Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.
Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.
Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.
Modern society institutions are changing very rapidly and much faster than the traditional institutions of the world. Educational system, it's objectives and functions in Lithuania were changing in the late modernism and post-communist period (from 1990 on). From sociological point of view, education reform can be analyzed as educational change. Regional policy change, the transition to democracy and free markets influenced individual social and economic life. It also affected education, school and school community: parents, teachers and schoolchildren. Education policy is one of public policy areas. Changing public policy determines reforms in education system. After the restoration of independence education system was modelled, reformed and reorganized not only by nation, but also by educational concept of independent state. Because of political changes in Lithuania education took a new purpose – to deny the Soviet education system as "the only correct" ideology. Education will replace the post-soviet mentality of society, will increase its fundamental democratic values, ideals, new policy and economic literacy, cultural and moral maturity, and will become a principal factor in the evolution of society and the basis for social reforms, and will influence the general development of society.
History Narratives in the National Museums of the Baltic States: Between Tradition and Modernity National museums participate in the history politics of states, represent national collective memory, history narratives and construct identity. The traditional national museum presents an official, ethnocentric narrative of history, focused on the activities of the political elite, presenting mostly political history and not representing non-dominant, marginalized groups in society. The modern museum should involve various groups of society (including the marginalized) in the historical narrative, creating a museum of citizens. The statehood of the Baltic States is based on an ethnocentric narrative, therefore, it seems that the national museums of these countries should be more in line with the concept of a traditional museum. Nevertheless, in the national museums of the Baltic States, given the concepts of traditional and modern museums, we can find radically different presentations of history. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question, what causes the difference of historical narratives presented by the national museums of the Baltic States and how does this depend on the history policy of the states? Secondary question: having in mind the contarst between the concepts of traditional and modern museums, how do national museums in the Baltic States present national historical narratives? The object of this thesis is historical narratives in the permanent expositions of the national museums of the Baltic States (Lithuanian National Museum (LNM), Latvian National Museum of History (LNHM), Estonian National Museum (ENM)). The aim of the study is to assess the situation of collective memory construction in the Baltic States through the prism of traditional and modern museum concepts and to determine the extent to which the state influences the historical narratives created by museums. The thesis is based on the comparative analysis of exhibitions, interviews with museum curators, and legal documents determining the activities of museums. The results of the study show that all museums, although on different scales - the least LNM, the average LNHM, the most ENM - are in an intermediate state or far from the traditional museum. LNM and LNHM have both traditional and modern museum features, both dominated by political history but consisting multiculturalism. The ENM illustrates the modern national museum and does not have any features of a traditional museum (dominated by everyday history, citizens involved in the creation of the narrative in which various groups in society are presented). The research shows that multiculturalism is prevailing in all three cases (the only traditional and modern museum feature inherent to all three museums). In the sense of creating historical narratives the analyzed museums are autonomous towards the state, the curators of the museum - cultural elite are fully responsible for the creation of the historical narrative. The cases of LNHM and ENM show a radically different interpretation of a similar past, given that both Latvia and Estonia have no tangible historical experience of statehood, but LNHM emphasizes political history related to statehood, and ENM deliberately returns to everyday history, focus on an ordinary citizen due to lack of statehood experience. The study shows that the factors that determine the difference in museum narratives are the conscious choice of curators on how to interpret history (LNHM and ENM) and the structural reasons - (LNM). However, it should be borne in mind that, unlike LNM and LNHM, ENM created an entirely new permanent exhibition in new premises specially set up for this purpose and was not constrained by the legacy of previous permanent exhibitions.
History Narratives in the National Museums of the Baltic States: Between Tradition and Modernity National museums participate in the history politics of states, represent national collective memory, history narratives and construct identity. The traditional national museum presents an official, ethnocentric narrative of history, focused on the activities of the political elite, presenting mostly political history and not representing non-dominant, marginalized groups in society. The modern museum should involve various groups of society (including the marginalized) in the historical narrative, creating a museum of citizens. The statehood of the Baltic States is based on an ethnocentric narrative, therefore, it seems that the national museums of these countries should be more in line with the concept of a traditional museum. Nevertheless, in the national museums of the Baltic States, given the concepts of traditional and modern museums, we can find radically different presentations of history. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question, what causes the difference of historical narratives presented by the national museums of the Baltic States and how does this depend on the history policy of the states? Secondary question: having in mind the contarst between the concepts of traditional and modern museums, how do national museums in the Baltic States present national historical narratives? The object of this thesis is historical narratives in the permanent expositions of the national museums of the Baltic States (Lithuanian National Museum (LNM), Latvian National Museum of History (LNHM), Estonian National Museum (ENM)). The aim of the study is to assess the situation of collective memory construction in the Baltic States through the prism of traditional and modern museum concepts and to determine the extent to which the state influences the historical narratives created by museums. The thesis is based on the comparative analysis of exhibitions, interviews with museum curators, and legal documents determining the activities of museums. The results of the study show that all museums, although on different scales - the least LNM, the average LNHM, the most ENM - are in an intermediate state or far from the traditional museum. LNM and LNHM have both traditional and modern museum features, both dominated by political history but consisting multiculturalism. The ENM illustrates the modern national museum and does not have any features of a traditional museum (dominated by everyday history, citizens involved in the creation of the narrative in which various groups in society are presented). The research shows that multiculturalism is prevailing in all three cases (the only traditional and modern museum feature inherent to all three museums). In the sense of creating historical narratives the analyzed museums are autonomous towards the state, the curators of the museum - cultural elite are fully responsible for the creation of the historical narrative. The cases of LNHM and ENM show a radically different interpretation of a similar past, given that both Latvia and Estonia have no tangible historical experience of statehood, but LNHM emphasizes political history related to statehood, and ENM deliberately returns to everyday history, focus on an ordinary citizen due to lack of statehood experience. The study shows that the factors that determine the difference in museum narratives are the conscious choice of curators on how to interpret history (LNHM and ENM) and the structural reasons - (LNM). However, it should be borne in mind that, unlike LNM and LNHM, ENM created an entirely new permanent exhibition in new premises specially set up for this purpose and was not constrained by the legacy of previous permanent exhibitions.
History Narratives in the National Museums of the Baltic States: Between Tradition and Modernity National museums participate in the history politics of states, represent national collective memory, history narratives and construct identity. The traditional national museum presents an official, ethnocentric narrative of history, focused on the activities of the political elite, presenting mostly political history and not representing non-dominant, marginalized groups in society. The modern museum should involve various groups of society (including the marginalized) in the historical narrative, creating a museum of citizens. The statehood of the Baltic States is based on an ethnocentric narrative, therefore, it seems that the national museums of these countries should be more in line with the concept of a traditional museum. Nevertheless, in the national museums of the Baltic States, given the concepts of traditional and modern museums, we can find radically different presentations of history. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question, what causes the difference of historical narratives presented by the national museums of the Baltic States and how does this depend on the history policy of the states? Secondary question: having in mind the contarst between the concepts of traditional and modern museums, how do national museums in the Baltic States present national historical narratives? The object of this thesis is historical narratives in the permanent expositions of the national museums of the Baltic States (Lithuanian National Museum (LNM), Latvian National Museum of History (LNHM), Estonian National Museum (ENM)). The aim of the study is to assess the situation of collective memory construction in the Baltic States through the prism of traditional and modern museum concepts and to determine the extent to which the state influences the historical narratives created by museums. The thesis is based on the comparative analysis of exhibitions, interviews with museum curators, and legal documents determining the activities of museums. The results of the study show that all museums, although on different scales - the least LNM, the average LNHM, the most ENM - are in an intermediate state or far from the traditional museum. LNM and LNHM have both traditional and modern museum features, both dominated by political history but consisting multiculturalism. The ENM illustrates the modern national museum and does not have any features of a traditional museum (dominated by everyday history, citizens involved in the creation of the narrative in which various groups in society are presented). The research shows that multiculturalism is prevailing in all three cases (the only traditional and modern museum feature inherent to all three museums). In the sense of creating historical narratives the analyzed museums are autonomous towards the state, the curators of the museum - cultural elite are fully responsible for the creation of the historical narrative. The cases of LNHM and ENM show a radically different interpretation of a similar past, given that both Latvia and Estonia have no tangible historical experience of statehood, but LNHM emphasizes political history related to statehood, and ENM deliberately returns to everyday history, focus on an ordinary citizen due to lack of statehood experience. The study shows that the factors that determine the difference in museum narratives are the conscious choice of curators on how to interpret history (LNHM and ENM) and the structural reasons - (LNM). However, it should be borne in mind that, unlike LNM and LNHM, ENM created an entirely new permanent exhibition in new premises specially set up for this purpose and was not constrained by the legacy of previous permanent exhibitions.
History Narratives in the National Museums of the Baltic States: Between Tradition and Modernity National museums participate in the history politics of states, represent national collective memory, history narratives and construct identity. The traditional national museum presents an official, ethnocentric narrative of history, focused on the activities of the political elite, presenting mostly political history and not representing non-dominant, marginalized groups in society. The modern museum should involve various groups of society (including the marginalized) in the historical narrative, creating a museum of citizens. The statehood of the Baltic States is based on an ethnocentric narrative, therefore, it seems that the national museums of these countries should be more in line with the concept of a traditional museum. Nevertheless, in the national museums of the Baltic States, given the concepts of traditional and modern museums, we can find radically different presentations of history. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question, what causes the difference of historical narratives presented by the national museums of the Baltic States and how does this depend on the history policy of the states? Secondary question: having in mind the contarst between the concepts of traditional and modern museums, how do national museums in the Baltic States present national historical narratives? The object of this thesis is historical narratives in the permanent expositions of the national museums of the Baltic States (Lithuanian National Museum (LNM), Latvian National Museum of History (LNHM), Estonian National Museum (ENM)). The aim of the study is to assess the situation of collective memory construction in the Baltic States through the prism of traditional and modern museum concepts and to determine the extent to which the state influences the historical narratives created by museums. The thesis is based on the comparative analysis of exhibitions, interviews with museum curators, and legal documents determining the activities of museums. The results of the study show that all museums, although on different scales - the least LNM, the average LNHM, the most ENM - are in an intermediate state or far from the traditional museum. LNM and LNHM have both traditional and modern museum features, both dominated by political history but consisting multiculturalism. The ENM illustrates the modern national museum and does not have any features of a traditional museum (dominated by everyday history, citizens involved in the creation of the narrative in which various groups in society are presented). The research shows that multiculturalism is prevailing in all three cases (the only traditional and modern museum feature inherent to all three museums). In the sense of creating historical narratives the analyzed museums are autonomous towards the state, the curators of the museum - cultural elite are fully responsible for the creation of the historical narrative. The cases of LNHM and ENM show a radically different interpretation of a similar past, given that both Latvia and Estonia have no tangible historical experience of statehood, but LNHM emphasizes political history related to statehood, and ENM deliberately returns to everyday history, focus on an ordinary citizen due to lack of statehood experience. The study shows that the factors that determine the difference in museum narratives are the conscious choice of curators on how to interpret history (LNHM and ENM) and the structural reasons - (LNM). However, it should be borne in mind that, unlike LNM and LNHM, ENM created an entirely new permanent exhibition in new premises specially set up for this purpose and was not constrained by the legacy of previous permanent exhibitions.
This article aims to present the case for a distinctive Sąjūdis identity (Sąjūdis is the Reform Movement of Lithuania) as the basis for consolidating a social movement capable of integrating otherwise diverse networks and social groups in Lithuania during the Perestroika era. Following M. Castells, it explores the self-definition, adversaries and societal goals of the movement as presented by Sąjūdis officials in the first months of its activity, when Sąjūdis actually became 'the movement of all Lithuania'. The article's basic claim is that the popularity of Sąjūdis can be explained by its self-representation as a neo-Soviet and multi-issue social movement. In the first case, Sąjūdis was developing a critique of the 'stagnating Soviet regime' by using arguments already approved by reformist wing of the Communist party, and thus representing a specific Soviet reflexive modernity. At the same time, as a multi-issue social movement, Sąjūdis took in diverse problems (mainly ecological, social, economical, educational and last and least political), and did not focus on questions of national or state independence as is usually claimed.
This article aims to present the case for a distinctive Sąjūdis identity (Sąjūdis is the Reform Movement of Lithuania) as the basis for consolidating a social movement capable of integrating otherwise diverse networks and social groups in Lithuania during the Perestroika era. Following M. Castells, it explores the self-definition, adversaries and societal goals of the movement as presented by Sąjūdis officials in the first months of its activity, when Sąjūdis actually became 'the movement of all Lithuania'. The article's basic claim is that the popularity of Sąjūdis can be explained by its self-representation as a neo-Soviet and multi-issue social movement. In the first case, Sąjūdis was developing a critique of the 'stagnating Soviet regime' by using arguments already approved by reformist wing of the Communist party, and thus representing a specific Soviet reflexive modernity. At the same time, as a multi-issue social movement, Sąjūdis took in diverse problems (mainly ecological, social, economical, educational and last and least political), and did not focus on questions of national or state independence as is usually claimed.
This article aims to present the case for a distinctive Sąjūdis identity (Sąjūdis is the Reform Movement of Lithuania) as the basis for consolidating a social movement capable of integrating otherwise diverse networks and social groups in Lithuania during the Perestroika era. Following M. Castells, it explores the self-definition, adversaries and societal goals of the movement as presented by Sąjūdis officials in the first months of its activity, when Sąjūdis actually became 'the movement of all Lithuania'. The article's basic claim is that the popularity of Sąjūdis can be explained by its self-representation as a neo-Soviet and multi-issue social movement. In the first case, Sąjūdis was developing a critique of the 'stagnating Soviet regime' by using arguments already approved by reformist wing of the Communist party, and thus representing a specific Soviet reflexive modernity. At the same time, as a multi-issue social movement, Sąjūdis took in diverse problems (mainly ecological, social, economical, educational and last and least political), and did not focus on questions of national or state independence as is usually claimed.
This article aims to present the case for a distinctive Sąjūdis identity (Sąjūdis is the Reform Movement of Lithuania) as the basis for consolidating a social movement capable of integrating otherwise diverse networks and social groups in Lithuania during the Perestroika era. Following M. Castells, it explores the self-definition, adversaries and societal goals of the movement as presented by Sąjūdis officials in the first months of its activity, when Sąjūdis actually became 'the movement of all Lithuania'. The article's basic claim is that the popularity of Sąjūdis can be explained by its self-representation as a neo-Soviet and multi-issue social movement. In the first case, Sąjūdis was developing a critique of the 'stagnating Soviet regime' by using arguments already approved by reformist wing of the Communist party, and thus representing a specific Soviet reflexive modernity. At the same time, as a multi-issue social movement, Sąjūdis took in diverse problems (mainly ecological, social, economical, educational and last and least political), and did not focus on questions of national or state independence as is usually claimed.
By focusing on public communication, the current study aims to investigate how the concepts of solidarity and equality have influenced the norms of public communication in the West (Scandinavia) and what differences can be found in the context of Lithuania, where the late modernity did not follow the same patterns as in Western societies. This comparative study takes a diachronic approach to the use of the pronouns du/De and tu/Jūs and other address forms in Danish and Lithuanian. We examine these forms in view of democratization processes and the decreasing level of formality in the two societies. The question in focus is how address forms are used in Lithuanian and Danish dialogues in TV-series, which represent everyday communication between strangers in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century. The empirical data for the research consists of two Danish series "Ka' De li' østers?" (1967) and "Bedrag" (2016- 2019), as well as two Lithuanian TV-series "Petraičių šeimoje" (1964-1972) and "Giminės. Gyvenimas tęsiasi 3" (2017). The study covers almost six last decades and analyzes different forms of address that speakers use to meet the appropriate level of formality in daily conversations. The results have revealed significant differences in the development of Lithuanian and Danish societies and formal communication. The data indicates that Danish dialogues have become less formal over time, public communication emphasizes equality of interlocutors and does not mark differences in social status. Communication between Lithuanians remains formal; the results suggest that the choice of strategies in Lithuanian dialogues between strangers correspond to those used by Danes in the second half of the 20th century. However, it may be assumed that the process of informalisation in Lithuanian public communication is still in progress.
By focusing on public communication, the current study aims to investigate how the concepts of solidarity and equality have influenced the norms of public communication in the West (Scandinavia) and what differences can be found in the context of Lithuania, where the late modernity did not follow the same patterns as in Western societies. This comparative study takes a diachronic approach to the use of the pronouns du/De and tu/Jūs and other address forms in Danish and Lithuanian. We examine these forms in view of democratization processes and the decreasing level of formality in the two societies. The question in focus is how address forms are used in Lithuanian and Danish dialogues in TV-series, which represent everyday communication between strangers in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century. The empirical data for the research consists of two Danish series "Ka' De li' østers?" (1967) and "Bedrag" (2016- 2019), as well as two Lithuanian TV-series "Petraičių šeimoje" (1964-1972) and "Giminės. Gyvenimas tęsiasi 3" (2017). The study covers almost six last decades and analyzes different forms of address that speakers use to meet the appropriate level of formality in daily conversations. The results have revealed significant differences in the development of Lithuanian and Danish societies and formal communication. The data indicates that Danish dialogues have become less formal over time, public communication emphasizes equality of interlocutors and does not mark differences in social status. Communication between Lithuanians remains formal; the results suggest that the choice of strategies in Lithuanian dialogues between strangers correspond to those used by Danes in the second half of the 20th century. However, it may be assumed that the process of informalisation in Lithuanian public communication is still in progress.
The development of communicational potential of public spaces as European civil society's structure's sine qua non played an important role in the self stimulation of individualism and democratization. Transmutation of catacombic "kitchen culture" of post soviet societies into the spaces of public discourse – cafés, clubs, etc., confronts the limits of historical mentality. Rudimental character of dialogue culture, primitive and selfish perception of individualism, alienation and distrust in Modernity innovations and challenges reflect the peculiarities and possible alternatives of communicational horizon. Proliferation of similar intentions in more general contexts makes the problem of rebirth of metaphysic subject important again. In turn, communicational discourse differences of cafés and teahouses in palingenetic post soviet Modernity changes implicate distinctive and characteristic of traditional Lithuanian mentality oriental "residual" communication inclusions. The latter are treated as eventual fl uctual stimuli (productive coincidence) encouraging qualitative changes in sociocultural system.