsumen air bersih di Kota Pontianak dan Pejabat PDAM Tirta Tirta Khatulistiwa Pontianak.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Undang Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen telah mengatur hak konsumen yang dirugikan oleh pelaku usaha, sesuai Pasal 19 Undang Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen pelaku usaha bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan ganti rugi kepada konsumen tidak hanya sebatas uang atau barang bahkan perawatan kesehatan dan/atau pemberian santunan akibat mengkonsumsi air bersih yang tercemar. Faktor-faktor penyebab hak konsumen air bersih tidak dipenuhi sangat dipengaruhi anggaran publik untuk air bersih yang masih terbatas untuk pengelolaan PDAM, juga sumber air baku yang sudah tercemar karena hal ini tidak hanya menjadi tanggung jawab PDAM tetapi juga peran pemerintah dalam kebijakan pengelolaan lingkungan. Kemudian terjadi kebocoran pipa pendistribusian karena kurangnya perawatan berkelanjutan dari PDAM. Penyelesaian sengketa akibat air bersih yang tercemar dilakukan dengan cara pengaduan langsung dan gugatan melalui lembaga swadaya masyarakat sebagai gugatan kelompok. Pada umumnya penyelesaian sengketa ini diupayakan secara musyawarah sebelum melakukan tuntutan ke peradilan umum.Disarankan agar pendekatan anggaran pembangunan prasarana air bersih yang berbasis proyek dan negosiasi sudah waktunya diubah menjadi anggaran prioritas yang mengedepankan pemenuhan hak-hak dasar masyarakat. Kepada PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa untuk mengadakan perawatan peralatan distribusi air bersih agar tercemarnya air dapat diminimalisir, bila dimungkinkan diadakan penggantian peralatan yang sudah tidak layak demi pelayanan yang baik baik konsumen.Kata kunci: Perlindungan Konsumen, Air Bersih.ABSTRACTPure water is society need in the daily living that requires government to supply the pure water served by the municipal waterworks (PDAM). Society as pure water customer complaint the service of PDAM for the turbid and odor water quality that did not fulfill the health standard. In Act No. 8 of 1999 concerning to Customer Protection (UUPK) said that the right of customer on freshness and safety in consumption and a right on a true, clear and honest information about the condition and the guarantee on good/service in particular in water supplied by PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa Pontianak. Therefore, there is a problem on the law protection to the customer and pure water service by PDAM in accordance with UUPK. Factors that cause the rights of customer did not fulfilled and the settlement of the complaint of customer on pure water service by PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa Pontianak.The research method is a normative juridical study, i.e. a study on regulations in particular UUPK and related document to pure water customer protection and supported by the interview to the pure water customer in Medan and the officers of PDAM Tirta Khatulistiwa Pontianak.The results of study indicates that UUPK regulate the right of customer who have lost caused by the business actor in which in accordance with article 19 UUPK the business actor must take responsibility to customer by providing them with compensation which is not only in the form of money or goods but also the health care caused by the polluted water consumption. The factors that cause the right of water consumer had not fulfilled was mostly influenced by the limited public budget for pure water supply, in addition to the polluted water material which was not only a responsibility of PDAM but also involves the government in environment management policy. Then there is a leakage of distribution pipe caused by the poor maintenance by PDAM. The settlement of dispute on the polluted water is handled by the accusation of consumer to PDAM of according to Article 46 UUPK the consumer can submit accusation to the non government organization as collective accusation. Generally, the dispute is settled by deliberation before submitted to the court.It is suggested to do the maintenance on water pipe distribution to eliminate the population and even to replace the damaged facilities for the consumer service.Key words: Consumer Protection, Pure Water.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian multi tahun (Tahun 2012 dan 2013) dan dilaksanakan selama 8 (delapan) bulan yakni bulan April sampai November. Pada tahun pertama (tahun 2012) penelitian ditujukan untuk: 1) Mengindentifikasi potensi sumber daya perikanan di Kabupaten Klaten yang dapat dikembangkan untuk pembangkit perekonomian masyarakat. 2) Mengidentifikasi potensi pembudidaya ikan yang terdapat di Kabupaten Klaten. 3) Mengkaji kebijakan dan program Pemerintah Kabupaten Klaten dalam mengembangkan potensi sumber daya wilayah, khususnya potensi perikanan budidaya.4) Menganalisis faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat Pengembangan Kawasan Kampung Ikan Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Mendukung Penguatan Ekonomi Kerakyatan. 5) Merumuskan draf model Pengembangan Kawasan Kampung Ikan Ramah Lingkungan Untuk Mendukung Penguatan Ekonomi Kerakyatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui beberapa metode termasuk pengamatan lapangan ( ), site observation wawancara mendalam (indepth interview), diskusi kelompok terarah (focus group discussion), metode simak (documment study) dan metode super impose. Teknik pengambilan sampel akan dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling dan snowball. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode analisis, yakni: 1) Analisis Sumber Daya Alam untuk menganalisis potensi SDA minapolitan; 2) Analisis Kebijakan menganalisis kebijakan dan program pemerintah dalam pengembangan kawasan minapolitan berbasis UMKM; 3) Analisis Interaktif digunakan pada proses pengumpulan data, reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan (verifikasi). Lokasi penelitian adalah Kabupaten Klaten yang memiliki potensi SDA dan UMKM yang mendukung untuk pengembangan kawasan minapoli penelitian adalah Kawasan Kampung Ikan di Kabupaten Klaten memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai kawasan Budidaya ikan yang meliputi 8 Desa yaitu Desa Daleman, Desa Janji, Desa Jumus, Desa Jeblog, Desa Nganjat, Desa Ponggok, Desa Sidowayah dan Desa Wunut. Dalam pengelolaan kawasan kampung ikan melibatkan masyarakat, pemerintah dan swasta. Upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah terkait dengan kebijakan dan program yang ada di Kabupaten Klaten selama 5 tahun terakhir telah diarahkan pada pengembangan budidaya ikan berbasis masyarakat dan ramah lingkungan. Beberapa faktor yang menjadi pendukung dalam pengembangan kawasan kampung ikan diantaranya upaya pemerintah, kesadaran masyarakat dan adanya peluang kerjasama. Meski demikian masih ada beberapa kendala sebagai faktor penghambat adalah kualitas benih dan hasil budidaya ikan yang belum memenuhi standart pasar internasional dan belum adanya pengendalian harga pakan. Sebagai langkah awal draft Model Pengembangan Kawasan Kampung Ikan Ramah Lingkungan Mendukung Penguatan Ekonomi Kerakyatan yang dirumuskan ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY INTENSE FISHERIES (EFIF) MODEL atau model perikanan baik dan tepat yang ramah lingkungan.This study is a multi-year (2012 and 2013) and held for 8 (eight) months, i.e. from April to November. In the first year (in 2012), the study aimed to: 1) Identify the potential fishery resources in Klaten that can be developed as a generator of economic activities; 2) Identify the potential fish farmers who are in Klaten; 3) Review the policies and programs of Klaten regency government in developing the potential of the resources area, in particular the potential of cultivation fishery; 4) Analyze the factors supporting and inhibiting factors of the development of sustainable fishing village for supporting the strengthening of people's economy; 5) Formulate a draft model of the development of sustainable fishing village for supporting the strengthening of economic democracy. It is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach. Data collected through several methods includes observation sites, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, document study, and super impose methods. The sampling technique will be done by the method of purposive sampling and snowball. Data were analyzed by using the analysis method, namely: 1)Natural resources analysis on the potential natural resources; 2) Policy analysis on the government policies and programs in the development of SMEs; 3) Interactive analysis on the process of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion (verification). The location of research is Klaten that have the potential of natural resources and support for the development of SMEs. The results of the study are of fishing villages in Klaten district having the potential to be developed as fish cultivation area covering 8 Jurnal Arsitektur Universitas Bandar Lampung, Juni 2014 10 villages, namely Desa Daleman, Desa Janji, Desa Jumus, Desa Jeblog, Desa Nganjat, Desa Ponggok, Desa Sidowayah and Desa Wunut. The fishing village area management involves the public, government and private sectors. Efforts by the relevant government policies and programs that exist in Klaten district during the last 5 years have been directed towards the development of the community and sustainability-based fish farming. Some of the factors supporting the development of the fishing village area are the government's efforts, public awareness and collaboration opportunities. Yet there are still some obstacles as an inhibiting factor, i.e. the seed quality and the fish cultivation do not meet the international market standards and there is lack of control of feed prices. As a first step the draft of Model Village Area Development Sustainable Fish to Support Strengthening Economic Democracy is ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY INTENSE FISHERIES (EFIF) MODEL.